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Article: The human adolescent brain and alcohol use disorders.

Tapert, Susan F / Schweinsburg, Alecia D

Recent developments in alcoholism : an official publication of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism, the Research Society on Alcoholism, and the National Council on Alcoholism

2005 Volume 17, Page(s) 177–197

MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; Alcoholism/physiopathology ; Brain/physiopathology ; Cognition Disorders/chemically induced ; Conduct Disorder/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency/statistics & numerical data ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Personality Disorders/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-03-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	605762-7
ISSN	0738-422X
ISSN	0738-422X
DOI	10.1007/0-306-48626-1_9
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Article ; Online: The influence of marijuana use on neurocognitive functioning in adolescents.

Schweinsburg, Alecia D / Brown, Sandra A / Tapert, Susan F

Current drug abuse reviews

2009 Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) 99–111

Abstract: Marijuana use is common in adolescence, yet neural consequences have not been well delineated. This review seeks to ascertain whether heavy marijuana use in adolescence is associated with persistent neurocognitive abnormalities, and whether adolescents ... ...

Abstract	Marijuana use is common in adolescence, yet neural consequences have not been well delineated. This review seeks to ascertain whether heavy marijuana use in adolescence is associated with persistent neurocognitive abnormalities, and whether adolescents are more vulnerable to the impact of chronic marijuana use than adults. Among heavy marijuana using adults, neurocognitive deficits are apparent for several days following use, but may disappear after one month of abstinence. Studies of adolescent heavy users have identified impairments in learning and working memory up to six weeks after cessation, suggesting persisting effects, yet raise the possibility that abnormalities may remit with a longer duration of abstinence. Given ongoing neuromaturation during youth, adolescents may be more vulnerable to potential consequences of marijuana use than adults. This is supported by rodent models, which show greater memory impairments in animals exposed to cannabinoids as adolescents relative to those exposed as adults. Further, adult humans who initiated use in early adolescence show greater dysfunction than those who began use later. Together, these results suggest that adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to neurocognitive abnormalities associated with chronic heavy marijuana use; however, the impact of preexisting risk factors is unknown. Adolescents demonstrate persisting deficits related to heavy marijuana use for at least six weeks following discontinuation, particularly in the domains of learning, memory, and working memory. Further, adolescents appear more adversely affected by heavy use than adults. Longitudinal studies will help ascertain whether preexisting differences contribute to these abnormalities.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Attention/drug effects ; Brain/drug effects ; Cannabinoids/toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Intelligence/drug effects ; Learning/drug effects ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Marijuana Abuse/psychology ; Marijuana Abuse/rehabilitation ; Memory/drug effects ; Memory, Short-Term/drug effects ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Rodentia ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Smoking/psychology ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Cannabinoids
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-07-22
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ISSN	1874-4745
ISSN (online)	1874-4745
DOI	10.2174/1874473710801010099
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Article: Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interaction in abstinent adolescent marijuana users.

Padula, Claudia B / Schweinsburg, Alecia D / Tapert, Susan F

Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors

2007 Volume 21, Issue 4, Page(s) 478–487

Abstract: Previous studies have suggested neural disruption and reorganization in adult marijuana users. However, it remains unclear whether these effects persist in adolescents after 28 days of abstinence and, if they do, what Performance x Brain Response ... ...

Abstract	Previous studies have suggested neural disruption and reorganization in adult marijuana users. However, it remains unclear whether these effects persist in adolescents after 28 days of abstinence and, if they do, what Performance x Brain Response interactions occur. Adolescent marijuana users (n=17) and controls (n=17) aged 16-18 years were recruited from local schools. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected after 28 days' monitored abstinence as participants performed a spatial working memory task. Marijuana users show Performance x Brain Response interactions in the bilateral temporal lobes, left anterior cingulate, left parahippocampal gyrus, and right thalamus (clusters >/=1358 microl; p<.05), although groups do not differ on behavioral measures of task performance. Marijuana users show differences in brain response to a spatial working memory task despite adequate performance, suggesting a different approach to the task via altered neural pathways.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Arousal/physiology ; Brain/metabolism ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Marijuana Abuse/metabolism ; Marijuana Abuse/microbiology ; Memory, Short-Term ; Space Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-12-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2101111-4
ISSN	1939-1501 ; 0893-164X
ISSN (online)	1939-1501
ISSN	0893-164X
DOI	10.1037/0893-164X.21.4.478
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Article ; Online: Effects of family history of alcohol use disorders on spatial working memory BOLD response in adolescents.

Spadoni, Andrea D / Norman, Andria L / Schweinsburg, Alecia D / Tapert, Susan F

Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research

2008 Volume 32, Issue 7, Page(s) 1135–1145

Abstract: Background: A positive family history (FH) of alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been linked to increased risk for the development of AUD, and neurocognitive factors have been postulated as important underlying mechanisms of familial alcoholism ... ...

Abstract	Background: A positive family history (FH) of alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been linked to increased risk for the development of AUD, and neurocognitive factors have been postulated as important underlying mechanisms of familial alcoholism transmission. Methods: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a spatial working memory (SWM) and vigilance paradigm to investigate potential neurodevelopmental differences linked to familial density of AUD in 72 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years. Results: Youth with denser family histories of AUD showed less activation during a simple vigilance condition relative to SWM in cingulate and medial frontal gyri (beta = 0.28, p = 0.03), and a trend for more relative activity during rest (beta = -0.25, p = 0.07) in this cluster. Conclusions: Youth with greater familial densities of AUD may be less successful at modulating activity of the default network, potentially indicating a greater propensity for task-independent thought or reduced inhibition of task-irrelevant processing. Failure to moderate activation of the default network may have implications for cognitive efficiency and goal directed behavior in youth with dense FH. Further, aberrant activation in cingulate regions may be linked to genetic variation in GABA receptor units, suggesting a useful endophenotype for risk associated with alcohol dependence.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Development ; Alcohol-Related Disorders/etiology ; Brain/growth & development ; Child ; Family ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term ; Motion ; Oxygen/blood
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-06-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	428999-7
ISSN	1530-0277 ; 0145-6008
ISSN (online)	1530-0277
ISSN	0145-6008
DOI	10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00694.x
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Article: fMRI reveals alteration of spatial working memory networks across adolescence.

Schweinsburg, Alecia D / Nagel, Bonnie J / Tapert, Susan F

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

2005 Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) 631–644

Abstract: Recent studies have described neuromaturation and cognitive development across the lifespan, yet few neuroimaging studies have investigated task-related alterations in brain activity during adolescence. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ...

Abstract	Recent studies have described neuromaturation and cognitive development across the lifespan, yet few neuroimaging studies have investigated task-related alterations in brain activity during adolescence. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain response to a spatial working memory (SWM) task in 49 typically developing adolescents (25 females and 24 males; ages 12-17). No gender or age differences were found for task performance during SWM. However, age was positively associated with SWM brain response in left prefrontal and bilateral inferior posterior parietal regions. Age was negatively associated with SWM activation in bilateral superior parietal cortex. Gender was significantly associated with SWM response; females demonstrated diminished anterior cingulate activation and males demonstrated greater response in frontopolar cortex than females. Our findings indicate that the frontal and parietal neural networks involved in spatial working memory change over the adolescent age range and are further influenced by gender. These changes may represent evolving mnemonic strategies subserved by ongoing adolescent brain development.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Puberty/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Space Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1230632-0
ISSN	1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
ISSN (online)	1469-7661
ISSN	1355-6177
DOI	10.1017/S1355617705050757
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Article ; Online: Altered white matter integrity in adolescent binge drinkers.

McQueeny, Tim / Schweinsburg, Brian C / Schweinsburg, Alecia D / Jacobus, Joanna / Bava, Sunita / Frank, Lawrence R / Tapert, Susan F

Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research

2009 Volume 33, Issue 7, Page(s) 1278–1285

Abstract: Background: White matter integrity has been found to be compromised in adult alcoholics, but it is unclear when in the course of alcohol exposure white matter abnormalities become apparent. This study assessed microstructural white matter integrity ... ...

Abstract	Background: White matter integrity has been found to be compromised in adult alcoholics, but it is unclear when in the course of alcohol exposure white matter abnormalities become apparent. This study assessed microstructural white matter integrity among adolescent binge drinkers with no history of an alcohol use disorder. Methods: We used diffusion tensor imaging to examine fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of directional coherence of white matter tracts, among teens with (n = 14) and without (n = 14) histories of binge drinking but no history of alcohol use disorder, matched on age, gender, and education. Results: Binge drinkers had lower FA than controls in 18 white matter areas (clusters > or =27 contiguous voxels, each with p < 0.01) throughout the brain, including the corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, corona radiata, internal and external capsules, and commissural, limbic, brainstem, and cortical projection fibers, while exhibiting no areas of higher FA. Among binge drinkers, lower FA in 6 of these regions was linked to significantly greater lifetime hangover symptoms and/or higher estimated peak blood alcohol concentrations. Conclusions: Binge drinking adolescents demonstrated widespread reductions of FA in major white matter pathways. Although preliminary, these results could indicate that infrequent exposure to large doses of alcohol during youth may compromise white matter fiber coherence.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Brain/drug effects ; Brain/pathology ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Ethanol/poisoning ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-04-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	428999-7
ISSN	1530-0277 ; 0145-6008
ISSN (online)	1530-0277
ISSN	0145-6008
DOI	10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00953.x
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Article ; Online: A preliminary study of functional magnetic resonance imaging response during verbal encoding among adolescent binge drinkers.

Schweinsburg, Alecia D / McQueeny, Tim / Nagel, Bonnie J / Eyler, Lisa T / Tapert, Susan F

Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)

2009 Volume 44, Issue 1, Page(s) 111–117

Abstract: Binge alcohol use is common among teenagers with 28% of 12th graders reporting getting drunk in the past month. Chronic heavy drinking has been associated with verbal learning and memory deficits in adolescents and adults, yet verbal encoding in less ... ...

Abstract	Binge alcohol use is common among teenagers with 28% of 12th graders reporting getting drunk in the past month. Chronic heavy drinking has been associated with verbal learning and memory deficits in adolescents and adults, yet verbal encoding in less frequently drinking teens has not yet been studied. Here, we examined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response during verbal encoding among adolescent binge drinkers. Participants recruited from local high schools were of ages 16-18 and consisted of 12 binge drinkers and 12 demographically similar nondrinkers. Participants were all nonsmokers, and drinkers were abstinent from alcohol for an average of 33 days at the time of scanning. Participants performed a verbal paired associates learning task during fMRI acquisition. Drinkers recalled marginally fewer words than nondrinkers (P=.07). Compared with nondrinkers, bingers showed more response in right superior frontal and bilateral posterior parietal cortices but less response in occipital cortex during novel encoding (Ps<.05, clusters >1,512microL). In addition, controls showed significant activation in the left hippocampus during novel encoding, whereas binge drinkers did not. Adolescent binge drinkers demonstrated (1) more response than nondrinkers in frontal and parietal regions, which could suggest greater engagement of working memory systems during encoding; (2) no hippocampal activation to novel word pairs; and (3) slightly poorer word pair recall, which could indicate disadvantaged processing of novel verbal information and a slower learning slope. Longitudinal studies will be needed to ascertain the degree to which emergence of binge drinking is linked temporally to these brain response patterns.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/drug effects ; Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects ; Alcohol Drinking/pathology ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Case-Control Studies ; Central Nervous System Depressants/poisoning ; Cerebral Cortex/drug effects ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology ; Ethanol/poisoning ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/drug effects ; Frontal Lobe/pathology ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/pathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mental Recall/drug effects ; Parietal Lobe/drug effects ; Parietal Lobe/pathology ; Pilot Projects ; Verbal Learning/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Central Nervous System Depressants ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	605912-0
ISSN	1873-6823 ; 0741-8329
ISSN (online)	1873-6823
ISSN	0741-8329
DOI	10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.09.032
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Article: Altered white matter microstructure in adolescent substance users.

Bava, Sunita / Frank, Lawrence R / McQueeny, Tim / Schweinsburg, Brian C / Schweinsburg, Alecia D / Tapert, Susan F

Psychiatry research

2009 Volume 173, Issue 3, Page(s) 228–237

Abstract: ... H., Rueckert, D., Nichols, T.E., Mackay, C.E., Watkins, K.E., Ciccarelli, O., Cader, M.Z., Matthews ...

Abstract	Chronic marijuana use during adolescence is frequently comorbid with heavy alcohol consumption and associated with CNS alterations, yet the influence of early cannabis and alcohol use on microstructural white matter integrity is unclear. Building on evidence that cannabinoid receptors are present in myelin precursors and affect glial cell processing, and that excessive ethanol exposure is associated with persistently impaired myelination, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to characterize white matter integrity in heavy substance using and non-using adolescents. We evaluated 36 marijuana and alcohol-using (MJ+ALC) adolescents (ages 16-19) and 36 demographically similar non-using controls with DTI. The diffusion parameters fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were subjected to whole-brain voxelwise group comparisons using tract-based spatial statistics (Smith, S.M., Jenkinson, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Rueckert, D., Nichols, T.E., Mackay, C.E., Watkins, K.E., Ciccarelli, O., Cader, M.Z., Matthews, P.M., Behrens, T.E., 2006. Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. Neuroimage 31, 1487-1505). MJ+ALC teens had significantly lower FA than controls in 10 regions, including left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), left postcentral gyrus, bilateral crus cerebri, and inferior frontal and temporal white matter tracts. These diminutions occurred in the context of increased FA in right occipital, internal capsule, and SLF regions. Changes in MD were less distributed, but increased MD was evident in the right occipital lobe, whereas the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus showed lower MD in MJ+ALC users. Findings suggest that fronto-parietal circuitry may be particularly impacted in adolescent users of the most prevalent intoxicants: marijuana and alcohol. Disruptions to white matter in this young group could indicate aberrant axonal and myelin maturation with resultant compromise of fiber integrity. Findings of increased anisotropic diffusion in alternate brain regions suggest possible neuroadaptive processes and can be examined in future studies of connectivity to determine how aberrancies in specific tracts might influence efficient cognitive processing.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Anisotropy ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Mapping ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Male ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Substance-Related Disorders/pathology ; Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-08-20
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	445361-x
ISSN	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506 ; 0165-1781 ; 0925-4927
ISSN (online)	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506
ISSN	0165-1781 ; 0925-4927
DOI	10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.04.005
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Article: Reduced hippocampal volume among adolescents with alcohol use disorders without psychiatric comorbidity.

Nagel, Bonnie J / Schweinsburg, Alecia D / Phan, Vinh / Tapert, Susan F

Psychiatry research

2005 Volume 139, Issue 3, Page(s) 181–190

Abstract: Studies have suggested that teens with alcohol use disorder (AUD) can demonstrate memory deficits, but the underlying neuroanatomical substrates are unclear. The hippocampus is crucial to intact memory functioning, and it actively develops during ... ...

Abstract	Studies have suggested that teens with alcohol use disorder (AUD) can demonstrate memory deficits, but the underlying neuroanatomical substrates are unclear. The hippocampus is crucial to intact memory functioning, and it actively develops during adolescence. The current study attempted to replicate and extend previous findings suggesting that adolescents with AUD show smaller hippocampal volumes than healthy adolescents. Manual tracings of bilateral hippocampi were performed on structural magnetic resonance images of 14 adolescents (ages 15 to 17 years) with AUD and 17 healthy comparison teens. Intracranial, white, and gray matter volumes, as well as memory abilities, were also measured. Results revealed that adolescents with AUD had significantly smaller left hippocampal volumes than healthy teens, even after removal of teens with comorbid conduct disorder from the analyses. In contrast the groups did not differ in right hippocampal, intracranial, gray or white matter volumes, or memory performance. Hippocampal volumes were not related to alcohol-consumption rates. These findings indicate that adolescents with AUD, but free from other psychiatric comorbidities, have reduced left hippocampal volume. Because hippocampal volume did not relate to alcohol use characteristics, it is possible that premorbid volumetric differences could account for some of the observed group differences in hippocampal volume.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Alcoholism/diagnosis ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Cognition Disorders/epidemiology ; Demography ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Hippocampus/pathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-08-30
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	445361-x
ISSN	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506 ; 0165-1781 ; 0925-4927
ISSN (online)	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506
ISSN	0165-1781 ; 0925-4927
DOI	10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.05.008
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Article: Neuropsychological predictors of BOLD response during a spatial working memory task in adolescents: what can performance tell us about fMRI response patterns?

Nagel, Bonnie J / Barlett, Valerie C / Schweinsburg, Alecia D / Tapert, Susan F

Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology

2005 Volume 27, Issue 7, Page(s) 823–839

Abstract: The relationship between standardized neuropsychological test performance and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response during cognitive tasks is largely unknown. This exploratory investigation examined the relationship between ... ...

Abstract	The relationship between standardized neuropsychological test performance and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response during cognitive tasks is largely unknown. This exploratory investigation examined the relationship between neuropsychological test performance and fMRI response to a spatial working memory (SWM) task among 49 typically developing adolescents. Participants were administered a variety of neuropsychological tests in the domains of working memory, visuospatial skills, executive functioning, attention, learning and memory, visuomotor skills and processing speed, and language functioning. Neuropsychological domain scores were used to predict fMRI response during a SWM task. Results suggest that in many brain regions, neuropsychological performance negatively predicts fMRI response, suggesting that those teens with better neuropsychological abilities required fewer neural resources to adequately perform the task. This study provides further understanding of how neuropsychological abilities relate to neural activity during fMRI tasks, and provides an important link between neuropsychological and fMRI research.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Arousal/physiology ; Brain/blood supply ; Brain/physiology ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Oxygen/blood ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Problem Solving/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Space Perception/physiology
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-09-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	605982-x
ISSN	1744-411X ; 1380-3395 ; 0168-8634
ISSN (online)	1744-411X
ISSN	1380-3395 ; 0168-8634
DOI	10.1080/13803390490919038
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