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Article ; Online: Cytokine dysregulation in autism spectrum disorders (ASD): possible role of the environment.

Goines, Paula E / Ashwood, Paul

2012 Volume 36, Page(s) 67–81

Abstract: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental diseases that affect an alarming number of individuals. The etiological basis of ASD is unclear, and evidence suggests it involves both genetic and environmental factors. There are many reports of ... ...

Abstract	Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental diseases that affect an alarming number of individuals. The etiological basis of ASD is unclear, and evidence suggests it involves both genetic and environmental factors. There are many reports of cytokine imbalances in ASD. These imbalances could have a pathogenic role, or they may be markers of underlying genetic and environmental influences. Cytokines act primarily as mediators of immunological activity but they also have significant interactions with the nervous system. They participate in normal neural development and function, and inappropriate activity can have a variety of neurological implications. It is therefore possible that cytokine dysregulation contributes directly to neural dysfunction in ASD. Further, cytokine profiles change dramatically in the face of infection, disease, and toxic exposures. Imbalances in cytokines may represent an immune response to environmental contributors to ASD. The following review is presented in two main parts. First, we discuss select cytokines implicated in ASD, including IL-1Β, IL-6, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TGF-Β, and focus on their role in the nervous system. Second, we explore several neurotoxic environmental factors that may be involved in the disorders, and focus on their immunological impacts. This review represents an emerging model that recognizes the importance of both genetic and environmental factors in ASD etiology. We propose that the immune system provides critical clues regarding the nature of the gene by environment interactions that underlie ASD pathophysiology.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Central Nervous System/growth & development ; Central Nervous System/immunology ; Central Nervous System/metabolism ; Central Nervous System/physiopathology ; Child ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/genetics ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/immunology ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/metabolism ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/physiopathology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Environment ; Humans ; Neurons/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Cytokines
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-08-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	639165-5
ISSN	1872-9738 ; 0892-0362
ISSN (online)	1872-9738
ISSN	0892-0362
DOI	10.1016/j.ntt.2012.07.006
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Zs.A 1626: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The immune system's role in the biology of autism.

Goines, Paula / Van de Water, Judy

Current opinion in neurology

2010 Volume 23, Issue 2, Page(s) 111–117

Abstract: Purpose of review: The following is a review of the most recent research concerning the potential role of immune system dysfunction in autism. This body of literature has expanded dramatically over the past few years as researchers continue to identify ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: The following is a review of the most recent research concerning the potential role of immune system dysfunction in autism. This body of literature has expanded dramatically over the past few years as researchers continue to identify immune anomalies in individuals with autism. Recent findings: The most exciting of these recent findings is the discovery of autoantibodies targeting brain proteins in both children with autism and their mothers. In particular, circulating maternal autoantibodies directed toward fetal brain proteins are highly specific for autism. This finding has great potential as a biomarker for disease risk and may provide an avenue for future therapeutics and prevention. Additionally, data concerning the cellular immune system in children with autism suggest there may be a defect in signaling pathways that are shared by the immune and central nervous systems. Although studies to explore this hypothesis are ongoing, there is great interest in the commonalities between the neural and immune systems and their extensive interactions. Summary: In summary, the exciting research regarding the role of the immune system in autism spectrum disorders may have profound implications for diagnosis and treatment of this devastating disease.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Autistic Disorder/immunology ; Autoimmunity/immunology ; Child ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity/immunology ; Models, Neurological
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-03-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	1182686-1
ISSN	1473-6551 ; 1350-7540
ISSN (online)	1473-6551
ISSN	1350-7540
DOI	10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283373514
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Article ; Online: Neuronal connectivity as a convergent target of gene × environment interactions that confer risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Stamou, Marianna / Streifel, Karin M / Goines, Paula E / Lein, Pamela J

Neurotoxicology and teratology

2012 Volume 36, Page(s) 3–16

Abstract: Evidence implicates environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). However, the identity of specific environmental chemicals that influence ASD risk, severity or treatment outcome remains elusive. The impact of any given ... ...

Abstract	Evidence implicates environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). However, the identity of specific environmental chemicals that influence ASD risk, severity or treatment outcome remains elusive. The impact of any given environmental exposure likely varies across a population according to individual genetic substrates, and this increases the difficulty of identifying clear associations between exposure and ASD diagnoses. Heritable genetic vulnerabilities may amplify adverse effects triggered by environmental exposures if genetic and environmental factors converge to dysregulate the same signaling systems at critical times of development. Thus, one strategy for identifying environmental risk factors for ASD is to screen for environmental factors that modulate the same signaling pathways as ASD susceptibility genes. Recent advances in defining the molecular and cellular pathology of ASD point to altered patterns of neuronal connectivity in the developing brain as the neurobiological basis of these disorders. Studies of syndromic ASD and rare highly penetrant mutations or CNVs in ASD suggest that ASD risk genes converge on several major signaling pathways linked to altered neuronal connectivity in the developing brain. This review briefly summarizes the evidence implicating dysfunctional signaling via Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) and neuroligin-neurexin-SHANK as convergent molecular mechanisms in ASD, and then discusses examples of environmental chemicals for which there is emerging evidence of their potential to interfere with normal neuronal connectivity via perturbation of these signaling pathways.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Child ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/diagnosis ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/epidemiology ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/genetics ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Humans ; Neurons/metabolism ; Risk Factors ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Signal Transduction/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	639165-5
ISSN	1872-9738 ; 0892-0362
ISSN (online)	1872-9738
ISSN	0892-0362
DOI	10.1016/j.ntt.2012.12.001
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Zs.A 1626: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Neonatal Cytokine Profiles Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Krakowiak, Paula / Goines, Paula E / Tancredi, Daniel J / Ashwood, Paul / Hansen, Robin L / Hertz-Picciotto, Irva / Van de Water, Judy

Biological psychiatry

2015 Volume 81, Issue 5, Page(s) 442–451

Abstract: Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that can be reliably diagnosed at age 24 months. Immunological phenomena, including skewed cytokine production, have been observed among children with ASD. Little is ... ...

Abstract	Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that can be reliably diagnosed at age 24 months. Immunological phenomena, including skewed cytokine production, have been observed among children with ASD. Little is known about whether immune dysregulation is present before diagnosis of ASD. Methods: We examined neonatal blood spots from 214 children with ASD (141 severe, 73 mild/moderate), 62 children with typical development, and 27 children with developmental delay as control subjects who participated in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment study, a population-based case-control study. Levels of 17 cytokines and chemokines were compared across groups and in relation to developmental and behavioral domains. Results: Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-4 were independently associated with ASD compared with typical development, although these relationships varied by ASD symptom intensity. Elevated IL-4 was associated with increased odds of severe ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03, 1.91), whereas IL-1β was associated with increased odds of mild/moderate ASD (OR = 3.02, 95% CI, 1.43, 6.38). Additionally, IL-4 was associated with a higher likelihood of severe ASD versus mild/moderate ASD (OR = 1.35, 95% CI, 1.04, 1.75). In male subjects with ASD, IL-4 was negatively associated with nonverbal cognitive ability (β = -3.63, SE = 1.33, p = .04). Conclusions: This study is part of a growing effort to identify early biological markers for ASD. We demonstrate that peripheral cytokine profiles at birth are associated with ASD later in childhood and that cytokine profiles vary depending on ASD severity. Cytokines have complex roles in neurodevelopment, and dysregulated levels may be indicative of genetic differences and environmental exposures or their interactions that relate to ASD.
MeSH term(s)	Autism Spectrum Disorder/blood ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/immunology ; Biomarkers/blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Cytokines/blood ; Cytokines/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-1beta/blood ; Interleukin-1beta/immunology ; Interleukin-4/blood ; Interleukin-4/immunology ; Male ; Severity of Illness Index
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Cytokines ; Interleukin-1beta ; Interleukin-4 (207137-56-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209434-4
ISSN	1873-2402 ; 0006-3223
ISSN (online)	1873-2402
ISSN	0006-3223
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.007
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Zs.A 720: Show issues

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Article ; Online: A xenograft model for venous malformation.

Goines, Jillian / Li, Xian / Cai, Yuqi / Mobberley-Schuman, Paula / Metcalf, Megan / Fishman, Steven J / Adams, Denise M / Hammill, Adrienne M / Boscolo, Elisa

Angiogenesis

2018 Volume 21, Issue 4, Page(s) 725–735

Abstract: Vascular malformations are defects caused by the abnormal growth of the vasculature. Among them, venous malformation (VM) is an anomaly characterized by slow-flow vascular lesions with abnormally shaped veins, typically in sponge-like configuration. VMs ... ...

Abstract	Vascular malformations are defects caused by the abnormal growth of the vasculature. Among them, venous malformation (VM) is an anomaly characterized by slow-flow vascular lesions with abnormally shaped veins, typically in sponge-like configuration. VMs can expand over years causing disfigurement, obstruction of vital structures, thrombosis, bleeding, and pain. Treatments have been very limited and primarily based on supportive care, compression garments, sclerotherapy, and/or surgical resection. Sirolimus treatment has recently shown efficacy in some patients with complicated vascular anomalies, including VMs. Activating somatic TIE2 gene mutations have been identified in up to 60% of VMs and PIK3CA mutations have been found in another 25%. Here, we report a xenograft model of VM that reflects the patients' mutation heterogeneity. First, we established a protocol to isolate and expand in culture endothelial cells (VM-EC) from VM tissue or VM blood of nine patients. In these cells, we identified somatic mutations of TIE2, PIK3CA, or a combination of both. Both TIE2 and PIK3CA mutations induced constitutive AKT activation, while TIE2 mutations also showed high MAPK-ERK signaling. Finally, VM-EC implanted into immune-deficient mice generated lesions with ectatic blood-filled channels with scarce smooth muscle cell coverage, similar to patients' VM. This VM xenograft model could be instrumental to test the therapeutic efficacy of Sirolimus in the presence of the different TIE2 or PIK3CA mutations or to test for efficacy of additional compounds in targeting the specific mutated protein(s), thus enabling development of personalized treatment options for VM patients.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics ; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Heterografts ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/pathology ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/transplantation ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mutation ; Receptor, TIE-2/genetics ; Receptor, TIE-2/metabolism ; Vascular Malformations/genetics ; Vascular Malformations/metabolism ; Vascular Malformations/pathology
Chemical Substances	Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (EC 2.7.1.137) ; PIK3CA protein, human (EC 2.7.1.137) ; Receptor, TIE-2 (EC 2.7.10.1) ; TEK protein, human (EC 2.7.10.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-21
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1484717-6
ISSN	1573-7209 ; 0969-6970
ISSN (online)	1573-7209
ISSN	0969-6970
DOI	10.1007/s10456-018-9624-7
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Article: Brain-specific autoantibodies in the plasma of subjects with autistic spectrum disorder.

Cabanlit, Maricel / Wills, Sharifia / Goines, Paula / Ashwood, Paul / Van de Water, Judy

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

2007 Volume 1107, Page(s) 92–103

Abstract: Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed on the basis of behavioral parameters, several studies have reported immune system abnormalities and suggest the possible role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of ASD. In this study we sought to ... ...

Abstract	Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed on the basis of behavioral parameters, several studies have reported immune system abnormalities and suggest the possible role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of ASD. In this study we sought to assess the incidence of brain-specific autoantibodies in the plasma of children with autism (AU) compared to age-matched controls including, siblings without ASD, typically developing (TD) controls, and children with other developmental disabilities, but not autism (DD). Plasma from 172 individuals (AU, n = 63, median age: 43 months; TD controls, n = 63, median age: 48 months; siblings, n = 25, median age: 61 months; and DD controls, n = 21, median age: 38 months) was analyzed by Western blot for the presence of IgG antibodies against protein extracts from specific regions of the human adult brain including the hypothalamus and thalamus. The presence of a approximately 52 kDa MW band, in the plasma of subjects with AU, was detected with a significantly higher incidence when compared to plasma from TD controls (29% vs. 8%, P = 0.0027 and 30% vs. 11%, P = 0.01, in the thalamus and hypothalamus, respectively). Reactivity to three brain proteins (42-48 kDa MW), in particular in the hypothalamus, were observed with increased incidence in 37% of subjects with AU compared to 13% TD controls (P = 0.004). Multiple brain-specific autoantibodies are present at significantly higher frequency in children with AU. While the potential role of these autoantibodies in AU is currently unknown, their presence suggests a loss of self-tolerance to one or more neural antigens during early childhood.
MeSH term(s)	Autistic Disorder/blood ; Autistic Disorder/immunology ; Autoantibodies/blood ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Brain/immunology ; Brain/metabolism ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Molecular Weight
Chemical Substances	Autoantibodies
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	211003-9
ISSN	1749-6632 ; 0077-8923
ISSN (online)	1749-6632
ISSN	0077-8923
DOI	10.1196/annals.1381.010
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Article ; Online: Beta-2-Microglobulin in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Paula Goines / Joseph Schauer / Luke Heuer / Paul Ashwood / Judy Van De Water

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol 3, Iss 2, Pp 87-

2007 Volume 91

Abstract: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental diseases of unknown etiology. There are no biological markers for ASD and current diagnosis is based on behavioral criteria. Recent data has shown that MHC I, a compound involved in ... ...

Abstract	Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental diseases of unknown etiology. There are no biological markers for ASD and current diagnosis is based on behavioral criteria. Recent data has shown that MHC I, a compound involved in adaptive immune function, is also involved in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and behavior. It has been suggested that altered MHC I expression could play a part in neurodevelopmental diseases like ASD. To address this possibility, we measured plasma levels of beta-2-microglobulin (β2m), a molecule that associates with MHC I and is indicative of MHC I expression, in 36 children with autism, 28 typically developing controls and subjects with developmental disabilities (n=16) but not autism. The age range of our study population was 17-120 months. We found no statistically significant differences in plasma Ã 2m levels between groups. Therefore, plasma levels of Ã2m measured in early childhood in autism may not reflect changes in MHC class I in autism.
Keywords	</keyword><keyword>MHC class I ; autism ; immune system ; Biochemistry ; QD415-436 ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Biochemistry ; DOAJ:Life Sciences ; DOAJ:Biology and Life Sciences ; Biotechnology ; TP248.13-248.65 ; Chemical technology ; TP1-1185 ; Technology ; T ; DOAJ:Biotechnology
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Science Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Reduced levels of immunoglobulin in children with autism correlates with behavioral symptoms.

Heuer, Luke / Ashwood, Paul / Schauer, Joseph / Goines, Paula / Krakowiak, Paula / Hertz-Picciotto, Irva / Hansen, Robin / Croen, Lisa A / Pessah, Isaac N / Van de Water, Judy

Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research

2009 Volume 1, Issue 5, Page(s) 275–283

Abstract: Objectives: To assay if plasma antibody levels in children with autism or developmental delays (DD) differ from those with typical development as an indicator of immune function and to correlate antibody levels with severity of behavioral symptoms.: ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To assay if plasma antibody levels in children with autism or developmental delays (DD) differ from those with typical development as an indicator of immune function and to correlate antibody levels with severity of behavioral symptoms. Methods: Plasma was collected from children with autistic disorder (AU; n=116), DD but not autism (n=32), autism spectrum disorder but not full autism (n=27), and age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (n=96). Samples were assayed for systemic levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subjects with autism were evaluated using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, and all subjects were scored on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) by the parents. Numerical scores for each of the ABC subscales as well as the total scores were then correlated with Ig levels. Results: Children with AU have a significantly reduced level of plasma IgG (5.39+/-0.29 mg/mL) compared to the TD (7.72+/-0.28 mg/mL; P<0.001) and DD children (8.23+/-0.49 mg/mL; P<0.001). Children with autism also had a reduced level of plasma IgM (0.670.06 mg/mL) compared to TD (0.79+/-0.05 mg/mL; P<0.05). Ig levels were negatively correlated with ABC scores for all children (IgG: r=-0.334, P<0.0001; IgM: r=-0.167, P=0.0285). Conclusion: Children with AU have significantly reduced levels of plasma IgG and IgM compared to both DD and TD controls, suggesting an underlying defect in immune function. This reduction in specific Ig levels correlates with behavioral severity, where those patients with the highest scores in the behavioral battery have the most reduced levels of IgG and IgM.
MeSH term(s)	Autistic Disorder/epidemiology ; Autistic Disorder/immunology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Immunoglobulin M/blood ; Immunoglobulin M/immunology ; Male ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-03-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2481338-2
ISSN	1939-3806 ; 1939-3792
ISSN (online)	1939-3806
ISSN	1939-3792
DOI	10.1002/aur.42
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Article ; Online: Increased midgestational IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-5 in women bearing a child with autism: A case-control study.

Goines, Paula E / Croen, Lisa A / Braunschweig, Daniel / Yoshida, Cathleen K / Grether, Judith / Hansen, Robin / Kharrazi, Martin / Ashwood, Paul / Van de Water, Judy

Molecular autism

2011 Volume 2, Page(s) 13

Abstract: Background: Immune anomalies have been documented in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and their family members. It is unknown whether the maternal immune profile during pregnancy is associated with the risk of bearing a child with ASD ... ...

Abstract	Background: Immune anomalies have been documented in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and their family members. It is unknown whether the maternal immune profile during pregnancy is associated with the risk of bearing a child with ASD or other neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: Using Luminex technology, levels of 17 cytokines and chemokines were measured in banked serum collected from women at 15 to 19 weeks of gestation who gave birth to a child ultimately diagnosed with (1) ASD (n = 84), (2) a developmental delay (DD) but not autism (n = 49) or (3) no known developmental disability (general population (GP); n = 159). ASD and DD risk associated with maternal cytokine and chemokine levels was estimated by using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Elevated concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-5 in midgestation maternal serum were significantly associated with a 50% increased risk of ASD, regardless of ASD onset type and the presence of intellectual disability. By contrast, elevated concentrations of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 were significantly associated with an increased risk of DD without autism. Conclusion: The profile of elevated serum IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-5 was more common in women who gave birth to a child subsequently diagnosed with ASD. An alternative profile of increased IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 was more common for women who gave birth to a child subsequently diagnosed with DD without autism. Further investigation is needed to characterize the relationship between these divergent maternal immunological phenotypes and to evaluate their effect on neurodevelopment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-08-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2540930-X
ISSN	2040-2392 ; 2040-2392
ISSN (online)	2040-2392
ISSN	2040-2392
DOI	10.1186/2040-2392-2-13
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Article ; Online: Autoantibodies to cerebellum in children with autism associate with behavior.

Goines, Paula / Haapanen, Lori / Boyce, Robert / Duncanson, Paul / Braunschweig, Daniel / Delwiche, Lora / Hansen, Robin / Hertz-Picciotto, Irva / Ashwood, Paul / Van de Water, Judy

Brain, behavior, and immunity

2010 Volume 25, Issue 3, Page(s) 514–523

Abstract: Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with a poorly understood biological basis. Some children with autism harbor plasma autoantibodies that target brain proteins. Similarly, some mothers of children with autism produce antibodies specific to autism that ... ...

Abstract	Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with a poorly understood biological basis. Some children with autism harbor plasma autoantibodies that target brain proteins. Similarly, some mothers of children with autism produce antibodies specific to autism that target pairs of fetal brain proteins at 37/73 and 39/73 kDa. We explored the relationship between the presence of brain-specific autoantibodies and several behavioral characteristics of autism in 277 children with an autism spectrum disorder and 189 typically developing age-matched controls. Further, we used maternal autoantibody data to investigate potential familial relationships for the production of brain-directed autoantibodies. We demonstrated by Western blot that autoantibodies specific for a 45 kDa cerebellar protein in children were associated with a diagnosis of autism (p=0.017) while autoantibodies directed towards a 62 kDa protein were associated with the broader diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (p=0.043). Children with such autoantibodies had lower adaptive (p=0.0008) and cognitive function (p=0.005), as well as increased aberrant behaviors (p<0.05) compared to children without these antibodies. No correlation was noted for those mothers with the most specific pattern of anti-fetal brain autoantibodies and children with the autoantibodies to either the 45 or 62 kDa bands. Collectively, these data suggest that antibodies towards brain proteins in children are associated with lower adaptive and cognitive function as well as core behaviors associated with autism. It is unclear whether these antibodies have direct pathologic significance, or if they are merely a response to previous injury. Future studies are needed to determine the identities of the protein targets and explore their significance in autism.
MeSH term(s)	Autistic Disorder/immunology ; Autistic Disorder/metabolism ; Autoantibodies/blood ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Blotting, Western ; Cerebellum/immunology ; Cerebellum/metabolism ; Child Behavior/physiology ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition/physiology ; Fetal Proteins/immunology ; Fetal Proteins/metabolism ; Humans
Chemical Substances	Autoantibodies ; Fetal Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-12-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	639219-2
ISSN	1090-2139 ; 0889-1591
ISSN (online)	1090-2139
ISSN	0889-1591
DOI	10.1016/j.bbi.2010.11.017
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In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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