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Article ; Online: Striatal dopamine release tracks the relationship between actions and their consequences.

Hart, G / Burton, T J / Nolan, C R / Balleine, B W

2024 Volume 43, Issue 3, Page(s) 113828

Abstract: The acquisition and performance of goal-directed actions has long been argued to depend on the integration of glutamatergic inputs to the posterior dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) under the modulatory influence of dopamine. Nevertheless, relatively little is ...

Abstract	The acquisition and performance of goal-directed actions has long been argued to depend on the integration of glutamatergic inputs to the posterior dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) under the modulatory influence of dopamine. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the dynamics of striatal dopamine during goal-directed actions. To investigate this, we chronically recorded dopamine release in the pDMS as rats acquired two actions for distinct outcomes as these action-outcome associations were incremented and then subsequently degraded or reversed. We found that bilateral dopamine release scaled with action value, whereas the lateralized dopamine signal, i.e., the difference in dopamine release ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the direction of the goal-directed action, reflected the strength of the action-outcome association independently of changes in movement. Our results establish, therefore, that striatal dopamine activity during goal-directed action reflects both bilateral moment-to-moment changes in action value and the long-term action-outcome association.
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Conditioning, Operant ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Neostriatum/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2649101-1
ISSN	2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
ISSN (online)	2211-1247
ISSN	2211-1247
DOI	10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113828
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Article ; Online: Characteristics of coexisting attractors and ghost orbiting in an optomechanical microresonator.

Chapman, D M / Burton, E K T / Hall, J R / Rosenberger, A T / Bandy, D K

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)

2024 Volume 34, Issue 4

Abstract: We explore the nonlinear interactions of an optomechanical microresonator driven by two external optical signals. Optical whispering-gallery waves are coupled to acoustic surface waves of a fused silica medium in the equatorial plane of a generic ... ...

Abstract	We explore the nonlinear interactions of an optomechanical microresonator driven by two external optical signals. Optical whispering-gallery waves are coupled to acoustic surface waves of a fused silica medium in the equatorial plane of a generic microresonator. The system exhibits coexisting attractors whose behaviors include limit cycles, steady states, tori, quasi-chaos, and fully developed chaos with ghost orbits of a known attractor. Bifurcation diagrams demonstrate the existence of self-similarity, periodic windows, and coexisting attractors and show high-density lines within chaos that suggests a potential ghost orbit. In addition, the Lyapunov spectral components as a function of control parameter illuminate the dynamic nature of attractors and periodic windows with symmetric and asymmetric formations, their domains of existence, their bifurcations, and other nonlinear effects. We show that the power-shift method can access accurately and efficiently attractors in the optomechanical system as it does in other nonlinear systems. To test whether the ghost orbit is the link between two attractors interrupted by chaos, we examine the elements of the bifurcation diagrams as a function of control parameter. We also use detuning as a second control parameter to avoid the chaotic region and clarify that the two attractors are one.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1472677-4
ISSN	1089-7682 ; 1054-1500
ISSN (online)	1089-7682
ISSN	1054-1500
DOI	10.1063/5.0201717
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Article ; Online: How did UK social distancing restrictions affect the lives of women experiencing intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic? A qualitative exploration of survivor views.

McKinlay, A R / Simon, Y R / May, T / Fancourt, D / Burton, A

BMC public health

2023 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 123

Abstract: Background: Increased numbers of domestic abuse cases were reported at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many people experiencing abuse faced barriers to seeking support with service closures affecting the sector. Available evidence suggests women are ...

Abstract	Background: Increased numbers of domestic abuse cases were reported at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many people experiencing abuse faced barriers to seeking support with service closures affecting the sector. Available evidence suggests women are overrepresented in the reported cases of intimate partner violence (IPV) and we aimed to learn more about how their lives were impacted by social distancing restrictions. Methods: We conducted an online qualitative interview study, using reflexive thematic analysis. Interviews were conducted between April 2021 and March 2022. 18 women in the UK with past experiences of IPV provided informed consent and participated in this study. Results: During the analysis, we identified five themes relating to the impact of lockdown restrictions on participants' lives, including: (1) Lockdown meant being confined to a place where abuse was escalating, (2) Barriers to accessing support, including "cancelled" services and missed opportunities to intervene during interactions in lockdown with frontline workers. (3) Increased feelings of fear, isolation, and loss of control, particularly during the early stages of the pandemic from the combination of abuse and pandemic-related changes to daily life. (4) Some forms of support were more accessible during the pandemic, such as provision of online psychological support and social groups. Participants also accessed new forms of support for the first time during the pandemic, in some cases sparked by posts and content on social media about abuse awareness. (5) For some, psychosocial wellbeing transformed during the pandemic, with several participants using the word "freedom" when reflecting on their experience of simultaneously escaping abuse and living through the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: In this study, we explored the views of female survivors of IPV in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results highlight the importance of combined public awareness campaigns and community intervention points for victims to safely seek help during social distancing restrictions. Having the time and space to reflect on healing after escaping abuse was described by women in our study as a benefit from their lives in lockdown, which is a factor that could be incorporated into future initiatives developed to support people subjected to violence and abuse.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Physical Distancing ; Communicable Disease Control ; Intimate Partner Violence/psychology ; Survivors/psychology ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-023-14987-3
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Article ; Online: Retention of radiographers in the NHS: Influencing factors across the career trajectory.

Nightingale, J / Sevens, T / Appleyard, R / Campbell, S / Burton, M

Radiography (London, England : 1995)

2022 Volume 29, Issue 1, Page(s) 76–83

Abstract: Introduction: In order to meet the rising demands for imaging and radiotherapy services, the chronic workforce deficits experienced in many countries must be addressed. Improving workforce retention is essential; factors influencing radiographer ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: In order to meet the rising demands for imaging and radiotherapy services, the chronic workforce deficits experienced in many countries must be addressed. Improving workforce retention is essential; factors influencing radiographer attrition from the NHS have been previously reported as challenging working patterns, lack of flexibility in working patterns and lack of timely career progression and CPD. This article explores how these influencing factors for radiographers to leave the NHS change at different stages of the career trajectory. Methods: A qualitative research design using framework analysis explored via semi-structured telephone interviews (n = 44) the perspectives of radiography managers, radiographers who have left the NHS, and those considering leaving. Purposive sampling ensured representation across radiography disciplines, geographical and organisational diversity, and stages of career. Results: The application of Generation Theory revealed how the emphasis on the influencing factors to leave or remain within the NHS changes across the working life of radiographers. Early career radiographers were found to be a more transient workforce leaving for increased career opportunities, mid-career radiographers were more likely to leave due to the lack of progression and CPD and late career radiographers due to the inflexibility of working patterns and conditions. It is imperative managers consider the needs and requirements of each generation of radiographers to improve radiographer retention. Conclusions: The different needs between the generations of radiographers should be viewed in terms of the strengths that they may bring to the workplace, rather than the challenges that they may pose. This generational timeline does not stand still and the learning is a continuous process. Impact on practice: Recommendations are presented which will be a catalyst for sharing of best practice between radiology and radiotherapy centres.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; State Medicine ; Allied Health Personnel ; Radiography ; Radiology ; Qualitative Research
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-27
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1289102-2
ISSN	1532-2831 ; 1078-8174
ISSN (online)	1532-2831
ISSN	1078-8174
DOI	10.1016/j.radi.2022.10.003
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Article ; Online: Accentuating the positive and eliminating the negative: Efficacy of TiO2 as digestibility index marker for poultry nutrition studies.

Sprigg, Colleen / Leftwich, Philip T / Burton, Emily / Scholey, Dawn / Bedford, Michael R / Brearley, Charles A

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 6, Page(s) e0284724

Abstract: Inert digestibility index markers such as titanium dioxide are universally accepted to provide simple measurement of digestive tract retention and relative digestibility in poultry feeding trials. Their use underpins industry practice: specifically ... ...

Abstract	Inert digestibility index markers such as titanium dioxide are universally accepted to provide simple measurement of digestive tract retention and relative digestibility in poultry feeding trials. Their use underpins industry practice: specifically dosing regimens for adjunct enzymes added to animal feed. Among these, phytases, enzymes that degrade dietary phytate, inositol hexakisphosphate, represent a billion-dollar sector in an industry that raises ca. 70 billion chickens/annum. Unbeknown to the feed enzyme sector, is the growth in cell biology of use of titanium dioxide for enrichment of inositol phosphates from extracts of cells and tissues. The adoption of titanium dioxide in cell biology arises from its affinity under acid conditions for phosphates, suggesting that in feeding trial contexts that target phytate degradation this marker may not be as inert as assumed. We show that feed grade titanium dioxide enriches a mixed population of higher and lower inositol phosphates from acid solutions. Additionally, we compared the extractable inositol phosphates in gizzard and ileal digesta of 21day old male Ross 308 broilers fed three phytase doses (0, 500 and 6000 FTU/kg feed) and one inositol dose (2g/kg feed). This experiment was performed with or without titanium dioxide added as a digestibility index marker at a level of 0.5%, with all diets fed for 21 days. Analysis yielded no significant difference in effect of phytase inclusion in the presence or absence of titanium dioxide. Thus, despite the utility of titanium dioxide for recovery of inositol phosphates from biological samples, it seems that its use as an inert marker in digestibility trials is justified-as its inclusion in mash diets does not interfere with the recovery of inositol phosphates from digesta samples.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Male ; Dietary Supplements/analysis ; Phytic Acid/metabolism ; Poultry/metabolism ; Chickens ; 6-Phytase/metabolism ; Digestion ; Diet/veterinary ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Chemical Substances	titanium dioxide (15FIX9V2JP) ; Phytic Acid (7IGF0S7R8I) ; 6-Phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) ; Inositol Phosphates
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0284724
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Article ; Online: The independent and joint risks of alcohol consumption, smoking, and excess weight on morbidity and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring synergistic associations.

Burton, R / Fryers, P T / Sharpe, C / Clarke, Z / Henn, C / Hydes, T / Marsden, J / Pearce-Smith, N / Sheron, N

Public health

2023 Volume 226, Page(s) 39–52

Abstract: Objective: Alcohol consumption, smoking, and excess weight independently increase the risk of morbidity/mortality. Less is known about how they interact. This research aims to quantify the independent and joint associations of these exposures across ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Alcohol consumption, smoking, and excess weight independently increase the risk of morbidity/mortality. Less is known about how they interact. This research aims to quantify the independent and joint associations of these exposures across health outcomes and identify whether these associations are synergistic. Study design: The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was pre-registered (PROSPERO CRD42021231443). Methods: Medline and Embase were searched between 1 January 2010 and 9 February 2022. Eligible peer-reviewed observational studies had to include adult participants from Organisation for Co-Operation and Development countries and report independent and joint associations between at least two eligible exposures (alcohol, smoking, and excess weight) and an ICD-10 outcome (or equivalent). For all estimates, we calculated the synergy index (SI) to identify whether joint associations were synergistic. Meta-analyses were conducted for outcomes with sufficiently homogenous data. Results: The search returned 26,290 studies, of which 98 were included. Based on 138,130 participants, the combined effect (SI) of alcohol and smoking on head and neck cancer death/disease was 3.78 times greater than the additive effect of each exposure (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.61, 5.48). Based on 2,603,939 participants, the combined effect of alcohol and excess weight on liver disease/death was 1.55 times greater than the additive effect of each exposure (95% CI = 1.33, 1.82). Conclusion: Synergistic associations suggest the true population-level risk may be underestimated. In the absence of bias, individuals with multiple risks would experience a greater absolute risk reduction from an intervention that targets a single exposure than individuals with a single risk.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Smoking/epidemiology ; Overweight
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	427333-3
ISSN	1476-5616 ; 0033-3506
ISSN (online)	1476-5616
ISSN	0033-3506
DOI	10.1016/j.puhe.2023.10.035
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Article ; Online: Probabilistic description of dissipative chaotic scattering.

Burton, Lachlan G / Dullin, Holger R / Altmann, Eduardo G

Physical review. E

2023 Volume 108, Issue 5-1, Page(s) 54223

Abstract: ... chaotic scattering leads to an exponential decay of the survival probability P(t)∼e^{-κt}, with an escape ... in P(t). We show how these different regimes can be understood for small dissipations and long times ...

Abstract	We investigate the extent to which the probabilistic properties of chaotic scattering systems with dissipation can be understood from the properties of the dissipation-free system. For large energies, a fully chaotic scattering leads to an exponential decay of the survival probability P(t)∼e^{-κt}, with an escape rate κ that decreases with energy. Dissipation leads to the appearance of different finite-time regimes in P(t). We show how these different regimes can be understood for small dissipations and long times from the (effective) escape rate κ (including the nonhyperbolic regime) of the conservative system, until the energy reaches a critical value at which no escape is possible. More generally, we argue that for small dissipation and long times the surviving trajectories in the dissipative system are distributed according to the conditionally invariant measure of the conservative system at the corresponding energy. Quantitative predictions of our general theory are compared with numerical simulations in the Hénon-Heiles model.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2844562-4
ISSN	2470-0053 ; 2470-0045
ISSN (online)	2470-0053
ISSN	2470-0045
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevE.108.054223
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Article ; Online: Retention of radiographers: A qualitative exploration of factors influencing decisions to leave or remain within the NHS.

Nightingale, J / Burton, M / Appleyard, R / Sevens, T / Campbell, S

Radiography (London, England : 1995)

2021 Volume 27, Issue 3, Page(s) 795–802

Abstract: Introduction: In many countries a widening imbalance exists between radiographer workforce supply and demand. Improving retention is a rapid method of workforce expansion which is gaining importance with policy makers and providers. To better understand ...

Abstract	Introduction: In many countries a widening imbalance exists between radiographer workforce supply and demand. Improving retention is a rapid method of workforce expansion which is gaining importance with policy makers and providers. To better understand the current leaver profile, this study aimed to identify why radiographers leave the NHS early, and what incentives are important in their decision to stay. Methods: A qualitative framework methodology used semi-structured telephone interviews to explore the perspectives of radiography managers, radiographers who have left the NHS, and those considering leaving. Purposive sampling ensured representation across radiography professional groups, geographical and organisational diversity, and stages of career. Results: Three over-arching themes were identified across all radiographer professional groups (n = 44): 1) Challenging working patterns and the impact on employee health and wellbeing; 2) Lack of flexibility in working terms and conditions; 3) Lack of timely career progression and access to CPD, and the need to feel valued. Radiographers were keen to express how they 'loved being a radiographer'; small concessions and changes to workplace culture might be the incentive to remain in radiography that some were clearly searching for. Manager participants recognised the need to offer greater flexibility in working patterns but this was challenging within financial and service delivery constraints. Conclusions: While some influencing factors varied between radiographer professional groups, the three themes were consistent across participants. Failure to address these concerns will exacerbate the loss of experienced and highly trained staff from the NHS at a time when demand for services continues to rise. Impact on practice: Recommendations are presented related to three primary themes which will be a catalyst for sharing of best practice between radiology and radiotherapy centres.
MeSH term(s)	Allied Health Personnel ; Humans ; Radiography ; Radiology ; State Medicine ; Workforce
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1289102-2
ISSN	1532-2831 ; 1078-8174
ISSN (online)	1532-2831
ISSN	1078-8174
DOI	10.1016/j.radi.2020.12.008
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Article ; Online: Detection and discrimination of electrical stimuli from an upper limb cuff electrode in

Schlichenmeyer, T C / Zellmer, E R / Burton, H / Ray, W Z / Moran, D W

Journal of neural engineering

2022 Volume 19, Issue 6

Abstract: Objective. ...

Abstract	Objective.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Differential Threshold ; Electric Stimulation/methods ; Electrodes ; Upper Extremity ; Macaca
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2170901-4
ISSN	1741-2552 ; 1741-2560
ISSN (online)	1741-2552
ISSN	1741-2560
DOI	10.1088/1741-2552/ac9e76
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Article ; Online: NICE approval of adalimumab for moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa: the end of the beginning for hidradenitis suppurativa therapeutics?

Ingram, J R / Burton, T

The British journal of dermatology

2017 Volume 176, Issue 2, Page(s) 281–282

MeSH term(s)	Adalimumab ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Hidradenitis Suppurativa/drug therapy ; Humans
Chemical Substances	Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Adalimumab (FYS6T7F842)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial ; Comment
ZDB-ID	80076-4
ISSN	1365-2133 ; 0007-0963
ISSN (online)	1365-2133
ISSN	0007-0963
DOI	10.1111/bjd.15255
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