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Article: Molecular genetics of the NCLs -- status and perspectives.

Siintola, Eija / Lehesjoki, Anna-Elina / Mole, Sara E

2006 Volume 1762, Issue 10, Page(s) 857–864

Abstract: The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in many cell types, including neurons. Most NCL subtypes are inherited in an autosomal ... ...

Abstract	The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in many cell types, including neurons. Most NCL subtypes are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and characterized clinically by epileptic seizures, progressive psychomotor decline, visual failure, variable age of onset, and premature death. To date, seven genes underlying human NCLs have been identified. Most of the mutations in these genes are associated with specific disease subtypes, while some result in variable disease onset, severity and progression. In addition to these, there are still disease subgroups with unknown molecular genetic backgrounds. Although apparent clinical homogeneity exists within some of these subgroups, actual genetic heterogeneity may complicate gene identification. Additional clues to the identification of these unknown genes may come from animal models of NCL and from functional studies of already known genes which may suggest further candidates.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Mutation ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/classification ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/diagnosis ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/genetics ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/pathology
Chemical Substances	Membrane Proteins ; PPT1 protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	60-7
ISSN	1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
ISSN (online)	1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650
ISSN	0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
DOI	10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.006
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Article ; Online: ZNHIT3 is defective in PEHO syndrome, a severe encephalopathy with cerebellar granule neuron loss.

Brain : a journal of neurology

2017 Volume 140, Issue 5, Page(s) 1267–1279

Abstract: Progressive encephalopathy with oedema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome is an early childhood onset, severe autosomal recessive encephalopathy characterized by extreme cerebellar atrophy due to almost total granule neuron loss. By ... ...

Abstract	Progressive encephalopathy with oedema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome is an early childhood onset, severe autosomal recessive encephalopathy characterized by extreme cerebellar atrophy due to almost total granule neuron loss. By combining homozygosity mapping in Finnish families with Sanger sequencing of positional candidate genes and with exome sequencing a homozygous missense substitution of leucine for serine at codon 31 in ZNHIT3 was identified as the primary cause of PEHO syndrome. ZNHIT3 encodes a nuclear zinc finger protein previously implicated in transcriptional regulation and in small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle assembly and thus possibly to pre-ribosomal RNA processing. The identified mutation affects a highly conserved amino acid residue in the zinc finger domain of ZNHIT3. Both knockdown and genome editing of znhit3 in zebrafish embryos recapitulate the patients' cerebellar defects, microcephaly and oedema. These phenotypes are rescued by wild-type, but not mutant human ZNHIT3 mRNA, suggesting that the patient missense substitution causes disease through a loss-of-function mechanism. Transfection of cell lines with ZNHIT3 expression vectors showed that the PEHO syndrome mutant protein is unstable. Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse cerebellar tissue demonstrated ZNHIT3 to be expressed in proliferating granule cell precursors, in proliferating and post-mitotic granule cells, and in Purkinje cells. Knockdown of Znhit3 in cultured mouse granule neurons and ex vivo cerebellar slices indicate that ZNHIT3 is indispensable for granule neuron survival and migration, consistent with the zebrafish findings and patient neuropathology. These results suggest that loss-of-function of a nuclear regulator protein underlies PEHO syndrome and imply that establishment of its spatiotemporal interaction targets will be the basis for developing therapeutic approaches and for improved understanding of cerebellar development.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain Edema/genetics ; Brain Edema/pathology ; COP9 Signalosome Complex ; Cell Movement/genetics ; Cell Movement/physiology ; Cell Survival/genetics ; Cell Survival/physiology ; Cerebellum/metabolism ; Cerebellum/pathology ; Edema/complications ; Edema/genetics ; Exome/genetics ; Gene Editing ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Humans ; Mice ; Microcephaly/complications ; Microcephaly/genetics ; Mutation, Missense/genetics ; Mutation, Missense/physiology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/genetics ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurons/pathology ; Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/physiology ; Optic Atrophy/genetics ; Optic Atrophy/pathology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spasms, Infantile/genetics ; Spasms, Infantile/pathology ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis ; Zebrafish
Chemical Substances	Cops2 protein, mouse ; Nuclear Proteins ; Transcription Factors ; ZNHIT3 protein, human ; COP9 Signalosome Complex (EC 3.4.19.12)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80072-7
ISSN	1460-2156 ; 0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
ISSN	0006-8950
DOI	10.1093/brain/awx040
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Article: Localization of wild-type and mutant neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis CLN8 proteins in non-neuronal and neuronal cells.

Lonka, Liina / Salonen, Tarja / Siintola, Eija / Kopra, Outi / Lehesjoki, Anna-Elina / Jalanko, Anu

Journal of neuroscience research

2004 Volume 76, Issue 6, Page(s) 862–871

Abstract: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment in many tissues, especially in neurons. Mutations in the CLN8 gene underlie Northern epilepsy ( ... ...

Abstract	Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment in many tissues, especially in neurons. Mutations in the CLN8 gene underlie Northern epilepsy (progressive epilepsy with mental retardation [EPMR], OMIM 600143) and a subset of Turkish variant late infantile NCL, but the pathogenetic mechanisms have remained elusive. The CLN8 transmembrane protein is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein that recycles between ER and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) in non-neuronal cells. To explore the disease mechanisms, we have characterized the neuronal localization of wild-type CLN8 protein as well as CLN8 proteins representing patient mutations. Semliki Forest virus-mediated CLN8 protein localized in the ER of mouse hippocampal primary neurons when compared to subcellular markers by immunofluorescence analysis. We also analyzed the possible polarized targeting of CLN8 and observed basolateral targeting in polarized epithelial CaCo-2 cells, suggesting that CLN8 may locate outside the ER or in a specialized subcompartment of the ER. We were not able, however, to demonstrate differential distribution of CLN8 between axons and dendrites of neurons. Fractionation of mouse brain tissue indicated that endogenous mouse Cln8 is observed in light membrane fractions, different from ER, which further suggested differential localization for CLN8 in polarized cells. The disease mutations did not affect intracellular localization of CLN8 in non-neuronal or neuronal cells. Consequently, there is no obvious genotype-phenotype correlation at the level of protein localization and thus mutations most likely directly affect functionally important domains of CLN8.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Caco-2 Cells/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/genetics ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/metabolism ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/physiopathology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Protein Transport
Chemical Substances	CLN8 protein, human ; Cln8 protein, mouse ; Membrane Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-06-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	195324-2
ISSN	1097-4547 ; 0360-4012
ISSN (online)	1097-4547
ISSN	0360-4012
DOI	10.1002/jnr.20133
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Article ; Online: Cathepsin D deficiency underlies congenital human neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.

Siintola, Eija / Partanen, Sanna / Strömme, Petter / Haapanen, Aleksi / Haltia, Matti / Maehlen, Jan / Lehesjoki, Anna-Elina / Tyynelä, Jaana

Brain : a journal of neurology

2006 Volume 129, Issue Pt 6, Page(s) 1438–1445

Abstract: Congenital neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a devastating inherited neurodegenerative disorder of unknown metabolic basis. Eight patients with this rare disorder, all with similar clinical and neuropathological findings, have been reported, and ... ...

Abstract	Congenital neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a devastating inherited neurodegenerative disorder of unknown metabolic basis. Eight patients with this rare disorder, all with similar clinical and neuropathological findings, have been reported, and here we describe two further patients. Previously, we showed that a mutation in the cathepsin D gene causes congenital NCL in sheep. On the basis of the neuropathological and ultrastructural similarities between the sheep and patients affected with congenital NCL, we screened the cathepsin D gene for mutations in a patient of Pakistani origin. We identified a nucleotide duplication, c.764dupA, in the cathepsin D gene in homozygous form in the patient, and in heterozygous form in his father. This duplication is likely to be disease-causing, as it creates a premature stop codon, predicting a truncation of the protein. When transiently expressed in cell cultures, the mutant protein was enzymatically inactive, but stable. In paraffin-embedded brain tissue samples of two affected siblings of the Pakistani patient, cathepsin D was absent, suggesting rapid degradation of the c.764dupA mutant cathepsin D at mRNA or protein level in vivo. Further, we were able to confirm lack of cathepsin D in the brain tissue of yet another, unrelated, patient of English origin with congenital NCL. On the basis of the present data, and the nearly identical clinical and/or pathological phenotype of the other reported cases of congenital NCL, it is reasonable to suggest that cathepsin D deficiency caused by mutations in the corresponding gene may underlie all cases of congenital NCL. The present observations also suggest that cathepsin D deficiency should be considered as a possible diagnosis in microcephalic neonates, who present with seizures at or before birth.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Base Sequence ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Cathepsin D/deficiency ; Cathepsin D/genetics ; Cathepsin D/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cricetinae ; DNA Mutational Analysis/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed/methods ; Mutation/genetics ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/congenital ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/genetics ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/metabolism ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/pathology ; Phenotype ; Transfection
Chemical Substances	Cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80072-7
ISSN	1460-2156 ; 0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
ISSN	0006-8950
DOI	10.1093/brain/awl107
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Article ; Online: Mutations in CLN7/MFSD8 are a common cause of variant late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Kousi, Maria / Siintola, Eija / Dvorakova, Lenka / Vlaskova, Hana / Turnbull, Julie / Topcu, Meral / Yuksel, Deniz / Gokben, Sarenur / Minassian, Berge A / Elleder, Milan / Mole, Sara E / Lehesjoki, Anna-Elina

Brain : a journal of neurology

2009 Volume 132, Issue Pt 3, Page(s) 810–819

Abstract: The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), the most common neurodegenerative disorders of childhood, are characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material mainly in neurons. Although clinically rather uniform, variant late-infantile ... ...

Abstract	The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), the most common neurodegenerative disorders of childhood, are characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material mainly in neurons. Although clinically rather uniform, variant late-infantile onset NCL (vLINCL) is genetically heterogeneous with four major underlying genes identified so far. We evaluated the genetic background underlying vLINCL in 119 patients, and specifically analysed the recently reported CLN7/MFSD8 gene for mutations in 80 patients. Clinical data were collected from the CLN7/MFSD8 mutation positive patients. Eight novel CLN7/MFSD8 mutations and seven novel mutations in the CLN1/PPT1, CLN2/TPP1, CLN5, CLN6 and CLN8 genes were identified in patients of various ethnic origins. A significant group of Roma patients originating from the former Czechoslovakia was shown to bear the c.881C>A (p.Thr294Lys) mutation in CLN7/MFSD8, possibly due to a founder effect. With one exception, the CLN7/MFSD8 mutation positive patients present a phenotype indistinguishable from the other vLINCL forms. In one patient with an in-frame amino acid substitution mutation in CLN7/MFSD8, the disease onset was later and the disease course less aggressive than in variant late-infantile NCL. Our findings raise the total number of CLN7/MFSD8 mutations to 14 with the majority of families having private mutations. Our study confirms that CLN7/MFSD8 defects are not restricted to the Turkish population, as initially anticipated, but are a relatively common cause of NCL in different populations. CLN7/MFSD8 should be considered a diagnostic alternative not only in variant late-infantile but also later onset NCL forms with a more protracted disease course. A significant number of NCL patients in Turkey exist, in which the underlying genetic defect remains to be determined.
MeSH term(s)	Age of Onset ; Base Sequence ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA Mutational Analysis/methods ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/genetics ; Tripeptidyl-Peptidase 1
Chemical Substances	MFSD8 protein, human ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; Tripeptidyl-Peptidase 1 ; TPP1 protein, human (EC 3.4.14.9)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-02-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80072-7
ISSN	1460-2156 ; 0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
ISSN	0006-8950
DOI	10.1093/brain/awn366
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Article ; Online: Novel mutation and the first prenatal screening of cathepsin D deficiency (CLN10).

Fritchie, Karen / Siintola, Eija / Armao, Diane / Lehesjoki, Anna-Elina / Marino, Thomas / Powell, Cynthia / Tennison, Michael / Booker, Jessica M / Koch, Sabine / Partanen, Sanna / Suzuki, Kinuko / Tyynelä, Jaana / Thorne, Leigh B

Acta neuropathologica

2009 Volume 117, Issue 2, Page(s) 201–208

Abstract: The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are autosomal recessively inherited disorders collectively considered to be one among the most common pediatric neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases. Four main clinical subtypes have been described based ... ...

Abstract	The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are autosomal recessively inherited disorders collectively considered to be one among the most common pediatric neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases. Four main clinical subtypes have been described based on the age at presentation: infantile, late infantile, juvenile and adult types. In addition, rare congenital cases of NCL have been reported in the literature. Previously, a homozygous mutation in the cathepsin D gene has been shown to cause congenital NCL in a patient of Pakistani origin. We report a case of a 39-week estimated gestational age female infant with severe microcephaly and hypertonia, whereas MRI showed generalized hypoplasia of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. The infant died on day two after birth. Postmortem examination revealed a small, firm brain with extensive neuronal loss and gliosis. Remaining neurons, astrocytes and macrophages contained PAS-positive storage material with granular ultrastructure and immunoreactivity against sphingolipid activator protein D. A diagnosis of congenital NCL was rendered with a novel mutation, c.299C > T (p.Ser100Phe) in exon 3 of the cathepsin D gene. In the patient fibroblasts, cathepsin D activity was marginal, but the protein appeared stable and normally processed. This was confirmed in overexpression studies. Importantly, by identification of the mutation in the family, we were able to confirm the first prenatal diagnosis excluding cathepsin D deficiency in the younger sibling of the patient.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Astrocytes/chemistry ; Astrocytes/ultrastructure ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cathepsin D/deficiency ; Cathepsin D/genetics ; Cell Death ; Chorionic Villi Sampling ; Female ; Fibroblasts/enzymology ; Gliosis/genetics ; Gliosis/pathology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Macrophages/chemistry ; Macrophages/ultrastructure ; Microcephaly/genetics ; Muscle Hypertonia/genetics ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/diagnosis ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/enzymology ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/genetics ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/pathology ; Neurons/ultrastructure ; Point Mutation ; Pregnancy ; Sphingolipid Activator Proteins/analysis
Chemical Substances	Sphingolipid Activator Proteins ; CTSD protein, human (EC 3.4.23.5) ; Cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1079-0
ISSN	1432-0533 ; 0001-6322
ISSN (online)	1432-0533
ISSN	0001-6322
DOI	10.1007/s00401-008-0426-7
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Article: Novel SIL1 mutations and exclusion of functional candidate genes in Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome.

Anttonen, Anna-Kaisa / Siintola, Eija / Tranebjaerg, Lisbeth / Iwata, Nobue K / Bijlsma, Emilia K / Meguro, Hiroyuki / Ichikawa, Yaeko / Goto, Jun / Kopra, Outi / Lehesjoki, Anna-Elina

European journal of human genetics : EJHG

2008 Volume 16, Issue 8, Page(s) 961–969

Abstract: Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, cataracts, mental retardation, and progressive myopathy. Recently, mutations in the SIL1 gene, which encodes an ... ...

Abstract	Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, cataracts, mental retardation, and progressive myopathy. Recently, mutations in the SIL1 gene, which encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident cochaperone, were identified as a major cause of MSS. We here report four novel mutations in SIL1, including the first missense substitution p.Leu457Pro described in MSS. In addition, we excluded three functional candidate genes, HSPA5, HYOU1, and AARS, as causative genes in SIL1 mutation-negative patients. To understand the mechanisms of disturbed SIL1 function, we studied the subcellular localization of the missense mutant Leu457Pro protein in COS-1 cells. Moreover, we studied a mutant protein lacking the putative C-terminal ER retrieval signal. In contrast to the wild-type protein's localization to ER and Golgi apparatus, both mutant proteins formed aggregates within the ER depending on the expression level. These data imply that aggregation of mutant proteins may contribute to MSS pathogenesis. The genetic background of a subgroup of patients with MSS remains uncovered.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Child, Preschool ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Middle Aged ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation/genetics ; Mutation, Missense/genetics ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurons/pathology ; Pedigree ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/metabolism ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/pathology ; Subcellular Fractions
Chemical Substances	Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; SIL1 protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1141470-4
ISSN	1476-5438 ; 1018-4813
ISSN (online)	1476-5438
ISSN	1018-4813
DOI	10.1038/ejhg.2008.22
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Article: The novel neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis gene MFSD8 encodes a putative lysosomal transporter.

Siintola, Eija / Topcu, Meral / Aula, Nina / Lohi, Hannes / Minassian, Berge A / Paterson, Andrew D / Liu, Xiao-Qing / Wilson, Callum / Lahtinen, Ulla / Anttonen, Anna-Kaisa / Lehesjoki, Anna-Elina

American journal of human genetics

2007 Volume 81, Issue 1, Page(s) 136–146

Abstract: The late-infantile-onset forms are the most genetically heterogeneous group among the autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorders, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). The Turkish variant was initially considered to be a distinct ... ...

Abstract	The late-infantile-onset forms are the most genetically heterogeneous group among the autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorders, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). The Turkish variant was initially considered to be a distinct genetic entity, with clinical presentation similar to that of other forms of late-infantile-onset NCL (LINCL), including age at onset from 2 to 7 years, epileptic seizures, psychomotor deterioration, myoclonus, loss of vision, and premature death. However, Turkish variant LINCL was recently found to be genetically heterogeneous, because mutations in two genes, CLN6 and CLN8, were identified to underlie the disease phenotype in a subset of patients. After a genomewide scan with single-nucleotide-polymorphism markers and homozygosity mapping in nine Turkish families and one Indian family, not linked to any of the known NCL loci, we mapped a novel variant LINCL locus to chromosome 4q28.1-q28.2 in five families. We identified six different mutations in the MFSD8 gene (previously denoted "MGC33302"), which encodes a novel polytopic 518-amino acid membrane protein that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily of transporter proteins. MFSD8 is expressed ubiquitously, with several alternatively spliced variants. Like the majority of the previously identified NCL proteins, MFSD8 localizes mainly to the lysosomal compartment. However, the function of MFSD8 remains to be elucidated. Analysis of the genome-scan data suggests the existence of at least three more genes in the remaining five families, further corroborating the great genetic heterogeneity of LINCLs.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Lysosomes/chemistry ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins/analysis ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/genetics ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Turkey
Chemical Substances	MFSD8 protein, human ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-05-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219384-x
ISSN	1537-6605 ; 0002-9297
ISSN (online)	1537-6605
ISSN	0002-9297
DOI	10.1086/518902
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