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  1. Article ; Online: MOE vs. M&E: considering the difference between measuring strategic effectiveness and monitoring tactical evaluation.

    Diehl, Glen / Major, Solomon

    Military medicine

    2015  Volume 180, Issue 1, Page(s) 77–82

    Abstract: Measuring the effectiveness of military Global Health Engagements (GHEs) has become an area of increasing interest to the military medical field. As a result, there have been efforts to more logically and rigorously evaluate GHE projects and programs; ... ...

    Abstract Measuring the effectiveness of military Global Health Engagements (GHEs) has become an area of increasing interest to the military medical field. As a result, there have been efforts to more logically and rigorously evaluate GHE projects and programs; many of these have been based on the Logic and Results Frameworks. However, while these Frameworks are apt and appropriate planning tools, they are not ideally suited to measuring programs' effectiveness. This article introduces military medicine professionals to the Measures of Effectiveness for Defense Engagement and Learning (MODEL) program, which implements a new method of assessment, one that seeks to rigorously use Measures of Effectiveness (vs. Measures of Performance) to gauge programs' and projects' success and fidelity to Theater Campaign goals. While the MODEL method draws on the Logic and Results Frameworks where appropriate, it goes beyond their planning focus by using the latest social scientific and econometric evaluation methodologies to link on-the-ground GHE "lines of effort" to the realization of national and strategic goals and end-states. It is hoped these methods will find use beyond the MODEL project itself, and will catalyze a new body of rigorous, empirically based work, which measures the effectiveness of a broad spectrum of GHE and security cooperation activities. We based our strategies on the principle that it is much more cost-effective to prevent conflicts than it is to stop one once it's started. I cannot overstate the importance of our theater security cooperation programs as the centerpiece to securing our Homeland from the irregular and catastrophic threats of the 21st Century.-GEN James L. Jones, USMC (Ret.).
    MeSH term(s) Global Health ; Goals ; Humans ; Military Medicine ; Military Personnel ; Program Evaluation/methods ; Security Measures ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 391061-1
    ISSN 1930-613X ; 0026-4075
    ISSN (online) 1930-613X
    ISSN 0026-4075
    DOI 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00171
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders among animal research technicians: Understanding difficulties and their determinants through a work activity analysis.

    Lamontagne, R / Delisle, A / Major, M E

    Applied ergonomics

    2022  Volume 103, Page(s) 103792

    Abstract: This study aimed at understanding animal research technicians (ART) work activity to identify difficulties encountered by workers and their determinants which may increase musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) risks. The methods for the work activity analysis ... ...

    Abstract This study aimed at understanding animal research technicians (ART) work activity to identify difficulties encountered by workers and their determinants which may increase musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) risks. The methods for the work activity analysis combined interviews, observations, events and operations chronicles as well as inclinometry. From the work activity analysis of the three main tasks (changing mouse cages, preparation of water bottles and unloading dirty material), difficulties such as awkward postures, heavy load handling, repetitiveness, high workload, supplementary tasks, interruptions and difficult social interactions emerged. The work activity analysis further allowed the identification of determinants of these difficulties. Some are related to the physical, organizational or social work environment, and others to the interdependence between these determinants. Such an improved understanding of ART work activity will lead to solutions best suited for MSDs prevention in this understudied setting.
    MeSH term(s) Animal Technicians ; Humans ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/etiology ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/prevention & control ; Occupational Diseases/etiology ; Occupational Diseases/prevention & control ; Posture ; Risk Factors ; Workload
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2003513-5
    ISSN 1872-9126 ; 0003-6870
    ISSN (online) 1872-9126
    ISSN 0003-6870
    DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103792
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Endotoxic kidney injury in Beagle dogs assessed by serum creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine, and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and clusterin.

    Steblaj, B / Kutter, A P N / Stirn, M / Daminet, S / Major, A / Zini, E

    Research in veterinary science

    2023  Volume 162, Page(s) 104966

    Abstract: Sepsis of Gram negative bacterial origin results in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. This often leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) and its recognition remains a challenge and delays treatment. As renal damage occurs before a rise in serum ... ...

    Abstract Sepsis of Gram negative bacterial origin results in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. This often leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) and its recognition remains a challenge and delays treatment. As renal damage occurs before a rise in serum creatinine is detected, new early biomarkers of kidney injury need to be explored. The aim of this study was to determine changes in serum parameters of renal function and urine biomarkers of renal injury. This was a descriptive study. Endotoxemia was induced intravenously in six anaesthetized Beagles (T1). To achieve normotension, dogs received fluids (T2), followed by a continuous infusion of noradrenaline and dexmedetomidine or 0.9% NaCl (T3). Ten minutes later, the dogs received fluids (T4) and noradrenaline and dexmedetomidine or 0.9% NaCl in a crossover manner (T5). At each timepoint, blood and urine were collected for serum creatinine, urea, symmetric dimethylarginine, urine protein/creatinine (UPC) ratio, urine neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (U-NGAL), U-NGAL/creatinine ratio, urine clusterin (U-clusterin) and U-clusterin/creatinine ratio. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect model taking into account time and stage of veterinary AKI (VAKI). Three of six dogs had a VAKI stage ≥1; one with anuria and elevated creatinine. Serum creatinine (P < 0.001), U-NGAL/creatinine ratio (P = 0.01) and U-clusterin/creatinine ratio increased over time (P < 0.01). The UPC ratio (mean (range) 0.68 (0.35-2.3) versus 0.39 (0.15-0.71) P < 0.01) and U-NGAL (3164 pg/mL (100-147,555) versus 100 (100-14,524), P = 0.01) were higher in VAKI stage ≥1 versus stage 0, respectively. Endotoxemia induced VAKI stage ≥1 in half of the dogs. Repeated measurement of selected parameters could detect AKI early.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Dogs ; Lipocalin-2/urine ; Creatinine/urine ; Dexmedetomidine ; Endotoxins ; Clusterin ; Endotoxemia/veterinary ; Saline Solution ; Lipocalins/urine ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/urine ; Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism ; Kidney/metabolism ; Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis ; Acute Kidney Injury/veterinary ; Biomarkers ; Dog Diseases/urine
    Chemical Substances Lipocalin-2 ; Creatinine (AYI8EX34EU) ; Dexmedetomidine (67VB76HONO) ; Endotoxins ; Clusterin ; symmetric dimethylarginine (49787G1ULV) ; Saline Solution ; Lipocalins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Acute-Phase Proteins ; Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 840961-4
    ISSN 1532-2661 ; 0034-5288
    ISSN (online) 1532-2661
    ISSN 0034-5288
    DOI 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104966
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in dogs undergoing MRI for a thoracolumbar vertebral column pathology.

    Paran, E / Major, A C / Warren-Smith, C / Hezzell, M J / MacFarlane, P

    The Journal of small animal practice

    2023  Volume 64, Issue 5, Page(s) 321–329

    Abstract: Objectives: The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence and extent of gastroesophageal reflux, and the prevalence of regurgitation in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging, and to explore possible associations of ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence and extent of gastroesophageal reflux, and the prevalence of regurgitation in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging, and to explore possible associations of reflux and regurgitation with signalment (breed, age, sex, neuter status), bodyweight, body condition score and drugs used in the anaesthetic protocol.
    Materials and methods: The thoracic part of the oesophagus was retrospectively assessed for presence and quantification of fluid on two T2 weighted sequences. Patient breed, age, sex, neuter status, weight and body condition score were recorded. Anaesthetic records were reviewed for the presence of regurgitation and detailed anaesthetic protocols.
    Results: Fifty percent (95% confidence interval: 45 to 57%) of included dogs had evidence of gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux was not associated with the individual breed, age, sex, neuter status or body weight. Brachycephalic dogs did not demonstrate significantly higher rates of reflux compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. A larger volume of reflux was associated with a higher chance of regurgitation.
    Clinical significance: Gastroesophageal reflux is a common finding in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging. Dogs which regurgitated had higher volumes of reflux. Early detection and quantification of the volume of reflux is helpful as it may allow the anaesthetist to take measures which may reduce the risk of associated complications.
    MeSH term(s) Dogs ; Animals ; Retrospective Studies ; Prevalence ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/diagnostic imaging ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/veterinary ; Anesthetics ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/veterinary ; Spine
    Chemical Substances Anesthetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 410743-3
    ISSN 1748-5827 ; 0022-4510 ; 1748-5827
    ISSN (online) 1748-5827
    ISSN 0022-4510 ; 1748-5827
    DOI 10.1111/jsap.13585
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: The genome of a globally invasive passerine, the common myna, Acridotheres tristis.

    Stuart, Katarina C / Johnson, Rebecca N / Major, Richard E / Atsawawaranunt, Kamolphat / Ewart, Kyle M / Rollins, Lee A / Santure, Anna W / Whibley, Annabel

    DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes

    2024  Volume 31, Issue 2

    Abstract: In an era of global climate change, biodiversity conservation is receiving increased attention. Conservation efforts are greatly aided by genetic tools and approaches, which seek to understand patterns of genetic diversity and how they impact species ... ...

    Abstract In an era of global climate change, biodiversity conservation is receiving increased attention. Conservation efforts are greatly aided by genetic tools and approaches, which seek to understand patterns of genetic diversity and how they impact species health and their ability to persist under future climate regimes. Invasive species offer vital model systems in which to investigate questions regarding adaptive potential, with a particular focus on how changes in genetic diversity and effective population size interact with novel selection regimes. The common myna (Acridotheres tristis) is a globally invasive passerine and is an excellent model species for research both into the persistence of low-diversity populations and the mechanisms of biological invasion. To underpin research on the invasion genetics of this species, we present the genome assembly of the common myna. We describe the genomic landscape of this species, including genome wide allelic diversity, methylation, repeats, and recombination rate, as well as an examination of gene family evolution. Finally, we use demographic analysis to identify that some native regions underwent a dramatic population increase between the two most recent periods of glaciation, and reveal artefactual impacts of genetic bottlenecks on demographic analysis.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Starlings ; Introduced Species ; Genome ; Genomics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1212508-8
    ISSN 1756-1663 ; 1340-2838
    ISSN (online) 1756-1663
    ISSN 1340-2838
    DOI 10.1093/dnares/dsae005
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Cooperation and partner choice among Agta hunter-gatherer children: An evolutionary developmental perspective.

    Major-Smith, Daniel / Chaudhary, Nikhil / Dyble, Mark / Major-Smith, Katie / Page, Abigail E / Salali, Gul Deniz / Mace, Ruth / Migliano, Andrea B

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) e0284360

    Abstract: Examining development is essential for a full understanding of behaviour, including how individuals acquire traits and how adaptive evolutionary forces shape these processes. The present study explores the development of cooperative behaviour among the ... ...

    Abstract Examining development is essential for a full understanding of behaviour, including how individuals acquire traits and how adaptive evolutionary forces shape these processes. The present study explores the development of cooperative behaviour among the Agta, a Filipino hunter-gatherer population. A simple resource allocation game assessing both levels of cooperation (how much children shared) and patterns of partner choice (who they shared with) was played with 179 children between the ages of 3 and 18. Children were given five resources (candies) and for each was asked whether to keep it for themselves or share with someone else, and if so, who this was. Between-camp variation in children's cooperative behaviour was substantial, and the only strong predictor of children's cooperation was the average level of cooperation among adults in camp; that is, children were more cooperative in camps where adults were more cooperative. Neither age, sex, relatedness or parental levels of cooperation were strongly associated with the amount children shared. Children preferentially shared with close kin (especially siblings), although older children increasingly shared with less-related individuals. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding cross-cultural patterns of children's cooperation, and broader links with human cooperative childcare and life history evolution.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Asian People ; Camping ; Child Health ; Cooperative Behavior ; Siblings
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0284360
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Tracing the introduction of the invasive common myna using population genomics.

    Atsawawaranunt, Kamolphat / Ewart, Kyle M / Major, Richard E / Johnson, Rebecca N / Santure, Anna W / Whibley, Annabel

    Heredity

    2023  Volume 131, Issue 1, Page(s) 56–67

    Abstract: The common myna (Acridotheres tristis) is one of the most invasive bird species in the world, yet its colonisation history is only partly understood. We identified the introduction history and population structure, and quantified the genetic diversity of ...

    Abstract The common myna (Acridotheres tristis) is one of the most invasive bird species in the world, yet its colonisation history is only partly understood. We identified the introduction history and population structure, and quantified the genetic diversity of myna populations from the native range in India and introduced populations in New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, and South Africa, based on thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in 814 individuals. We were able to identify the source population of mynas in several invasive locations: mynas from Fiji and Melbourne, Australia, were likely founded by individuals from a subpopulation in Maharashtra, India, while mynas in Hawaii and South Africa were likely independently founded by individuals from other localities in India. Our findings suggest that New Zealand mynas were founded by individuals from Melbourne, which, in turn, were founded by individuals from Maharashtra. We identified two genetic clusters among New Zealand mynas, divided by New Zealand's North Island's axial mountain ranges, confirming previous observations that mountains and thick forests may form barriers to myna dispersal. Our study provides a foundation for other population and invasion genomic studies and provides useful information for the management of this invasive species.
    MeSH term(s) Metagenomics ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Starlings/genetics ; Genetic Variation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2423-5
    ISSN 1365-2540 ; 0018-067X
    ISSN (online) 1365-2540
    ISSN 0018-067X
    DOI 10.1038/s41437-023-00621-w
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Is bin-opening in cockatoos leading to an innovation arms race with humans?

    Klump, Barbara C / Major, Richard E / Farine, Damien R / Martin, John M / Aplin, Lucy M

    Current biology : CB

    2022  Volume 32, Issue 17, Page(s) R910–R911

    Abstract: Foraging innovations can give wild animals access to human-derived food ... ...

    Abstract Foraging innovations can give wild animals access to human-derived food sources
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Cockatoos ; Elephants ; Humans ; Parrots ; Research
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.008
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  9. Article: Inspiratory muscle training for mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: Obstacles and facilitators for implementation. A mixed method quality improvement study.

    Major, Mel E / Sommers, Juultje / Horrevorts, Esther / Buist, Carmen M / Dettling-Ihnenfeldt, Daniela S / van der Schaaf, Marike

    Australian critical care : official journal of the Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: Mechanically ventilated patients are at risk of developing inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW), which is associated with failure to wean and poor outcomes. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is a recommended intervention during and after ... ...

    Abstract Background: Mechanically ventilated patients are at risk of developing inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW), which is associated with failure to wean and poor outcomes. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is a recommended intervention during and after extubation but has not been widely adopted in Dutch intensive care units (ICUs).
    Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the potential, barriers, and facilitators for implementing IMT as treatment modality for mechanically ventilated patients.
    Methods: This mixed-method, proof-of-concept study was conducted in a large academic hospital in the Netherlands. An evidence-based protocol for assessing IMW and training was applied to patients ventilated for ≥24 h in the ICU during an 8-month period in 2021. Quantitative data on completed measurements and interventions during and after ICU-stay were collected retrospectively and were analysed descriptively. Qualitative data were collected through semistructured interviews with physiotherapists executing the new protocol. Interview data were transcribed and thematically analysed.
    Findings: Of the 301 screened patients, 11.6% (n = 35) met the inclusion criteria. Measurements were possible in 94.3% of the participants, and IMW was found in 78.8% of the participants. Ninety-six percent started training in the ICU, and 88.5% continued training after transfer to the ward. Follow-up measurements were achieved in 73.1% of the patients with respiratory muscle weakness. Twelve therapists were interviewed, of whom 41.7% regularly worked in the ICU. When exploring reasons for protocol deviation, three themes emerged: "professional barriers", "external factors", and "patient barriers".
    Conclusions: Implementation of measurements of and interventions for IMW showed to be challenging in this single centre study. Clinicians' willingness to change their handling was related to beliefs regarding usefulness, effectiveness, and availability of time and material. We recommend that hospitals aiming to implement IMT during or after ventilator weaning consider these professional and organisational barriers for implementation of novel, evidence-based interventions into daily clinical practice.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-06
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1159493-7
    ISSN 1878-1721 ; 1036-7314
    ISSN (online) 1878-1721
    ISSN 1036-7314
    DOI 10.1016/j.aucc.2024.01.005
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  10. Article: Wealth, health and inequality in Agta foragers.

    Page, Abigail E / Ruiz, Milagros / Dyble, Mark / Major-Smith, Daniel / Migliano, Andrea B / Myers, Sarah

    Evolution, medicine, and public health

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 149–162

    Abstract: Background and objectives: There is significant evidence from large-scale, industrial and post-industrial societies that greater income and wealth inequality is negatively associated with both population health and increasing health inequalities. ... ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: There is significant evidence from large-scale, industrial and post-industrial societies that greater income and wealth inequality is negatively associated with both population health and increasing health inequalities. However, whether such relationships are inevitable and should be expected to impact the health of small-scale societies as they become more market-integrated is less clear.
    Methodology: Here, using mixed-effect models, we explore the relationship between health, wealth, wealth inequality and health inequalities in a small-scale foraging population from the Philippines, the Agta.
    Results: Across 11 camps, we find small to moderate degrees of wealth inequality (maximal Gini Coefficient 0.44) which is highest in the most permanent camps, where individuals engage more heavily in the formal market. However, in both adults (
    Conclusions and implications: We interpret these results in the light of high levels of cooperation among the Agta which may buffer against the detrimental effects of wealth inequality documented in industrial and post-industrial societies. We observe little intergenerational wealth transmission, highlighting the fluid nature of wealth, and thus wealth inequality, particularly in mobile communities. The deterioration of nutritional status, as indicated by red blood cell counts, requires further investigation before concluding the Agta's extensive cooperation networks may be beginning to breakdown in the face of increasing inequality.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2684837-5
    ISSN 2050-6201
    ISSN 2050-6201
    DOI 10.1093/emph/eoad015
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