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Article ; Online: Nonlinear spreading behavior across multi-platform social media universe.

Xia, Chenkai / Johnson, Neil F

2024 Volume 34, Issue 4

Abstract: Understanding how harmful content (mis/disinformation, hate, etc.) manages to spread among online communities within and across social media platforms represents an urgent societal challenge. We develop a non-linear dynamical model for such viral ... ...

Abstract	Understanding how harmful content (mis/disinformation, hate, etc.) manages to spread among online communities within and across social media platforms represents an urgent societal challenge. We develop a non-linear dynamical model for such viral spreading, which accounts for the fact that online communities dynamically interconnect across multiple social media platforms. Our mean-field theory (Effective Medium Theory) compares well to detailed numerical simulations and provides a specific analytic condition for the onset of outbreaks (i.e., system-wide spreading). Even if the infection rate is significantly lower than the recovery rate, it predicts system-wide spreading if online communities create links between them at high rates and the loss of such links (e.g., due to moderator pressure) is low. Policymakers should, therefore, account for these multi-community dynamics when shaping policies against system-wide spreading.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1472677-4
ISSN	1089-7682 ; 1054-1500
ISSN (online)	1089-7682
ISSN	1054-1500
DOI	10.1063/5.0199655
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Controlling bad-actor-artificial intelligence activity at scale across online battlefields.

Johnson, Neil F / Sear, Richard / Illari, Lucia

PNAS nexus

2024 Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) pgae004

Abstract: We consider the looming threat of bad actors using artificial intelligence (AI)/Generative Pretrained Transformer to generate harms across social media globally. Guided by our detailed mapping of the online multiplatform battlefield, we offer answers to ... ...

Abstract	We consider the looming threat of bad actors using artificial intelligence (AI)/Generative Pretrained Transformer to generate harms across social media globally. Guided by our detailed mapping of the online multiplatform battlefield, we offer answers to the key questions of what bad-actor-AI activity will likely dominate, where, when-and what might be done to control it at scale. Applying a dynamical Red Queen analysis from prior studies of cyber and automated algorithm attacks, predicts an escalation to daily bad-actor-AI activity by mid-2024-just ahead of United States and other global elections. We then use an exactly solvable mathematical model of the observed bad-actor community clustering dynamics, to build a Policy Matrix which quantifies the outcomes and trade-offs between two potentially desirable outcomes: containment of future bad-actor-AI activity vs. its complete removal. We also give explicit plug-and-play formulae for associated risk measures.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2752-6542
ISSN (online)	2752-6542
DOI	10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae004
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Article ; Online: Inhalation Toxicity of Talc.

Johnson, Neil F

Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery

2020 Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 79–107

Abstract: Respirable talc powder (RTP) is a complex mineral mixture of talc along with accessory minerals, including tremolite, anthophyllite, quartz, magnesite, dolomite, antigorite, lizardite, and chlorite. The industrial mining, milling, and processing of talc ... ...

Abstract	Respirable talc powder (RTP) is a complex mineral mixture of talc along with accessory minerals, including tremolite, anthophyllite, quartz, magnesite, dolomite, antigorite, lizardite, and chlorite. The industrial mining, milling, and processing of talc ore is associated with elevated incidences of fibrotic and neoplastic diseases, which are also seen among workers exposed to RTP in secondary industries and individuals using processed cosmetic talc for personal use. There is controversial evidence of a link between the talc-induced lung diseases and a potential contamination with asbestos fibers. This controversy is fueled by inadequate exposure data and the complex mineralogy and terminology of the accessory minerals. Talc aerosols exhibit a wide range of mineral habits, including particulates and fibrous structures that have dimensional and compositional characteristics related to the development of asbestos-related lung disease. The inhalation toxicology of RTP is based on the analysis of occupational hygiene and animal inhalation studies conducted between the 1940s and the 1990s and more recent mechanistic studies conducted both
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Carcinogens ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Talc/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Carcinogens ; Talc (14807-96-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2417924-3
ISSN	1941-2703 ; 1941-2711
ISSN (online)	1941-2703
ISSN	1941-2711
DOI	10.1089/jamp.2020.1609
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Article ; Online: Rise of post-pandemic resilience across the distrust ecosystem.

Illari, Lucia / Restrepo, Nicholas J / Johnson, Neil F

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 15640

Abstract: Why does online distrust (e.g., of medical expertise) continue to grow despite numerous mitigation efforts? We analyzed changing discourse within a Facebook ecosystem of approximately 100 million users who were focused pre-pandemic on vaccine (dis)trust. ...

Abstract	Why does online distrust (e.g., of medical expertise) continue to grow despite numerous mitigation efforts? We analyzed changing discourse within a Facebook ecosystem of approximately 100 million users who were focused pre-pandemic on vaccine (dis)trust. Post-pandemic, their discourse interconnected multiple non-vaccine topics and geographic scales within and across communities. This interconnection confers a unique, system-level (i.e., at the scale of the full network) resistance to mitigations targeting isolated topics or geographic scales-an approach many schemes take due to constrained funding. For example, focusing on local health issues but not national elections. Backed by numerical simulations, we propose counterintuitive solutions for more effective, scalable mitigation: utilize "glocal" messaging by blending (1) strategic topic combinations (e.g., messaging about specific diseases with climate change) and (2) geographic scales (e.g., combining local and national focuses).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Ecosystem ; Pandemics ; Climate Change ; Trust
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-42893-6
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Article ; Online: Inductive detection of influence operations via graph learning.

Gabriel, Nicholas A / Broniatowski, David A / Johnson, Neil F

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 22571

Abstract: Influence operations are large-scale efforts to manipulate public opinion. The rapid detection and disruption of these operations is critical for healthy public discourse. Emergent AI technologies may enable novel operations that evade detection and ... ...

Abstract	Influence operations are large-scale efforts to manipulate public opinion. The rapid detection and disruption of these operations is critical for healthy public discourse. Emergent AI technologies may enable novel operations that evade detection and influence public discourse on social media with greater scale, reach, and specificity. New methods of detection with inductive learning capacity will be needed to identify novel operations before they indelibly alter public opinion and events. To this end, we develop an inductive learning framework that: (1) determines content- and graph-based indicators that are not specific to any operation; (2) uses graph learning to encode abstract signatures of coordinated manipulation; and (3) evaluates generalization capacity by training and testing models across operations originating from Russia, China, and Iran. We find that this framework enables strong cross-operation generalization while also revealing salient indicators-illustrating a generic approach which directly complements transductive methodologies, thereby enhancing detection coverage.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-49676-z
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Book ; Online: Unprecedented reach and rich online journeys drive hate and extremism globally

Sear, Richard / Johnson, Neil F.

2023

Abstract: Hate and extremism cannot be controlled globally without understanding how they operate at scale. Both have escalated dramatically during the Israel-Hamas and Ukraine-Russia wars. Here we show how the online hate-extremism system is now operating at ... ...

Abstract	Hate and extremism cannot be controlled globally without understanding how they operate at scale. Both have escalated dramatically during the Israel-Hamas and Ukraine-Russia wars. Here we show how the online hate-extremism system is now operating at unprecedented scale across 26 social media platforms of all sizes, audience demographics, and geographic locations; and we analyze individuals' journeys through it. This new picture contradicts notions of rabbit-hole activity at the fringe of the Internet. Instead, it shows that hate-extremism support now enjoys a direct link to more than a billion of the general global population, and that newcomers now enjoy a rich variety of online journey experiences during which they get to mingle with experienced violent actors, discuss topics from diverse news sources, and learn to collectively adapt in order to bypass platform shutdowns. Our results mean that law enforcement must expect future mass shooters to have increasingly hard-to-understand online journeys; that new E.U. laws will fall short because the combined impact of many smaller, lesser-known platforms outstrips larger ones like Twitter; and that the current global hate-extremism infrastructure will become increasingly robust in 2024 and beyond. Fortunately, it also reveals a new opportunity for system-wide control akin to adaptive vs. extinction treatments for cancer.
Keywords	Computer Science - Social and Information Networks ; Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ; Nonlinear Sciences - Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems ; Physics - Physics and Society
Subject code	303
Publishing date	2023-11-14
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: To slow or not? Challenges in subsecond networks.

Johnson, Neil F

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2017 Volume 355, Issue 6327, Page(s) 801–802

MeSH term(s)	Administrative Personnel ; Automatic Data Processing ; Electronics ; Humans ; Reaction Time ; Social Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2017--24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.aai8618
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Article ; Online: Losing the battle over best-science guidance early in a crisis: COVID-19 and beyond.

Illari, Lucia / Restrepo, Nicholas J / Johnson, Neil F

Science advances

2022 Volume 8, Issue 39, Page(s) eabo8017

Abstract: Ensuring widespread public exposure to best-science guidance is crucial in any crisis, e.g., coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), monkeypox, abortion misinformation, climate change, and beyond. We show how this battle got lost on Facebook very early ... ...

Abstract	Ensuring widespread public exposure to best-science guidance is crucial in any crisis, e.g., coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), monkeypox, abortion misinformation, climate change, and beyond. We show how this battle got lost on Facebook very early during the COVID-19 pandemic and why the mainstream majority, including many parenting communities, had already moved closer to more extreme communities by the time vaccines arrived. Hidden heterogeneities in terms of who was talking and listening to whom explain why Facebook's own promotion of best-science guidance also appears to have missed key audience segments. A simple mathematical model reproduces the exposure dynamics at the system level. Our findings could be used to tailor guidance at scale while accounting for individual diversity and to help predict tipping point behavior and system-level responses to interventions in future crises.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.abo8017
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Article ; Online: Pulmonary Toxicity of Benzalkonium Chloride.

Johnson, Neil F

Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery

2017 Volume 31, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–17

Abstract: The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic; however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in nasally and orally inhaled pharmaceutical preparations it is well tolerated. The ... ...

Abstract	The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic; however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in nasally and orally inhaled pharmaceutical preparations it is well tolerated. The adverse toxicological data predominantly come from in vitro and animal studies in which doses and exposure periods employed were excessive in relation to the clinical doses and their posology and, therefore, not directly applicable to the clinic. The conflict between the in vitro and animal data and the clinical experience can be reconciled by understanding some of the physicochemical properties of BKC, the nasal and respiratory tract microenvironments, the doses used, and the posology.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Benzalkonium Compounds/administration & dosage ; Benzalkonium Compounds/toxicity ; Humans ; Nasal Mucosa/metabolism ; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/administration & dosage ; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/toxicity ; Respiratory System/drug effects ; Respiratory System/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Benzalkonium Compounds ; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2417924-3
ISSN	1941-2703 ; 1941-2711
ISSN (online)	1941-2703
ISSN	1941-2711
DOI	10.1089/jamp.2017.1390
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article ; Online: Connectivity Between Russian Information Sources and Extremist Communities Across Social Media Platforms

Rhys Leahy / Nicholas Johnson Restrepo / Richard Sear / Neil F. Johnson

Frontiers in Political Science, Vol

2022 Volume 4

Abstract: The current military conflict between Russia and Ukraine is accompanied by disinformation and propaganda within the digital ecosystem of social media platforms and online news sources. One month prior to the conflict's February 2022 start, a Special ... ...

Abstract	The current military conflict between Russia and Ukraine is accompanied by disinformation and propaganda within the digital ecosystem of social media platforms and online news sources. One month prior to the conflict's February 2022 start, a Special Report by the U.S. Department of State had already highlighted concern about the extent to which Kremlin-funded media were feeding the online disinformation and propaganda ecosystem. Here we address a closely related issue: how Russian information sources feed into online extremist communities. Specifically, we present a preliminary study of how the sector of the online ecosystem involving extremist communities interconnects within and across social media platforms, and how it connects into such official information sources. Our focus here is on Russian domains, European Nationalists, and American White Supremacists. Though necessarily very limited in scope, our study goes beyond many existing works that focus on Twitter, by instead considering platforms such as VKontakte, Telegram, and Gab. Our findings can help shed light on the scope and impact of state-sponsored foreign influence operations. Our study also highlights the need to develop a detailed map of the full multi-platform ecosystem in order to better inform discussions aimed at countering violent extremism.
Keywords	Russia ; extremism ; transnational threats ; complexity ; networks ; social media ; Political science ; J
Subject code	302
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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