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  1. Article ; Online: The MIC-1/GDF15-GFRAL Pathway in Energy Homeostasis: Implications for Obesity, Cachexia, and Other Associated Diseases.

    Tsai, Vicky W W / Husaini, Yasmin / Sainsbury, Amanda / Brown, David A / Breit, Samuel N

    Cell metabolism

    2018  Volume 28, Issue 3, Page(s) 353–368

    Abstract: MIC-1/GDF15 is a stress response cytokine and a distant member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) superfamily, with no close relatives. It acts via a recently identified receptor called glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha- ... ...

    Abstract MIC-1/GDF15 is a stress response cytokine and a distant member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) superfamily, with no close relatives. It acts via a recently identified receptor called glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL), which is a distant orphan member of the GDNF receptor family that signals through the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret. MIC-1/GDF15 expression and serum levels rise in response to many stimuli that initiate cell stress and as part of a wide variety of disease processes, most prominently cancer and cardiovascular disease. The best documented actions of MIC-1/GDF15 are on regulation of energy homeostasis. When MIC-1/GDF15 serum levels are substantially elevated in diseases like cancer, it subverts a physiological pathway of appetite regulation to induce an anorexia/cachexia syndrome initiated by its actions on hindbrain neurons. These effects make it a potential target for the treatment of both obesity and anorexia/cachexia syndromes, disorders lacking any highly effective, readily accessible therapies.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anorexia/metabolism ; Cachexia/metabolism ; Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors/metabolism ; Growth Differentiation Factor 15/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondrial Diseases/metabolism ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Obesity/metabolism ; Rats
    Chemical Substances Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors ; Growth Differentiation Factor 15
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2176834-1
    ISSN 1932-7420 ; 1550-4131
    ISSN (online) 1932-7420
    ISSN 1550-4131
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.018
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: ILT2 and ILT4 drive myeloid suppression via both overlapping and distinct mechanisms.

    Tian, Jane / Ashique, Amir M / Weeks, Sabrina / Lan, Tian / Yang, Hong / Chen, Hung-I H / Song, Christina / Koyano, Kikuye / Mondal, Kalyani / Tsai, Daniel / Cheung, Isla / Moshrefi, Mehrdad / Kekatpure, Avantika / Fan, Bin / Li, Betty / Qurashi, Samir / Rocha, Lauren / Aguayo, Jonathan / Rodgers, Col /
    Meza, Marchelle / Heeke, Darren / Medfisch, Sara M / Chu, Chun / Starck, Shelley / Basak, Nandini Pal / Sankaran, Satish / Malhotra, Mohit / Crawley, Suzanne / Tran, Thomas-Toan / Duey, Dana Y / Ho, Carmence / Mikaelian, Igor / Liu, Wenhui / Rivera, Lee B / Huang, Jiawei / Paavola, Kevin J / O'Hollaren, Kyle / Blum, Lisa K / Lin, Vicky Y / Chen, Peirong / Iyer, Anjushree / He, Sisi / Roda, Julie M / Wang, Yan / Sissons, James / Kutach, Alan K / Kaplan, Daniel D / Stone, Geoffrey W

    Cancer immunology research

    2024  

    Abstract: Solid tumors are dense three-dimensional (3D) multi-cellular structures that enable efficient receptor-ligand trans interactions via close cell-cell contact. Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)2 and ILT4 are related immune suppressive receptors that ... ...

    Abstract Solid tumors are dense three-dimensional (3D) multi-cellular structures that enable efficient receptor-ligand trans interactions via close cell-cell contact. Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)2 and ILT4 are related immune suppressive receptors that play a role in the inhibition of myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment. The relative contributions of ILT2 and ILT4 to immune inhibition in the context of solid tumor tissue has not been fully explored. We present evidence that both ILT2 and ILT4 contribute to myeloid inhibition. We found that while ILT2 inhibits myeloid cell activation in the context of trans-engagement by MHC-I, ILT4 efficiently inhibits myeloid cells in the presence of either cis- or trans-engagement. In a 3D spheroid tumor model, dual ILT2/ILT4 blockade was required for optimal activation of myeloid cells, including the secretion of CXCL9 and CCL5, upregulation of CD86 on dendritic cells, and downregulation of CD163 on macrophages. Humanized mouse tumor models showed increased immune activation and cytolytic T cell activity with combined ILT2 and ILT4 blockade, including evidence of the generation of immune niches, which have been shown to correlate with clinical response to immune checkpoint blockade. In a human tumor explant histoculture system, dual ILT2/ILT4 blockade increased CXCL9 secretion, downregulated CD163 expression, and increased the expression of M1 macrophage, IFN-γ, and cytolytic T cell gene signatures. Thus, we have revealed distinct contributions of ILT2 and ILT4 to myeloid cell biology and provide proof-of-concept data supporting the combined blockade of ILT2 and ILT4 to therapeutically induce optimal myeloid cell reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2732489-8
    ISSN 2326-6074 ; 2326-6066
    ISSN (online) 2326-6074
    ISSN 2326-6066
    DOI 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-23-0568
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Performance and Operational Feasibility of Epstein-Barr Virus-Based Screening for Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Direct Comparison of Two Alternative Approaches.

    Lou, Pei-Jen / Jacky Lam, W K / Hsu, Wan-Lun / Pfeiffer, Ruth M / Yu, Kelly J / Chan, Charles M L / Lee, Vicky C T / Chen, Tseng-Cheng / Terng, Shyuang-Der / Tsou, Yung-An / Leu, Yi-Shing / Liao, Li-Jen / Chang, Yen-Liang / Chien, Yin-Chu / Wang, Cheng-Ping / Lin, Ching-Yuan / Hua, Chun-Hung / Lee, Jehn-Chuan / Yang, Tsung-Lin /
    Hsiao, Chu-Hsing / Wu, Ming-Shiang / Tsai, Ming-Hsui / Cheng, Hung-Chun / Hildesheim, Allan / Chen, Chien-Jen / Chan, K C Allen / Liu, Zhiwei

    Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

    2023  Volume 41, Issue 26, Page(s) 4257–4266

    Abstract: Purpose: Two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based testing approaches have shown promise for early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Neither has been independently validated nor their performance compared. We compared their diagnostic performance in ...

    Abstract Purpose: Two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based testing approaches have shown promise for early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Neither has been independently validated nor their performance compared. We compared their diagnostic performance in an independent population.
    Methods: We tested blood samples from 819 incident Taiwanese NPC cases (213 early-stage, American Joint Committee on Cancer version 7 stages I and II) diagnosed from 2010 to 2014 and from 1,768 controls from the same region, frequency matched to cases on age and sex. We compared an EBV antibody score using immunoglobulin A antibodies measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EBV antibody score) and plasma EBV DNA load measured by real-time PCR followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) among EBV DNA-positive individuals (EBV DNA algorithm).
    Results: EBV antibodies and DNA load were measured for 2,522 (802 cases; 1,720 controls) and 2,542 (797 cases; 1,745 controls) individuals, respectively. Of the 898 individuals positive for plasma EBV DNA and therefore eligible for NGS, we selected 442 (49%) for NGS testing. The EBV antibody score had a sensitivity of 88.4% (95% CI, 86.1 to 90.6) and a specificity of 94.9% (95% CI, 93.8 to 96.0) for NPC. The EBV DNA algorithm yielded significantly higher sensitivity (93.2%; 95% CI, 91.3 to 94.9;
    Conclusion: We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of EBV antibody and plasma EBV DNA for NPC detection, with slightly inferior performance of the EBV antibody score. Cost-effectiveness studies are needed to guide screening implementation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/diagnosis ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Feasibility Studies ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Antibodies, Viral
    Chemical Substances DNA, Viral ; Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 604914-x
    ISSN 1527-7755 ; 0732-183X
    ISSN (online) 1527-7755
    ISSN 0732-183X
    DOI 10.1200/JCO.22.01979
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: First Behavioural Characterisation of a Knockout Mouse Model for the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Superfamily Cytokine, MIC-1/GDF15.

    Low, Jac Kee / Ambikairajah, Ananthan / Shang, Kani / Brown, David A / Tsai, Vicky W W / Breit, Samuel N / Karl, Tim

    PloS one

    2017  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) e0168416

    Abstract: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), also known as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), is a stress response cytokine. MIC-1/GDF15 is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and increased levels of MIC-1/GDF15 are associated with a variety of ... ...

    Abstract Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), also known as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), is a stress response cytokine. MIC-1/GDF15 is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and increased levels of MIC-1/GDF15 are associated with a variety of diseases including cognitive decline. Furthermore, Mic-1/Gdf15 knockout mice (Mic-1 KO) weigh more, have increased adiposity, associated with increased spontaneous food intake, and exhibit reduced basal energy expenditure and physical activity. The current study was designed to comprehensively determine the role of MIC-1/GDF15 on behavioural domains of male and female knockout mice including locomotion, exploration, anxiety, cognition, social behaviours, and sensorimotor gating. Mic-1 KO mice exhibited a task-dependent increase in locomotion and exploration and reduced anxiety-related behaviours across tests. Spatial working memory and social behaviours were not affected by Mic-1/Gdf15 deficiency. Interestingly, knockout mice formed an increased association with the conditioned stimulus in fear conditioning testing and also displayed significantly improved prepulse inhibition. Overall sex effects were evident for social behaviours, fear conditioning, and sensorimotor gating. This is the first study defining the role of Mic-1/Gdf15 in a number of behavioural domains. Whether the observed impact is based on direct actions of Mic-1/Gdf15 deficiency on the CNS or whether the behavioural effects are mediated by indirect actions on e.g. other neurotransmitter systems must be clarified in future studies.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Eating/genetics ; Exploratory Behavior ; Female ; Growth Differentiation Factor 15/deficiency ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Sex Characteristics ; Social Behavior
    Chemical Substances Gdf15 protein, mouse ; Growth Differentiation Factor 15
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0168416
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: First Behavioural Characterisation of a Knockout Mouse Model for the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Superfamily Cytokine, MIC-1/GDF15.

    Jac Kee Low / Ananthan Ambikairajah / Kani Shang / David A Brown / Vicky W W Tsai / Samuel N Breit / Tim Karl

    PLoS ONE, Vol 12, Iss 1, p e

    2017  Volume 0168416

    Abstract: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), also known as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), is a stress response cytokine. MIC-1/GDF15 is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and increased levels of MIC-1/GDF15 are associated with a variety of ... ...

    Abstract Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), also known as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), is a stress response cytokine. MIC-1/GDF15 is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and increased levels of MIC-1/GDF15 are associated with a variety of diseases including cognitive decline. Furthermore, Mic-1/Gdf15 knockout mice (Mic-1 KO) weigh more, have increased adiposity, associated with increased spontaneous food intake, and exhibit reduced basal energy expenditure and physical activity. The current study was designed to comprehensively determine the role of MIC-1/GDF15 on behavioural domains of male and female knockout mice including locomotion, exploration, anxiety, cognition, social behaviours, and sensorimotor gating. Mic-1 KO mice exhibited a task-dependent increase in locomotion and exploration and reduced anxiety-related behaviours across tests. Spatial working memory and social behaviours were not affected by Mic-1/Gdf15 deficiency. Interestingly, knockout mice formed an increased association with the conditioned stimulus in fear conditioning testing and also displayed significantly improved prepulse inhibition. Overall sex effects were evident for social behaviours, fear conditioning, and sensorimotor gating. This is the first study defining the role of Mic-1/Gdf15 in a number of behavioural domains. Whether the observed impact is based on direct actions of Mic-1/Gdf15 deficiency on the CNS or whether the behavioural effects are mediated by indirect actions on e.g. other neurotransmitter systems must be clarified in future studies.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: First Behavioural Characterisation of a Knockout Mouse Model for the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Superfamily Cytokine, MIC-1/GDF15.

    Jac Kee Low / Ananthan Ambikairajah / Kani Shang / David A Brown / Vicky W W Tsai / Samuel N Breit / Tim Karl

    PLoS ONE, Vol 12, Iss 1, p e

    2017  Volume 0168416

    Abstract: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), also known as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), is a stress response cytokine. MIC-1/GDF15 is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and increased levels of MIC-1/GDF15 are associated with a variety of ... ...

    Abstract Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), also known as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), is a stress response cytokine. MIC-1/GDF15 is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and increased levels of MIC-1/GDF15 are associated with a variety of diseases including cognitive decline. Furthermore, Mic-1/Gdf15 knockout mice (Mic-1 KO) weigh more, have increased adiposity, associated with increased spontaneous food intake, and exhibit reduced basal energy expenditure and physical activity. The current study was designed to comprehensively determine the role of MIC-1/GDF15 on behavioural domains of male and female knockout mice including locomotion, exploration, anxiety, cognition, social behaviours, and sensorimotor gating. Mic-1 KO mice exhibited a task-dependent increase in locomotion and exploration and reduced anxiety-related behaviours across tests. Spatial working memory and social behaviours were not affected by Mic-1/Gdf15 deficiency. Interestingly, knockout mice formed an increased association with the conditioned stimulus in fear conditioning testing and also displayed significantly improved prepulse inhibition. Overall sex effects were evident for social behaviours, fear conditioning, and sensorimotor gating. This is the first study defining the role of Mic-1/Gdf15 in a number of behavioural domains. Whether the observed impact is based on direct actions of Mic-1/Gdf15 deficiency on the CNS or whether the behavioural effects are mediated by indirect actions on e.g. other neurotransmitter systems must be clarified in future studies.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: CLIC1 regulates dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation by modulating phagosome acidification and proteolysis

    Kanin Salao / Lele Jiang / Hui Li / Vicky W.-W. Tsai / Yasmin Husaini / Paul M. G. Curmi / Louise J. Brown / David A. Brown / Samuel N. Breit

    Biology Open, Vol 5, Iss 5, Pp 620-

    2016  Volume 630

    Abstract: Intracellular chloride channel protein 1 (CLIC1) participates in inflammatory processes by regulating macrophage phagosomal functions such as pH and proteolysis. Here, we sought to determine if CLIC1 can regulate adaptive immunity by actions on dendritic ...

    Abstract Intracellular chloride channel protein 1 (CLIC1) participates in inflammatory processes by regulating macrophage phagosomal functions such as pH and proteolysis. Here, we sought to determine if CLIC1 can regulate adaptive immunity by actions on dendritic cells (DCs), the key professional antigen presenting cells. To do this, we first generated bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from germline CLIC1 gene-deleted (CLIC1−/−) and wild-type (CLIC1+/+) mice, then studied them in vitro and in vivo. We found phagocytosis triggered cytoplasmic CLIC1 translocation to the phagosomal membrane where it regulated phagosomal pH and proteolysis. Phagosomes from CLIC1−/− BMDCs displayed impaired acidification and proteolysis, which could be reproduced if CLIC1+/+, but not CLIC1−/− cells, were treated with IAA94, a CLIC family ion channel blocker. CLIC1−/− BMDC displayed reduced in vitro antigen processing and presentation of full-length myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and reduced MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These data suggest that CLIC1 regulates DC phagosomal pH to ensure optimal processing of antigen for presentation to antigen-specific T-cells. Further, they indicate that CLIC1 is a novel therapeutic target to help reduce the adaptive immune response in autoimmune diseases.
    Keywords CLIC1 ; Dendritic cells ; Phagosome ; Acidification ; Proteolysis ; Antigen presentation ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher The Company of Biologists
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article: CLIC1 regulates dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation by modulating phagosome acidification and proteolysis.

    Salao, Kanin / Jiang, Lele / Li, Hui / Tsai, Vicky W-W / Husaini, Yasmin / Curmi, Paul M G / Brown, Louise J / Brown, David A / Breit, Samuel N

    Biology open

    2016  Volume 5, Issue 5, Page(s) 620–630

    Abstract: Intracellular chloride channel protein 1 (CLIC1) participates in inflammatory processes by regulating macrophage phagosomal functions such as pH and proteolysis. Here, we sought to determine if CLIC1 can regulate adaptive immunity by actions on dendritic ...

    Abstract Intracellular chloride channel protein 1 (CLIC1) participates in inflammatory processes by regulating macrophage phagosomal functions such as pH and proteolysis. Here, we sought to determine if CLIC1 can regulate adaptive immunity by actions on dendritic cells (DCs), the key professional antigen presenting cells. To do this, we first generated bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from germline CLIC1 gene-deleted (CLIC1(-/-)) and wild-type (CLIC1(+/+)) mice, then studied them in vitro and in vivo We found phagocytosis triggered cytoplasmic CLIC1 translocation to the phagosomal membrane where it regulated phagosomal pH and proteolysis. Phagosomes from CLIC1(-/-) BMDCs displayed impaired acidification and proteolysis, which could be reproduced if CLIC1(+/+), but not CLIC1(-/-) cells, were treated with IAA94, a CLIC family ion channel blocker. CLIC1(-/-) BMDC displayed reduced in vitro antigen processing and presentation of full-length myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and reduced MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These data suggest that CLIC1 regulates DC phagosomal pH to ensure optimal processing of antigen for presentation to antigen-specific T-cells. Further, they indicate that CLIC1 is a novel therapeutic target to help reduce the adaptive immune response in autoimmune diseases.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-05-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2632264-X
    ISSN 2046-6390
    ISSN 2046-6390
    DOI 10.1242/bio.018119
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: The Effect of Music and White Noise on Electroencephalographic (EEG) Functional Connectivity in Neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

    Akiyama, Akiyoshi / Tsai, Jeng-Dau / W Y Tam, Emily / Kamino, Daphne / Hahn, Cecil / Go, Cristina Y / Chau, Vann / Whyte, Hilary / Wilson, Diane / McNair, Carol / Papaioannou, Vicky / Hugh, Sarah C / Papsin, Blake C / Nishijima, Sakura / Yamazaki, Toshimasa / Miller, Steven P / Ochi, Ayako

    Journal of child neurology

    2020  Volume 36, Issue 1, Page(s) 38–47

    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether listening to music and white noise affects functional connectivity on scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit.Nine neonates of ≥34 weeks' gestational age, who ... ...

    Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate whether listening to music and white noise affects functional connectivity on scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit.Nine neonates of ≥34 weeks' gestational age, who were already undergoing clinical continuous EEG monitoring in the neonatal intensive care unit, listened to lullaby-like music and white noise for 1 hour each separated by a 2-hour interval of no intervention. EEG segments during periods of music, white noise, and no intervention were band-pass filtered as delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), lower alpha (8-10 Hz), upper alpha (10-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz). Synchronization likelihood was used as a measure of connectivity between any 2 electrodes.In theta, lower alpha, and upper alpha frequency bands, the synchronization likelihood values yielded statistical significance with sound (music, white noise and no intervention) and with edge (between any 2 electrodes) factors. In theta, lower alpha, and upper alpha frequency bands, statistical significance was obtained between music and white noise (
    MeSH term(s) Auditory Perception/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Cross-Over Studies ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Male ; Music ; Noise ; Prospective Studies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639288-x
    ISSN 1708-8283 ; 0883-0738
    ISSN (online) 1708-8283
    ISSN 0883-0738
    DOI 10.1177/0883073820947894
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: The role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in neuronal excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.

    Tsai, Vicky W-W / Scott, Heather L / Lewis, Richard J / Dodd, Peter R

    Neurotoxicity research

    2004  Volume 7, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 125–141

    Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease, ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are major causes of death. Recently, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), a group of seven-transmembrane-domain proteins that couple to G-proteins, have ...

    Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease, ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are major causes of death. Recently, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), a group of seven-transmembrane-domain proteins that couple to G-proteins, have become of interest for studies of pathogenesis. Group I mGluRs control the levels of second messengers such as inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), Ca2+ ions and cAMP. They elicit the release of arachidonic acid via intracellular Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. This facilitates the release of glutamate and could trigger the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, a pathological hallmark of AD. mGluRs regulate neuronal injury and survival, possibly through a series of downstream protein kinase and cysteine protease signaling pathways that affect mitochondrially mediated programmed cell death. They may also play a role in glutamate-induced neuronal death by facilitating Ca(II) mobilization. Hence, mGluRs have become a target for neuroprotective drug development. They represent a pharmacological path to a relatively subtle amelioration of neurotoxicity because they serve a modulatory rather than a direct role in excitatory glutamatergic transmission.
    MeSH term(s) Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Animals ; Excitatory Amino Acid Agents/metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acid Agents/toxicity ; Humans ; Neurons/drug effects ; Neurons/pathology ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/agonists ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/physiology
    Chemical Substances Excitatory Amino Acid Agents ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate ; metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-12-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2036826-4
    ISSN 1476-3524 ; 1029-8428
    ISSN (online) 1476-3524
    ISSN 1029-8428
    DOI 10.1007/BF03033782
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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