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Article ; Online: Is Covid-19 "vaccine uptake" in postsecondary education a "problem"? A critical policy inquiry.

Chaufan, Claudia

Health (London, England : 1997)

2023 , Page(s) 13634593231204169

Abstract: Since the launch of the Covid-19 global vaccination campaign, postsecondary institutions have strongly promoted vaccination, often through mandates, and the academic literature has identified "vaccine uptake" among postsecondary students as a problem ... ...

Abstract	Since the launch of the Covid-19 global vaccination campaign, postsecondary institutions have strongly promoted vaccination, often through mandates, and the academic literature has identified "vaccine uptake" among postsecondary students as a problem deserving monitoring, research, and intervention. However, with the admission that vaccines do not stop viral spread, that older-age and co-morbidities are major determinants of poor outcomes, and that many vaccine side effects disproportionately affect the young, it cannot be assumed that a risk-benefit analysis favors vaccinating postsecondary students. Drawing from critical policy studies, I appraise the literature on Covid-19 vaccine uptake in postsecondary education. I find that this literature reflects the "scientific consensus," hardly acknowledging contradictory medical evidence, ignoring coercive elements underlying "vaccine acceptance," and neglecting ethical tensions built into the very design of vaccination policies. I discuss potential explanations for my findings, and their implications for academia's role in society in the COVID-19 era and beyond.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1338717-0
ISSN	1461-7196 ; 1363-4593
ISSN (online)	1461-7196
ISSN	1363-4593
DOI	10.1177/13634593231204169
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Article ; Online: The unbearable lightness of the dominant narrative on Cuba.

Chaufan, Claudia

Lancet (London, England)

2019 Volume 394, Issue 10200, Page(s) 734

MeSH term(s)	Cuba ; Delivery of Health Care ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Narration
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	3306-6
ISSN	1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
ISSN (online)	1474-547X
ISSN	0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
DOI	10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31360-1
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Article ; Online: New Bottle, Old Wine? Implications of the World Bank's Systematic Diagnostic Reports for the Rise of Noncommunicable Diseases in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States.

Carter, Kewoba / Chaufan, Claudia

International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation

2022 Volume 52, Issue 4, Page(s) 501–511

Abstract: Since its foundation in 1944, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, soon renamed the World Bank (hereafter, "the Bank"), has shifted its initial goal of reconstructing post-World War II Europe to promoting economic development and ... ...

Abstract	Since its foundation in 1944, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, soon renamed the World Bank (hereafter, "the Bank"), has shifted its initial goal of reconstructing post-World War II Europe to promoting economic development and alleviating poverty in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Bank assistance is provided through loans awarded to countries that agree to policy changes that the Bank deems necessary to achieve its stated goals. Bank policies-dubbed Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and, over time, superseded by Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers-have been criticized for not only failing to ameliorate underdevelopment and poverty, but for exacerbating both. The most recent Bank approach to development and poverty alleviation, the Systematic Diagnostic Reports (SDR), attempts to address these criticisms. We appraise the SDR for six Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). All share daunting economic and social challenges, including an ongoing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). We argue that, contrary to the Bank's claims, these challenges will continue under, and may even be exacerbated by, the policies the Report demands, and we elaborate on their implications for NCDs in the OECS and for social and health equity in the region.
MeSH term(s)	Asia ; Developing Countries ; Humans ; Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Organizations ; Poverty
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184936-0
ISSN	1541-4469 ; 0020-7314
ISSN (online)	1541-4469
ISSN	0020-7314
DOI	10.1177/00207314221100322
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Article ; Online: 'Think before you drink': Challenging narratives on foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and indigeneity in Canada.

Yousefi, Nora / Chaufan, Claudia

Health (London, England : 1997)

2021 Volume 26, Issue 5, Page(s) 622–642

Abstract: Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) has emerged as a significant public health issue, in Canada and elsewhere. Health experts increasingly acknowledge that the disproportionate impact of FASD on indigenous people is driven by social and historical ... ...

Abstract	Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) has emerged as a significant public health issue, in Canada and elsewhere. Health experts increasingly acknowledge that the disproportionate impact of FASD on indigenous people is driven by social and historical contexts, especially in settler colonial states like Canada. However, they generally frame FASD as preventable through abstinence and the effects of FASD as manageable through provision of appropriate medical and legal protection to affected offspring. Drawing from Marxist, anticolonial and anti-imperial theories and applying a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, we identify the (re) production of colonial and capitalist dominance in the expert literature. We show that dominant narratives depoliticize FASD by conceptualizing settler colonialism as a past event, ignoring ongoing, contemporary forms of settler colonial dispossession and resituating FASD within an expert language that locates solutions to FASD within affected individuals and communities. In so doing, these narratives legitimize, and contribute to perpetuating, existing disease inequities, prevent the formulation of policies that address the very real and as yet unmet needs of FASD affected individuals, families and communities and erase from the public discourse discussions about changes that could truly address FASD inequities at their root. We conclude by elaborating on the implication of these narratives for policy, practice and equity, in Canada and other settler colonial states.
MeSH term(s)	Canada ; Colonialism ; Female ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/prevention & control ; Humans ; Language ; Narration ; Pregnancy
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1338717-0
ISSN	1461-7196 ; 1363-4593
ISSN (online)	1461-7196
ISSN	1363-4593
DOI	10.1177/13634593211038527
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Article: What Can US Single-Payer Supporters Learn From the Swiss Rejection of Single Payer?

Chaufan, Claudia

International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation

2016 Volume 46, Issue 2, Page(s) 331–345

Abstract: On September 27, 2014, Swiss voters rejected a proposal to replace their system of about 60 health insurance companies offering mandatory basic health coverage with a single public insurer, the state, which would offer taxpayer-funded coverage of all ... ...

Abstract	On September 27, 2014, Swiss voters rejected a proposal to replace their system of about 60 health insurance companies offering mandatory basic health coverage with a single public insurer, the state, which would offer taxpayer-funded coverage of all medically necessary care. The Swiss and the U.S. media, academia, and business sectors, from conservative and liberal camps, interpreted the results to mean a rejection of single payer and a preference for a privately run system, with important implications for health reform in the United States. While on the surface mainstream interpretations appear reasonable, I argue that they have little basis on fact because they rely on assumptions that, while untrue, are repeated as mantras that conveniently justify the continuation of a model of health insurance that is unraveling, less conspicuously in Switzerland, dramatically in the United States. To make my case, I describe the dominant narrative about Swiss health care and mainstream interpretations of the latest referendum on health reform, unpack the problem within these interpretations, and conclude by identifying what lessons the Swiss referendum contains for single payer advocates in the United States in particular and for those who struggle for social and economic rights more generally.
MeSH term(s)	Health Care Reform ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Politics ; Single-Payer System/organization & administration ; Switzerland ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	184936-0
ISSN	1541-4469 ; 0020-7314
ISSN (online)	1541-4469
ISSN	0020-7314
DOI	10.1177/0020731416630884
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Article ; Online: Unfortunate distinction or corporate protectionism by design?

Chaufan, Claudia / Mohamed, Faisal

Lancet (London, England)

2020 Volume 395, Issue 10235, Page(s) 1486

MeSH term(s)	Canada ; Organizations
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	3306-6
ISSN	1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
ISSN (online)	1474-547X
ISSN	0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
DOI	10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30160-4
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Article ; Online: Appraising the decision-making process concerning COVID-19 policy in postsecondary education in Canada: A critical scoping review protocol.

Chaufan, Claudia / Manwell, Laurie / Gabbay, Benjamin / Heredia, Camila / Daniels, Charlotte

AIMS public health

2023 Volume 10, Issue 4, Page(s) 918–933

Abstract: Background: Responses to COVID-19 in Canadian postsecondary education have overhauled usual norms and practices, with policies of unclear rationale implemented under the pressure of a reported public health emergency.: Objective: To critically ... ...

Abstract	Background: Responses to COVID-19 in Canadian postsecondary education have overhauled usual norms and practices, with policies of unclear rationale implemented under the pressure of a reported public health emergency. Objective: To critically appraise the decision-making process informing COVID-19 policy in the postsecondary education sector. Methods: Our scoping review will draw from macro and micro theories of public policy, specifically the critical tradition exemplified by Carol Bacchi's approach "What is the problem represented to be" and will be guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework for scoping reviews and the team-based approach of Levan and colleagues. Data will include diverse and publicly available documents to capture multiple stakeholders' perspectives on the phenomenon of interest and will be retrieved from university newsletters and legal websites using combinations of search terms adapted to specific data types. Two reviewers will independently screen, chart, analyze and synthesize the data. Disagreements will be resolved through full team discussion. Discussion: Despite the unprecedented nature of the mass medical mandates implemented in the postsecondary sector and their dramatic impact on millions of lives-students, faculty, staff and their families, friends and communities-the decision-making process leading to them has not been documented or appraised. By identifying, summarizing and appraising the evidence, our review should inform practices that can contribute to effective and equitable public health policies in postsecondary institutions moving forward.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2777115-5
ISSN	2327-8994 ; 2327-8994
ISSN (online)	2327-8994
ISSN	2327-8994
DOI	10.3934/publichealth.2023059
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The Violence of Non-Violence: A Systematic Mixed-Studies Review on the Health Effects of Sanctions.

Chaufan, Claudia / Yousefi, Nora / Zaman, Ifsia

International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation

2022 , Page(s) 207314221138243

Abstract: The use of sanctions as a policy tool to affect change in the political behavior of target states has increased over the past 30 years, along with a concern about their impact on civilian health. Some researchers have proposed that targeting sanctions ... ...

Abstract	The use of sanctions as a policy tool to affect change in the political behavior of target states has increased over the past 30 years, along with a concern about their impact on civilian health. Some researchers have proposed that targeting sanctions can avoid their moral costs, yet others have challenged this claim. This systematic mixed-studies review explored the debate about targeted sanctions by appraising their health effects as reported in the medical and public health literature, with a global focus and through the COVID-19 era.We searched three electronic databases without temporal or geographical restrictions and identified 50 studies spanning three decades (1992-2021) meeting our inclusion criteria. Using a piloted form, we extracted quotations addressing our research questions and identified themes that we grouped according to the effects of sanctions on health or its determinants, generating frequency distributions to assess the strength of support for each theme. While no study posited a causal relationship between sanctions and health, or engaged the morality of sanctions, most implied that when sanctions were present, health was inevitably impacted, even for sanctions ostensibly targeted to minimize civilian harm. Our findings suggest that given the integrated nature of the global economy, it is all but impossible to design sanctions that will achieve their stated goals without inflicting significant harm on civilians. We conclude that the use of sanctions as a policy tool threatens global health and human rights, especially in times of crises.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	184936-0
ISSN	1541-4469 ; 0020-7314
ISSN (online)	1541-4469
ISSN	0020-7314
DOI	10.1177/00207314221138243
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Article: WHY DO AMERICANS STILL NEED SINGLE-PAYER HEALTH CARE AFTER MAJOR HEALTH REFORM?

Chaufan, Claudia

International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation

2015 Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) 149–160

Abstract: Many observers have considered the Affordable Care Act (ACA) the most significant health care overhaul since Medicare, in the tradition of Great Society programs. And yet, in opinion polls, Americans across the political spectrum repeatedly express their ...

Abstract	Many observers have considered the Affordable Care Act (ACA) the most significant health care overhaul since Medicare, in the tradition of Great Society programs. And yet, in opinion polls, Americans across the political spectrum repeatedly express their strong support for Medicare, alongside their disapproval of the ACA. This feature of American public opinion is often seen as a contradiction and often explained as "incoherence," a mere feature of Americans' "muddled mind." In this article I argue that what explains this seeming contradiction is not any peculiarity of Americans' psychology but rather the grip of the corporate class on the political process and on key social institutions (e.g., mass media, judiciary), no less extraordinary today than in the past. I also argue that ordinary Americans, like millions of their counterparts in the world, would eagerly support a single-payer national health program that speaks to their interests rather than to those of the 1 percent. I will describe the ACA, compare it to Medicare, explain the concept of single payer, and conclude that the task is not to persuade presumably recalcitrant Americans to support the ACA but rather to organize a mass movement to struggle for what is right and join the rest of the world in the road toward health justice.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Insurance, Health/economics ; Insurance, Health/organization & administration ; Medicare/organization & administration ; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act/legislation & jurisprudence ; Politics ; Public Opinion ; State Medicine/economics ; State Medicine/organization & administration ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2015
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184936-0
ISSN	1541-4469 ; 0020-7314
ISSN (online)	1541-4469
ISSN	0020-7314
DOI	10.2190/HS.45.1.l
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Article ; Online: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Intellectual Property Rights Within NAFTA 1.0: Implications for NAFTA 2.0 and for Democratic (Health) Governance in Canada.

Mohamed, Faisal Ali / Chaufan, Claudia

International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation

2020 Volume 50, Issue 3, Page(s) 278–291

Abstract: In 1993, the Canadian federal government ratified the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Prior to ratification, compulsory licensing was eliminated from Canada's Patent Act and intellectual property rights (IPRs) were strengthened. Compulsory ... ...

Abstract	In 1993, the Canadian federal government ratified the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Prior to ratification, compulsory licensing was eliminated from Canada's Patent Act and intellectual property rights (IPRs) were strengthened. Compulsory licensing allows competitors to produce drugs under patent without the consent of the patent holder, challenging drug monopolies and lowering prices, whereas IPRs lengthen patent protections, shielding patent holders from competition and increasing prices. We perform a critical discourse analysis of key provisions in Chapter 17 of NAFTA in light of industry claims that pharmaceutical innovation requires important investments in research and development, justifying high drug prices. We note that since NAFTA, spending in research and development in Canada has decreased and drug prices have increased, becoming a major barrier to equitable access to critically necessary medications. We argue that by modifying the law, the federal government has wronged the Canadian people by discursively appropriating the language of protecting the public good while in practice legitimizing and consolidating private drug development and production, legalizing exorbitant profits, and excluding well-tested publicly financed alternatives. While NAFTA has now been superseded by the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement, our analysis offers important lessons moving forward.
MeSH term(s)	Canada ; Drug Industry ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Intellectual Property ; International Cooperation ; Mexico ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184936-0
ISSN	1541-4469 ; 0020-7314
ISSN (online)	1541-4469
ISSN	0020-7314
DOI	10.1177/0020731420902600
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