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Article ; Online: Dignified Resources and Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Qualitative Study of Racially and Economically Marginalized Communities.

Guan, Alice / Cruz, Tessa / Sowell, Jamaica / Mathias, Brenda / Hassberg, Analena Hope / Shariff-Marco, Salma / Akom, Antwi / DeRouen, Mindy C

Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities

2023

Abstract: Introduction: Amid the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), racially and economically marginalized communities experienced a disproportionate burden of disease and social consequences (e.g., unemployment, increased exposure). This study seeks to ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Amid the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), racially and economically marginalized communities experienced a disproportionate burden of disease and social consequences (e.g., unemployment, increased exposure). This study seeks to understand strategies that these communities employed to cope with unequal burdens of the pandemic. Methods: We utilized qualitative data collected between 2020 and 2021 from a mobile mapping platform designed to facilitate real-time, geocoded data collection on individual's experiences and perceptions of their neighborhoods. Reports were iteratively coded by an academic researcher and community partner. We employed an inductive approach to analysis, which allowed findings to emerge organically without constraint of researcher hypotheses. Results: A total of 19 respondents (14 under the age of 45, 16 non-White, 15 with less than half a year of emergency savings) provided 236 qualitative reports. Participants described innovative strategies for exchanging resources as a means of informally networking and building community, the importance of tailored programming (e.g., for specific racial/ethnic groups) in fostering belonging and comfort, and the importance of two specific dimensions of services-interactions with service providers and the quality of goods or services-in providing dignified care. Discussion: Amidst exacerbated racial and economic disparities emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic, our study highlights the need for investment in mutual aid, the importance of tailored services and support, and promoting dignity in social services. As other macro-level social stressors become more prevalent as the pandemic continues, these findings can inform how we examine and address them.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2760524-3
ISSN	2196-8837 ; 2197-3792
ISSN (online)	2196-8837
ISSN	2197-3792
DOI	10.1007/s40615-023-01824-x
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Article ; Online: Impacts of Individual Patient Language and Neighborhood Ethnic Enclave on COVID-19 Test Positivity Among Hispanic/Latinx Patients in San Francisco.

Nguyen, Kim Hanh / Rubinsky, Anna D / DeRouen, Mindy C / Kemper, Kathryn E / Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten / Lyles, Courtney R

Medical care

2023 Volume 61, Issue 2, Page(s) 67–74

Abstract: Background: Given the known disparities in COVID-19 within the Hispanic/Latinx community, we sought to examine the interaction between individual-level and neighborhood-level social determinants of health using linked electronic health record data.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: Given the known disparities in COVID-19 within the Hispanic/Latinx community, we sought to examine the interaction between individual-level and neighborhood-level social determinants of health using linked electronic health record data. Methods: We examined electronic health record data linked to neighborhood data among Hispanic/Latinx patients tested for COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021, from 2 large health care systems in San Francisco. Hispanic/Latinx ethnic enclave is measured using an index of census-tract level indicators of ethnicity, nativity, and language. Multilevel logistic regression models examined associations between ethnic enclave and COVID-19 positivity (COVID-19+), adjusting for patient-level sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and health system. Cross-level interactions were used to test whether associations between ethnic enclave and COVID-19+ differed by patient language preference. Results: Among 26,871 patients, mean age was 37 years, 56% had Spanish-language preference, and 21% were COVID-19+. In unadjusted models, patients living in the highest versus lowest Hispanic/Latinx enclave had 3.2 higher odds of COVID-19+ (95% CI, 2.45-4.24). Adjusted, the relationship between ethnic enclave and COVID-19+ was attenuated, but not eliminated (odds ratio: 1.4; 95% CI, 1.13-1.17). Our results demonstrated a significant cross-level interaction, such that the influence of ethnic enclave was modified by patient language preference. For individuals with Spanish-language preference, risk of COVID-19+ was high regardless of neighborhood context, whereas for those with English preference, neighborhood ethnic enclave more than doubled the odds of infection. Conclusions: Findings suggest that a multilevel and intersectional approach to the study of COVID-19 inequities may illuminate dimensions of health inequity that affect marginalized communities and offer insights for targeted clinical and community-based interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adult ; San Francisco ; COVID-19 ; Hispanic or Latino ; Ethnicity ; Residence Characteristics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	411646-x
ISSN	1537-1948 ; 0025-7079
ISSN (online)	1537-1948
ISSN	0025-7079
DOI	10.1097/MLR.0000000000001804
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Article ; Online: Association of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals With the Metabolic Syndrome Among Women in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Ihenacho, Ugonna / Guillermo, Cherie / Wilkens, Lynne R / Franke, Adrian A / Tseng, Chiuchen / Li, Yuqing / Sangaramoorthy, Meera / Derouen, Mindy C / Haiman, Christopher A / Stram, Daniel O / Le Marchand, Loïc / Cheng, Iona / Wu, Anna H

Journal of the Endocrine Society

2023 Volume 7, Issue 12, Page(s) bvad136

Abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death among women. MetS is a diagnosis of at least 3 of the following: high blood pressure, high fasting glucose, high triglycerides, high waist ... ...

Abstract	Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death among women. MetS is a diagnosis of at least 3 of the following: high blood pressure, high fasting glucose, high triglycerides, high waist circumference, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Epidemiological studies suggest that endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure is positively associated with individual components of MetS, but evidence of an association between EDCs and MetS remains inconsistent. In a cross-sectional analysis within the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we evaluated the association between 4 classes of urinary EDCs (bisphenol A [BPA], triclosan, parabens, and phthalates) and MetS among 1728 women. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% CI for the association between tertiles of each EDC and MetS adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), racial and ethnic group, and breast cancer status. Stratified analyses by race and ethnicity and BMI were conducted. MetS was identified in 519 (30.0%) women. We did not detect statistically significant associations of MetS with BPA, triclosan, or phthalate metabolite excretion. MetS was inversely associated with total parabens (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2472-1972
ISSN (online)	2472-1972
DOI	10.1210/jendso/bvad136
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Article ; Online: Association between Airport Ultrafine Particles and Lung Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Bookstein, Arthur / Po, Justine / Tseng, Chiuchen / Larson, Timothy V / Yang, Juan / Park, Sung-Shim L / Wu, Jun / Shariff-Marco, Salma / Inamdar, Pushkar P / Ihenacho, Ugonna / Setiawan, Veronica Wendy / DeRouen, Mindy C / Le Marchand, Loïc / Stram, Daniel O / Samet, Jonathan / Ritz, Beate / Fruin, Scott / Wu, Anna H / Cheng, Iona

Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology

2024

Abstract: Background: Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are unregulated air pollutants abundant in aviation exhaust. Emerging evidence suggests that UFPs may impact lung health due to their high surface area-to-mass ratio and deep penetration into airways. This study ... ...

Abstract	Background: Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are unregulated air pollutants abundant in aviation exhaust. Emerging evidence suggests that UFPs may impact lung health due to their high surface area-to-mass ratio and deep penetration into airways. This study aimed to assess long-term exposure to airport-related UFPs and lung cancer incidence in a multiethnic population in Los Angeles County. Methods: Within the California Multiethnic Cohort, we examined the association between long-term exposure to airport-related UFPs and lung cancer incidence. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the effect of UFP exposure on lung cancer incidence. Subgroup analyses by demographics, histology and smoking status were conducted. Results: Airport-related UFP exposure was not associated with lung cancer risk [per one IGR HR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.97-1.05] overall and across race/ethnicity. A suggestive positive association was observed between a one IQR increase in UFP exposure and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) risk [HR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.00-1.17] with a Phet for histology=0.05. Positive associations were observed in 5-year lag analysis for SCC [HR = 1.12, CI: 1.02-1.22] and large cell carcinoma risk [HR = 1.23, CI: 1.01-1.49] with a [Phet for histology = 0.01]. Conclusions: This large prospective cohort analysis suggests a potential association between airport-related UFP exposure and specific lung histologies. The findings align with research indicating that UFPs found in aviation exhaust may induce inflammatory and oxidative injury leading to SCC. Impact: These results highlight the potential role of airport-related UFP exposure in the development of lung SCC.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1153420-5
ISSN	1538-7755 ; 1055-9965
ISSN (online)	1538-7755
ISSN	1055-9965
DOI	10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-23-0924
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Zs.A 3693: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Asian American Women's Experiences of Discrimination and Health Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Wang, Katarina / Guan, Alice / Seto, Janice / Oh, Debora L / Lau, Kathie / Duffy, Christine / Castillo, Esperanza / McGuire, Valerie / Wadhwa, Michelle / Tepper, Clifford G / Wakelee, Heather A / DeRouen, Mindy C / Shariff-Marco, Salma / Cheng, Iona / Gomez, Scarlett Lin

Journal of immigrant and minority health

2023 Volume 26, Issue 2, Page(s) 421–425

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated racism experienced by Asian Americans, especially women and older individuals. Little is known about how discriminatory experiences during the pandemic have influenced health behaviors among Asian Americans. Between 10/ ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated racism experienced by Asian Americans, especially women and older individuals. Little is known about how discriminatory experiences during the pandemic have influenced health behaviors among Asian Americans. Between 10/2021 and 6/2022, we surveyed 193 Asian American women in the San Francisco area. Participants were asked to report types of discrimination they experienced since March 2020. We explored bivariable associations of discrimination and changes in health behaviors and healthcare utilization. Most women were Chinese American (75%) and over 45-years-old (87%). The top three discriminatory experiences reported were being treated with less respect (60%), being treated unfairly at restaurants/stores (49%), and people acting as if they are better (47%). Chinese American women (vs. non-Chinese Asian American women) reported higher frequencies of being threatened/harassed (40% vs. 22%). Women who reported any discriminatory experience (vs. none) were more likely to report less physical exercise (42.7% vs. 26.3%) and canceling/rescheduling medical appointments (65.0% vs. 45.1%). Our findings begin to elucidate Asian American women's experiences of discrimination since the pandemic and provide evidence of the harmful impacts of anti-Asian racism on health behaviors.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Asian ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Health Behavior ; Exercise ; Racism
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2220162-2
ISSN	1557-1920 ; 1557-1912
ISSN (online)	1557-1920
ISSN	1557-1912
DOI	10.1007/s10903-023-01558-2
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Article ; Online: Disparities in Prostate Cancer Survival According to Neighborhood Archetypes, A Population-Based Study.

DeRouen, Mindy C / Yang, Juan / Jain, Jennifer / Weden, Margaret M / Gomez, Scarlett L / Shariff-Marco, Salma

Urology

2021 Volume 163, Page(s) 138–147

Abstract: Objectives: To examine survival among men with prostate cancer according to neighborhood archetypes. As an advancement beyond measures of neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) or specific measures of the neighborhood environment, archetypes consider ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To examine survival among men with prostate cancer according to neighborhood archetypes. As an advancement beyond measures of neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) or specific measures of the neighborhood environment, archetypes consider interactions among many social and built environment attributes. Methods: Neighborhood archetypes for California census tracts in the year 2000 were previously developed through latent class analysis of 39 measures of social and built environment attributes. We assessed associations between archetypes and overall and prostate cancer-specific survival in this population-based study using geocoded cancer registry data for prostate cancer patients diagnosed 1996-2005 in California, followed through 2017 (n = 185,613). We used Cox proportional hazard models stratified by race/ethnicity and adjusted for age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, tumor factors, treatment, marital status and cluster effect by census tract. Additional analyses examined associations between race/ethnicity and survival, while accounting for neighborhood archetypes. Results: We observed disparities in overall and prostate cancer-specific risk of death by neighborhood archetypes. Classes with the highest risk of death were defined by lower nSES, but also other domains such as rural/urban status, racial/ethnic composition or age of residents, commuting and traffic patterns, residential mobility, and food environment. Associations between archetypes and survival varied by race/ethnicity. Conclusion: We observe interactions among several domains of neighborhood social and built environment attributes as demonstrated by the associations between neighborhood archetypes and prostate cancer survival. These results highlight opportunities for multilevel neighborhood interventions to reduce neighborhood disparities in prostate cancer survival.
MeSH term(s)	Ethnicity ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy ; Registries ; Residence Characteristics ; Social Class
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	192062-5
ISSN	1527-9995 ; 0090-4295
ISSN (online)	1527-9995
ISSN	0090-4295
DOI	10.1016/j.urology.2021.05.085
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Zs.MO 275: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Neighborhood archetypes and breast cancer survival in California.

Shariff-Marco, Salma / DeRouen, Mindy C / Yang, Juan / Jain, Jennifer / Nelson, David O / Weden, Margaret M / Gomez, Scarlett L

Annals of epidemiology

2021 Volume 57, Page(s) 22–29

Abstract: Purpose: Previous studies on neighborhoods and breast cancer survival examined neighborhood variables as unidimensional measures (e.g. walkability or deprivation) individually and thus cannot inform how the multitude of highly correlated neighborhood ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Previous studies on neighborhoods and breast cancer survival examined neighborhood variables as unidimensional measures (e.g. walkability or deprivation) individually and thus cannot inform how the multitude of highly correlated neighborhood domains interact to impact breast cancer survival. Neighborhood archetypes were developed that consider interactions among a broad range of neighborhood social and built environment attributes and examine their associations with breast cancer survival. Methods: Archetypes were measured using latent class analysis (LCA) fit to California census tract-level data. Thirty-nine social and built environment attributes relevant to eight neighborhood domains (socioeconomic status (SES), urbanicity, demographics, housing, land use, commuting and traffic, residential mobility, and food environment) were included. The archetypes were linked to cancer registry data on breast cancer cases (diagnosed 1996-2005 with follow-up through Dec 31, 2017) to evaluate their associations with overall and breast cancer-specific survival using Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity. Results: California neighborhoods were best described by nine archetypal patterns that were differentially associated with overall and breast cancer-specific survival. The lowest risk of overall death was observed in the upper middle class suburb (reference) and high status neighborhoods, while the highest was observed among inner city residents with a 39% greater risk of death (95% CI = 1.35 to 1.44). Results were similar for breast cancer-specific survival. Stratified analyses indicated that differences in survival by neighborhood archetypes varied according to individuals' race/ethnicity. Conclusions: By describing neighborhood archetypes that differentiate survival following breast cancer diagnosis, the study provides direction for policy and clinical practice addressing contextually-rooted social determinants of health including SES, unhealthy food environments, and greenspace.
MeSH term(s)	Breast Neoplasms ; California/epidemiology ; Ethnicity ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1074355-8
ISSN	1873-2585 ; 1047-2797
ISSN (online)	1873-2585
ISSN	1047-2797
DOI	10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.01.004
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Article ; Online: Racial and socioeconomic disparities in retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and survival in nonseminomatous germ cell tumor: A population-based study.

Bhambhvani, Hriday P / Greenberg, Daniel R / Kasman, Alex M / DeRouen, Mindy C / Cheng, Iona / Eisenberg, Michael L / Shah, Sumit A

Urologic oncology

2021 Volume 39, Issue 3, Page(s) 197.e1–197.e8

Abstract: Background: Though testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men, there is a paucity of epidemiologic studies examining sociodemographic disparities in adjuvant therapy and outcomes. We examined the associations of sociodemographic factors ... ...

Abstract	Background: Though testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men, there is a paucity of epidemiologic studies examining sociodemographic disparities in adjuvant therapy and outcomes. We examined the associations of sociodemographic factors with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) and survival among patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs). Methods: Within the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (2005-2015), we identified 8,573 patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Multivariable logistic regression and Fine-Gray competing-risks regression models were constructed to examine the association of sociodemographic factors (neighborhood SES (nSES), race, and insurance) with, respectively, adjuvant RPLND within 1 year of diagnosis and cancer-specific mortality. Results: Patients in the lowest nSES quintile (OR 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40-0.88, P = 0.01) and Black patients (OR 0.41, 95% CI = 0.15-1.00, P= 0.058) with stage II disease were less likely to receive RPLND compared to those in the highest quintile and White patients, respectively. Stage III patients with Medicaid (OR 0.64, 95% CI = 0.46-0.89, P= 0.009) or without insurance (OR 0.46, 95% CI = 0.27-0.76, P= 0.003) were less likely to receive RPLND compared to patients with private insurance. Lowest quintile nSES patients of all disease stages and Black patients with stage I disease (HR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.12-6.20, P = 0.026) or stage II disease (HR=4.93, 95% CI = 1.48-16.44, P = 0.009) had higher risks of cancer-specific mortality compared to highest quintile nSES and White patients, respectively. Conclusions: This national study found multilevel, stage-specific sociodemographic disparities in receipt of RPLND and survival.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cohort Studies ; Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision/statistics & numerical data ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/mortality ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/pathology ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/surgery ; Retroperitoneal Space ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Survival Rate ; Testicular Neoplasms/mortality ; Testicular Neoplasms/pathology ; Testicular Neoplasms/surgery ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1336505-8
ISSN	1873-2496 ; 1078-1439
ISSN (online)	1873-2496
ISSN	1078-1439
DOI	10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.12.016
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Zs.A 4817: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Circulating 27-hydroxycholesterol, lipids, and steroid hormones in breast cancer risk: a nested case-control study of the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

DeRouen, Mindy C / Yang, Juan / Li, Yuqing / Franke, Adrian A / Tome, Anne N / White, Kami K / Hernandez, Brenda Y / Shvetsov, Yurii / Setiawan, Veronica / Wu, Anna H / Wilkens, Lynne R / Le Marchand, Loïc / Loo, Lenora W M / Cheng, Iona

Breast cancer research : BCR

2023 Volume 25, Issue 1, Page(s) 95

Abstract: Background: Laboratory studies have indicated that a cholesterol metabolite and selective estrogen receptor modulator, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), may be important in breast cancer etiology and explain associations between obesity and postmenopausal ... ...

Abstract	Background: Laboratory studies have indicated that a cholesterol metabolite and selective estrogen receptor modulator, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), may be important in breast cancer etiology and explain associations between obesity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Epidemiologic evidence for 27HC in breast cancer risk is limited, particularly in multiethnic populations. Methods: In a nested case-control study of 1470 breast cancer cases and 1470 matched controls within the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we examined associations of pre-diagnostic circulating 27HC with breast cancer risk among African American, Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, Latino, and non-Latino White postmenopausal females. We used multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, education, parity, body mass index, and smoking status. Stratified analyses were conducted across racial and ethnic groups, hormone receptor (HR) status, and use of lipid-lowering drugs. We assessed interactions of 27HC with steroid hormones. Results: 27HC levels were inversely related to breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58, 1.12), but the association was not statistically significant in the full model. Directions of associations differed by racial and ethnic group. Results suggested an inverse association with HR-negative breast cancer (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.20, 1.06). 27HC interacted with testosterone, but not estrone, on risk of breast cancer; 27HC was only inversely associated with risk among those with the highest levels of testosterone (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.24, 0.86). Conclusion: This is the first US study to examine circulating 27HC and breast cancer risk and reports a weak inverse association that varies across racial and ethnic groups and testosterone level.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Breast Neoplasms/etiology ; Cohort Studies ; Case-Control Studies ; Risk Factors ; Hydroxycholesterols ; Testosterone
Chemical Substances	27-hydroxycholesterol (6T2NA6P5SQ) ; Hydroxycholesterols ; Testosterone (3XMK78S47O)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2015059-3
ISSN	1465-542X ; 1465-5411
ISSN (online)	1465-542X
ISSN	1465-5411
DOI	10.1186/s13058-023-01693-6
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Article ; Online: Neighborhood Factors Associated with COVID-19 Cases in California.

Oh, Debora L / Meltzer, Dan / Wang, Katarina / Canchola, Alison J / DeRouen, Mindy C / McDaniels-Davidson, Corinne / Gibbons, Joseph / Carvajal-Carmona, Luis / Nodora, Jesse N / Hill, Linda / Gomez, Scarlett Lin / Martinez, Maria Elena

Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities

2022 Volume 10, Issue 6, Page(s) 2653–2662

Abstract: Background: There is a need to assess neighborhood-level factors driving COVID-19 disparities across racial and ethnic groups.: Objective: To use census tract-level data to investigate neighborhood-level factors contributing to racial and ethnic ... ...

Abstract	Background: There is a need to assess neighborhood-level factors driving COVID-19 disparities across racial and ethnic groups. Objective: To use census tract-level data to investigate neighborhood-level factors contributing to racial and ethnic group-specific COVID-19 case rates in California. Design: Quasi-Poisson generalized linear models were used to identify neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 cases. In separate sequential models for Hispanic, Black, and Asian, we characterized the associations between neighborhood factors on neighborhood COVID-19 cases. Subanalyses were conducted on neighborhoods with majority Hispanic, Black, and Asian residents to identify factors that might be unique to these neighborhoods. Geographically weighted regression using a quasi-Poisson model was conducted to identify regional differences. Main measures: All COVID-19 cases and tests reported through January 31, 2021, to the California Department of Public Health. Neighborhood-level data from census tracts were obtained from American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2015-2019), United States Census (2010), and United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Key results: The neighborhood factors associated with COVID-19 case rate were racial and ethnic composition, age, limited English proficiency (LEP), income, household size, and population density. LEP had the largest influence on the positive association between proportion of Hispanic residents and COVID-19 cases (- 2.1% change). This was also true for proportion of Asian residents (- 1.8% change), but not for the proportion of Black residents (- 0.1% change). The influence of LEP was strongest in areas of the Bay Area, Los Angeles, and San Diego. Conclusion: Neighborhood-level contextual drivers of COVID-19 burden differ across racial and ethnic groups.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Ethnicity ; Residence Characteristics ; Racial Groups ; California/epidemiology ; Los Angeles ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2760524-3
ISSN	2196-8837 ; 2197-3792
ISSN (online)	2196-8837
ISSN	2197-3792
DOI	10.1007/s40615-022-01443-y
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