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  1. Article ; Online: Genomic imprinting-an epigenetic gene-regulatory model.

    Koerner, Martha V / Barlow, Denise P

    Current opinion in genetics & development

    2010  Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) 164–170

    Abstract: Epigenetic mechanisms (Box 1) are considered to play major gene-regulatory roles in development, differentiation and disease. However, the relative importance of epigenetics in defining the mammalian transcriptome in normal and disease states is unknown. ...

    Abstract Epigenetic mechanisms (Box 1) are considered to play major gene-regulatory roles in development, differentiation and disease. However, the relative importance of epigenetics in defining the mammalian transcriptome in normal and disease states is unknown. The mammalian genome contains only a few model systems where epigenetic gene regulation has been shown to play a major role in transcriptional control. These model systems are important not only to investigate the biological function of known epigenetic modifications but also to identify new and unexpected epigenetic mechanisms in the mammalian genome. Here we review recent progress in understanding how epigenetic mechanisms control imprinted gene expression.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genomic Imprinting ; Germ Cells/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Genetic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-02-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1077312-5
    ISSN 1879-0380 ; 0959-437X
    ISSN (online) 1879-0380
    ISSN 0959-437X
    DOI 10.1016/j.gde.2010.01.009
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Neuronal non-CG methylation is an essential target for MeCP2 function.

    Tillotson, Rebekah / Cholewa-Waclaw, Justyna / Chhatbar, Kashyap / Connelly, John C / Kirschner, Sophie A / Webb, Shaun / Koerner, Martha V / Selfridge, Jim / Kelly, David A / De Sousa, Dina / Brown, Kyla / Lyst, Matthew J / Kriaucionis, Skirmantas / Bird, Adrian

    Molecular cell

    2021  Volume 81, Issue 6, Page(s) 1260–1275.e12

    Abstract: DNA methylation is implicated in neuronal biology via the protein MeCP2, the mutation of which causes Rett syndrome. MeCP2 recruits the NCOR1/2 co-repressor complexes to methylated cytosine in the CG dinucleotide, but also to sites of non-CG methylation, ...

    Abstract DNA methylation is implicated in neuronal biology via the protein MeCP2, the mutation of which causes Rett syndrome. MeCP2 recruits the NCOR1/2 co-repressor complexes to methylated cytosine in the CG dinucleotide, but also to sites of non-CG methylation, which are abundant in neurons. To test the biological significance of the dual-binding specificity of MeCP2, we replaced its DNA binding domain with an orthologous domain from MBD2, which can only bind mCG motifs. Knockin mice expressing the domain-swap protein displayed severe Rett-syndrome-like phenotypes, indicating that normal brain function requires the interaction of MeCP2 with sites of non-CG methylation, specifically mCAC. The results support the notion that the delayed onset of Rett syndrome is due to the simultaneous post-natal accumulation of mCAC and its reader MeCP2. Intriguingly, genes dysregulated in both Mecp2 null and domain-swap mice are implicated in other neurological disorders, potentially highlighting targets of relevance to the Rett syndrome phenotype.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; CpG Islands ; DNA Methylation ; Gene Knock-In Techniques ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Male ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/genetics ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurons/pathology ; Protein Domains ; Rett Syndrome/genetics ; Rett Syndrome/metabolism ; Rett Syndrome/pathology
    Chemical Substances Mecp2 protein, mouse ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1415236-8
    ISSN 1097-4164 ; 1097-2765
    ISSN (online) 1097-4164
    ISSN 1097-2765
    DOI 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.011
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Affinity for DNA Contributes to NLS Independent Nuclear Localization of MeCP2.

    Lyst, Matthew J / Ekiert, Robert / Guy, Jacky / Selfridge, Jim / Koerner, Martha V / Merusi, Cara / De Sousa, Dina / Bird, Adrian

    Cell reports

    2018  Volume 24, Issue 9, Page(s) 2213–2220

    Abstract: MeCP2 is a nuclear protein that is mutated in the severe neurological disorder Rett syndrome (RTT). The ability to target β-galactosidase to the nucleus was previously used to identify a conserved nuclear localization signal (NLS) in MeCP2 that interacts ...

    Abstract MeCP2 is a nuclear protein that is mutated in the severe neurological disorder Rett syndrome (RTT). The ability to target β-galactosidase to the nucleus was previously used to identify a conserved nuclear localization signal (NLS) in MeCP2 that interacts with the nuclear import factors KPNA3 and KPNA4. Here, we report that nuclear localization of MeCP2 does not depend on its NLS. Instead, our data reveal that an intact methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) is sufficient for nuclear localization, suggesting that MeCP2 can be retained in the nucleus by its affinity for DNA. Consistent with these findings, we demonstrate that disease progression in a mouse model of RTT is unaffected by an inactivating mutation in the NLS of MeCP2. Taken together, our work reveals an unexpected redundancy between functional domains of MeCP2 in targeting this protein to the nucleus, potentially explaining why NLS-inactivating mutations are rarely associated with disease.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; CpG Islands ; DNA/genetics ; DNA/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/genetics ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Nuclear Localization Signals/metabolism ; Rett Syndrome/metabolism ; alpha Karyopherins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Mecp2 protein, mouse ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 ; Nuclear Localization Signals ; alpha Karyopherins ; DNA (9007-49-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2649101-1
    ISSN 2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
    ISSN (online) 2211-1247
    ISSN 2211-1247
    DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.099
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: A mutation-led search for novel functional domains in MeCP2.

    Guy, Jacky / Alexander-Howden, Beatrice / FitzPatrick, Laura / DeSousa, Dina / Koerner, Martha V / Selfridge, Jim / Bird, Adrian

    Human molecular genetics

    2018  Volume 27, Issue 14, Page(s) 2531–2545

    Abstract: Most missense mutations causing Rett syndrome (RTT) affect domains of MeCP2 that have been shown to either bind methylated DNA or interact with a transcriptional co-repressor complex. Several mutations, however, including the C-terminal truncations that ... ...

    Abstract Most missense mutations causing Rett syndrome (RTT) affect domains of MeCP2 that have been shown to either bind methylated DNA or interact with a transcriptional co-repressor complex. Several mutations, however, including the C-terminal truncations that account for ∼10% of cases, fall outside these characterized domains. We studied the molecular consequences of four of these 'non-canonical' mutations in cultured neurons and mice to see if they reveal additional essential domains without affecting known properties of MeCP2. The results show that the mutations partially or strongly deplete the protein and also in some cases interfere with co-repressor recruitment. These mutations therefore impact the activity of known functional domains and do not invoke new molecular causes of RTT. The finding that a stable C-terminal truncation does not compromise MeCP2 function raises the possibility that small molecules which stabilize these mutant proteins may be of therapeutic value.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics ; DNA Methylation/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/genetics ; Mice ; Mutation, Missense/genetics ; Neurons/pathology ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; Rett Syndrome/genetics ; Rett Syndrome/pathology
    Chemical Substances Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; MECP2 protein, human ; Mecp2 protein, mouse ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 ; Repressor Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1108742-0
    ISSN 1460-2083 ; 0964-6906
    ISSN (online) 1460-2083
    ISSN 0964-6906
    DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddy159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: An Orphan CpG Island Drives Expression of a

    Koerner, Martha V / Chhatbar, Kashyap / Webb, Shaun / Cholewa-Waclaw, Justyna / Selfridge, Jim / De Sousa, Dina / Skarnes, Bill / Rosen, Barry / Thomas, Mark / Bottomley, Joanna / Ramires-Solis, Ramiro / Lelliott, Christopher / Adams, David J / Bird, Adrian

    Epigenomes

    2019  Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) 7

    Abstract: Most human genes are associated with promoters embedded in non-methylated, G + C-rich CpG islands (CGIs). Not all CGIs are found at annotated promoters, however, raising the possibility that many serve as promoters for transcripts that do not code for ... ...

    Abstract Most human genes are associated with promoters embedded in non-methylated, G + C-rich CpG islands (CGIs). Not all CGIs are found at annotated promoters, however, raising the possibility that many serve as promoters for transcripts that do not code for proteins. To test this hypothesis, we searched for novel transcripts in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that originate within orphan CGIs. Among several candidates, we detected a transcript that included three members of the
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2075-4655
    ISSN (online) 2075-4655
    DOI 10.3390/epigenomes3010007
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Neuronal non-CG methylation is an essential target for MeCP2 function

    Tillotson, Rebekah / Cholewa-Waclaw, Justyna / Chhatbar, Kashyap / Connelly, John C / Kirschner, Sophie A / Webb, Shaun / Koerner, Martha V / Selfridge, Jim / Kelly, David A / De Sousa, Dina / Brown, Kyla / Lyst, Matthew J / Kriaucionis, Skirmantas / Bird, Adrian

    Molecular cell. 2021 Mar. 18, v. 81, no. 6

    2021  

    Abstract: DNA methylation is implicated in neuronal biology via the protein MeCP2, the mutation of which causes Rett syndrome. MeCP2 recruits the NCOR1/2 co-repressor complexes to methylated cytosine in the CG dinucleotide, but also to sites of non-CG methylation, ...

    Abstract DNA methylation is implicated in neuronal biology via the protein MeCP2, the mutation of which causes Rett syndrome. MeCP2 recruits the NCOR1/2 co-repressor complexes to methylated cytosine in the CG dinucleotide, but also to sites of non-CG methylation, which are abundant in neurons. To test the biological significance of the dual-binding specificity of MeCP2, we replaced its DNA binding domain with an orthologous domain from MBD2, which can only bind mCG motifs. Knockin mice expressing the domain-swap protein displayed severe Rett-syndrome-like phenotypes, indicating that normal brain function requires the interaction of MeCP2 with sites of non-CG methylation, specifically mCAC. The results support the notion that the delayed onset of Rett syndrome is due to the simultaneous post-natal accumulation of mCAC and its reader MeCP2. Intriguingly, genes dysregulated in both Mecp2 null and domain-swap mice are implicated in other neurological disorders, potentially highlighting targets of relevance to the Rett syndrome phenotype.
    Keywords DNA ; DNA methylation ; brain ; cytosine ; mutation ; neurons ; phenotype
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-0318
    Size p. 1260-1275.e12.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 1415236-8
    ISSN 1097-4164 ; 1097-2765
    ISSN (online) 1097-4164
    ISSN 1097-2765
    DOI 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.011
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article: An Orphan CpG Island Drives Expression of a <i>let-7</i> miRNA Precursor with an Important Role in Mouse Development

    Koerner, Martha V / Chhatbar, Kashyap / Webb, Shaun / Cholewa-Waclaw, Justyna / Selfridge, Jim / De Sousa, Dina / Skarnes, Bill / Rosen, Barry / Thomas, Mark / Bottomley, Joanna / Ramirez-Solis, Ramiro / Lelliott, Christopher / Adams, David J / Bird, Adrian

    Epigenomes. 2019 Mar. 13, v. 3, no. 1

    2019  

    Abstract: Most human genes are associated with promoters embedded in non-methylated, G + C-rich CpG islands (CGIs). Not all CGIs are found at annotated promoters, however, raising the possibility that many serve as promoters for transcripts that do not code for ... ...

    Abstract Most human genes are associated with promoters embedded in non-methylated, G + C-rich CpG islands (CGIs). Not all CGIs are found at annotated promoters, however, raising the possibility that many serve as promoters for transcripts that do not code for proteins. To test this hypothesis, we searched for novel transcripts in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that originate within orphan CGIs. Among several candidates, we detected a transcript that included three members of the let-7 micro-RNA family: Let-7a-1, let-7f-1, and let-7d. Deletion of the CGI prevented expression of the precursor RNA and depleted the included miRNAs. Mice homozygous for this mutation were sub-viable and showed growth and other defects. The results suggest that despite the identity of their seed sequences, members of the let-7 miRNA family exert distinct functions that cannot be complemented by other members.
    Keywords genomic islands ; homozygosity ; humans ; mice ; microRNA ; mutation
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0313
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ISSN 2075-4655
    DOI 10.3390/epigenomes3010007
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article ; Online: Toxicity of overexpressed MeCP2 is independent of HDAC3 activity.

    Koerner, Martha V / FitzPatrick, Laura / Selfridge, Jim / Guy, Jacky / De Sousa, Dina / Tillotson, Rebekah / Kerr, Alastair / Sun, Zheng / Lazar, Mitchell A / Lyst, Matthew J / Bird, Adrian

    Genes & development

    2018  Volume 32, Issue 23-24, Page(s) 1514–1524

    Abstract: Duplication of the X- ... ...

    Abstract Duplication of the X-linked
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Co-Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enzyme Activation/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Histone Deacetylases/genetics ; Histone Deacetylases/metabolism ; Male ; Mental Retardation, X-Linked/genetics ; Mental Retardation, X-Linked/physiopathology ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/genetics ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/toxicity ; Mice ; Mutation ; Nervous System Diseases/genetics ; Neuroglia/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1/metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2/metabolism ; Protein Domains ; tau Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Co-Repressor Proteins ; Mapt protein, mouse ; Mecp2 protein, mouse ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 ; Ncor1 protein, mouse ; Ncor2 protein, mouse ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1 ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2 ; tau Proteins ; Histone Deacetylases (EC 3.5.1.98) ; histone deacetylase 3 (EC 3.5.1.98)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 806684-x
    ISSN 1549-5477 ; 0890-9369
    ISSN (online) 1549-5477
    ISSN 0890-9369
    DOI 10.1101/gad.320325.118
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Carbonyl reductase 1 amplifies glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue and impairs glucose tolerance in lean mice.

    Bell, Rachel M B / Villalobos, Elisa / Nixon, Mark / Miguelez-Crespo, Allende / Murphy, Lee / Fawkes, Angie / Coutts, Audrey / Sharp, Matthew G F / Koerner, Martha V / Allan, Emma / Meijer, Onno C / Houtman, Renè / Odermatt, Alex / Beck, Katharina R / Denham, Scott G / Lee, Patricia / Homer, Natalie Z M / Walker, Brian R / Morgan, Ruth A

    Molecular metabolism

    2021  Volume 48, Page(s) 101225

    Abstract: Objective: Carbonyl reductase 1 (Cbr1), a recently discovered contributor to tissue glucocorticoid metabolism converting corticosterone to 20β-dihydrocorticosterone (20β-DHB), is upregulated in adipose tissue of obese humans and mice and may contribute ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Carbonyl reductase 1 (Cbr1), a recently discovered contributor to tissue glucocorticoid metabolism converting corticosterone to 20β-dihydrocorticosterone (20β-DHB), is upregulated in adipose tissue of obese humans and mice and may contribute to cardiometabolic complications of obesity. This study tested the hypothesis that Cbr1-mediated glucocorticoid metabolism influences glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor activation in adipose tissue and impacts glucose homeostasis in lean and obese states.
    Methods: The actions of 20β-DHB on corticosteroid receptors in adipose tissue were investigated first using a combination of in silico, in vitro, and transcriptomic techniques and then in vivo administration in combination with receptor antagonists. Mice lacking one Cbr1 allele and mice overexpressing Cbr1 in their adipose tissue underwent metabolic phenotyping before and after induction of obesity with high-fat feeding.
    Results: 20β-DHB activated both the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor in adipose tissue and systemic administration to wild-type mice induced glucose intolerance, an effect that was ameliorated by both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism. Cbr1 haploinsufficient lean male mice had lower fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance compared with littermate controls, a difference that was abolished by administration of 20β-DHB and absent in female mice with higher baseline adipose 20β-DHB concentrations than male mice. Conversely, overexpression of Cbr1 in adipose tissue resulted in worsened glucose tolerance and higher fasting glucose in lean male and female mice. However, neither Cbr1 haploinsfficiency nor adipose overexpression affected glucose dyshomeostasis induced by high-fat feeding.
    Conclusions: Carbonyl reductase 1 is a novel regulator of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor activation in adipose tissue that influences glucose homeostasis in lean mice.
    MeSH term(s) Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; Animals ; Corticosterone/analogs & derivatives ; Corticosterone/blood ; Corticosterone/pharmacology ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Glucocorticoids/metabolism ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose Intolerance/genetics ; Glucose Intolerance/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Homeostasis/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Obesity/genetics ; Obesity/metabolism ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Chemical Substances Glucocorticoids ; NR3C2 protein, human ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid ; 20-dihydrocorticosterone (35531-74-9) ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases (EC 1.1.-) ; carbonyl reductase 1, mouse (EC 1.1.-) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2) ; Corticosterone (W980KJ009P)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-27
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2708735-9
    ISSN 2212-8778 ; 2212-8778
    ISSN (online) 2212-8778
    ISSN 2212-8778
    DOI 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101225
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Carbonyl reductase 1 amplifies glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue and impairs glucose tolerance in lean mice

    Rachel M.B. Bell / Elisa Villalobos / Mark Nixon / Allende Miguelez-Crespo / Lee Murphy / Angie Fawkes / Audrey Coutts / Matthew G.F. Sharp / Martha V. Koerner / Emma Allan / Onno C. Meijer / Renè Houtman / Alex Odermatt / Katharina R. Beck / Scott G. Denham / Patricia Lee / Natalie Z.M. Homer / Brian R. Walker / Ruth A. Morgan

    Molecular Metabolism, Vol 48, Iss , Pp 101225- (2021)

    2021  

    Abstract: Objective: Carbonyl reductase 1 (Cbr1), a recently discovered contributor to tissue glucocorticoid metabolism converting corticosterone to 20β-dihydrocorticosterone (20β-DHB), is upregulated in adipose tissue of obese humans and mice and may contribute ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Carbonyl reductase 1 (Cbr1), a recently discovered contributor to tissue glucocorticoid metabolism converting corticosterone to 20β-dihydrocorticosterone (20β-DHB), is upregulated in adipose tissue of obese humans and mice and may contribute to cardiometabolic complications of obesity. This study tested the hypothesis that Cbr1-mediated glucocorticoid metabolism influences glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor activation in adipose tissue and impacts glucose homeostasis in lean and obese states. Methods: The actions of 20β-DHB on corticosteroid receptors in adipose tissue were investigated first using a combination of in silico, in vitro, and transcriptomic techniques and then in vivo administration in combination with receptor antagonists. Mice lacking one Cbr1 allele and mice overexpressing Cbr1 in their adipose tissue underwent metabolic phenotyping before and after induction of obesity with high-fat feeding. Results: 20β-DHB activated both the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor in adipose tissue and systemic administration to wild-type mice induced glucose intolerance, an effect that was ameliorated by both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism. Cbr1 haploinsufficient lean male mice had lower fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance compared with littermate controls, a difference that was abolished by administration of 20β-DHB and absent in female mice with higher baseline adipose 20β-DHB concentrations than male mice. Conversely, overexpression of Cbr1 in adipose tissue resulted in worsened glucose tolerance and higher fasting glucose in lean male and female mice. However, neither Cbr1 haploinsfficiency nor adipose overexpression affected glucose dyshomeostasis induced by high-fat feeding. Conclusions: Carbonyl reductase 1 is a novel regulator of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor activation in adipose tissue that influences glucose homeostasis in lean mice.
    Keywords Obesity ; Glucocorticoid ; Metabolism ; Glucose ; Corticosterone ; Mineralocorticoid receptor ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245
    Subject code 670
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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