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Article ; Online: Practitioner Experiences of the Death of an Equine in an Equine-Assisted Services Program.

Nieforth, Leanne O / Kaufman, Sara

2024 , Page(s) 302228241249200

Abstract: Given the nature of horse-human interactions in equine-assisted services (EAS), death of a horse may have significant impacts. In this study, an online survey was distributed to EAS practitioners. The goal of the study was to explore the experiences of ... ...

Abstract	Given the nature of horse-human interactions in equine-assisted services (EAS), death of a horse may have significant impacts. In this study, an online survey was distributed to EAS practitioners. The goal of the study was to explore the experiences of practitioners and identify the socioemotional processes that occur upon the death of an equine within an EAS program. Open-ended responses (
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207363-8
ISSN	1541-3764 ; 0030-2228
ISSN (online)	1541-3764
ISSN	0030-2228
DOI	10.1177/00302228241249200
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Article ; Online: Patient-Centered Communication (PCC) in Equine Assisted Mental Health.

Nieforth, Leanne O / Craig, Elizabeth A

Health communication

2020 Volume 36, Issue 13, Page(s) 1656–1665

Abstract: Experiencing trauma can lead to a variety of chronic and acute symptoms, including post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and poor social skills. Given the variety of causes for trauma incorporating individualized ... ...

Abstract	Experiencing trauma can lead to a variety of chronic and acute symptoms, including post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and poor social skills. Given the variety of causes for trauma incorporating individualized treatment options is important for efficacy. Equine assisted mental health (EAMH) - a team approach incorporating equines, clients, and practitioners - has been successful in treating those who have experienced trauma, including veterans and individuals with PTSD, at-risk youth, victims of sexual violence, and children who have been neglected. Although researchers and practitioners understand some about how EAMH treatment results in positive outcomes for these individuals, little is known about the communicative processes that support them. The current study included 19 in-depth interviews with EAMH therapists and practitioners to explore the role of equine communication (i.e., congruence, ongoing positive regard, and empathy) as a communicative process that is integral to the facilitation of EAMH as individualized therapeutic treatment. Using tenets of patient-centered communication (PCC) and principles of client-centered therapy, implications for human-horse communication in therapeutic contexts and client-centered care are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Animals ; Communication ; Horses ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Patient-Centered Care ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Veterans
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1038723-7
ISSN	1532-7027 ; 1041-0236
ISSN (online)	1532-7027
ISSN	1041-0236
DOI	10.1080/10410236.2020.1785376
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Article: Observation of human-animal interaction for research (OHAIRE) behavior coding in a randomized control trial of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a canine-assisted intervention.

Nieforth, Leanne O / Guerin, Noémie A / Stehli, Annamarie / Schuck, Sabrina E B / Yi, Katherine / O'Haire, Marguerite E

Frontiers in psychiatry

2024 Volume 15, Page(s) 1327380

Abstract: Introduction: Diagnosed in about 10% of children in the United States, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Traditional interventions, such as pharmacological ...

Abstract	Introduction: Diagnosed in about 10% of children in the United States, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Traditional interventions, such as pharmacological and psychological interventions, are often used in conjunction with integrative health options, such as animal-assisted interventions. The objective of this manuscript is to report behavior coding findings from a randomized control trial of children with ADHD. Methods: As part of a larger randomized control trial focused on the efficacy of combining a canine-assisted intervention (live therapy dog or control stuffed dog) with cognitive behavioral therapy for children with ADHD, the current manuscript focuses on video-captured behavior observations (n = 35 children, approximately 322 minutes of data). Data were extracted and coded using the Observation of Human-Animal Interaction Research (OHAIRE) Coding System. Behavior codes are reported as summary scores for the following domains: animal social interaction and human social interaction (further separated into human-adult social interaction and human-peer social interaction). Repeated measures mixed models analyses were performed using SAS PROC GLIMMIX to evaluate group differences and change across the study period. Results: There were no significant differences in how much children interacted with the live therapy dogs versus control stuffed dogs. With respect to human-to-human social interactions, children showed greater increases over time in human-directed social interactions in the presence of live therapy dogs compared to stuffed dogs (p = .020). Over the course of the 12-week intervention, children increased in interactions with both adults (p = .006) and their peers (p = .014); however, there were more increases over time in adult-directed social interactions in the live animal condition compared to the control stuffed animal condition (p < 0.0001). Discussion & conclusions: Findings suggest changes in social interaction when participating in this canine-assisted intervention, specifically greater increases in human-to-human social interactions over time when a live therapy dog is present compared to a control stuffed dog. Children appear to engage relatively equally with both live and stuffed dogs; however, the impact of animals on human socialization differs based on if a live animal is present. Future studies should consider incorporating behavior coding analysis into studies of canine-assisted interventions to identify how human-animal interactions may be moderators or mechanisms for psychosocial outcomes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1327380
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Article ; Online: The cortisol awakening response in a 3 month clinical trial of service dogs for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Nieforth, Leanne O / Rodriguez, Kerri E / Zhuang, Run / Miller, Elise A / Sabbaghi, Arman / Schwichtenberg, A J / Granger, Douglas A / O'Haire, Marguerite E

Scientific reports

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 1664

Abstract: Recent literature suggests that service dogs may be a valuable complementary intervention option for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military veterans due to the potential influence on stress response dysregulation. The aim of this short-term ... ...

Abstract	Recent literature suggests that service dogs may be a valuable complementary intervention option for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military veterans due to the potential influence on stress response dysregulation. The aim of this short-term longitudinal study was to quantify the impact of service dogs in US military veterans with PTSD with particular attention to the cortisol awakening response. A sub aim of the study was to empirically evaluate the physiological effects of PTSD service dogs on veteran partners. We conducted a clinical trial (ID: NCT03245814) that assessed the cortisol awakening response for 245 participants at baseline and 3 months follow-up across an intervention group (service dog: veterans n = 88, partners n = 46) and control group (usual care: n = 73, partners n = 38). A total of N = 161 veterans and N = 84 partners collected whole saliva samples via a passive drool collection immediately upon waking, 30 min after waking, and 45 min after waking on three consecutive weekdays at baseline and again at follow-up. Mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) with a fixed effect of the intervention group (service dog or control) were utilized. Covariates considered for the model included time of awakening, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, prior day experiences (measured via ecological momentary assessment), traumatic brain injury, age, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, smoking status, alcohol use, physical health, and body mass index. A total of 3951 salivary samples were collected (veterans: 2613, partners: 1338). MMRM results demonstrated that veterans with a service dog had a statistically significant higher cortisol awakening response, including the area under the curve with respect to both increase (AUCi, β = 1.46, p = 0.046) and absolute increase (AINC, β = 0.05, p = 0.035). Results were not statistically significant for partners. Findings suggest that veterans with service dogs have a higher, less blunted CAR in comparison to veterans receiving usual care alone. In veterans with a blunted morning cortisol response, service dog placement could help boost their morning cortisol response.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Longitudinal Studies ; Saliva ; Service Animals/psychology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy ; Veterans/psychology
Chemical Substances	Hydrocortisone (WI4X0X7BPJ)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-50626-y
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Service dogs for autistic children and family system functioning: a constant comparative analysis.

Leighton, Sarah C / Rodriguez, Kerri E / Nieforth, Leanne O / O'Haire, Marguerite E

Frontiers in psychiatry

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1210095

Abstract: Introduction: Service dog placements for autistic children are growing in popularity, yet findings to date are mixed. Moreover, no study to date has examined these placements through the lens of a recognized theoretical model. The purpose of this study ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Service dog placements for autistic children are growing in popularity, yet findings to date are mixed. Moreover, no study to date has examined these placements through the lens of a recognized theoretical model. The purpose of this study is twofold: to explore experiences reported by caretakers of autistic children involved in a service dog program, and to contextualize findings within an established theoretical framework. Methods: A total of Results: Constant comparative analysis identified two high level themes, nested within a family systems approach framework: (1) Enhancing social functioning of the family system unit and (2) Fostering stability and strength within family system subunits. These themes interacted holistically to foster and reinforce family system resilience. Placements led to greater social inclusion for children and their families, acted as a highly individualized intervention, and decreased experiences of judgement and stigma. Perceived as members of the family, service dogs may coregulate with the autistic child and family members and can be a source of joyful connection within the family. Discussion: Results highlighted the service dog's influence on the entire family (beyond the autistic child). Implications for service dog organizations suggest it may be helpful to account for family-wide impacts throughout the placement process. High standards on the part of provider organizations may minimize negatives, optimizing outcomes for both humans and canines. Ultimately, findings enrich our understanding of service dog interventions for autistic children.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1210095
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Article ; Online: Human-animal interaction interdisciplinary centers and institutes

Leanne O. Nieforth / Alan Beck / Marguerite E. O’Haire

Human-Animal Interactions, Vol

International growth (2016–2021)

2022 Volume 2022

Keywords	Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centre for Agriculture and Biodiversity International
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Assistance dogs for military veterans with PTSD: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-synthesis.

Leighton, Sarah C / Nieforth, Leanne O / O'Haire, Marguerite E

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 9, Page(s) e0274960

Abstract: Psychiatric assistance dogs for military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) currently make up over 19% of assistance dog partnerships globally. We conducted a systematic review of the literature relating to these partnerships, with ... ...

Abstract	Psychiatric assistance dogs for military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) currently make up over 19% of assistance dog partnerships globally. We conducted a systematic review of the literature relating to these partnerships, with specific aims to (1) summarize their characteristics, (2) evaluate the quality of existing evidence, and (3) summarize outcomes. A total of 432 records were independently screened (Cohen's kappa = 0.90). Of these, 41 articles (29 peer-reviewed publications and 12 unpublished dissertations) met inclusion criteria. Data extraction was conducted to address the research aims, including a meta-analysis (quantitative outcomes) and meta-synthesis (qualitative outcomes). All peer-reviewed publications on the topic of psychiatric assistance dogs for veterans with PTSD were published within the last five years. The majority of included articles were quantitative (53%), 41% were qualitative, and 6% employed mixed methods. Mean methodological rigor scores were 80% for peer reviewed articles and 71% for dissertations, where higher scores represent more rigorous methodology. Quantitative articles reported significant improvements in the domains of PTSD severity, mental health, and social health. Impacts on physical health and global quality of life appear inconclusive. Meta-analysis (9 articles) revealed that partnership with an assistance dog had a clinically meaningful, significant, and large effect on PTSD severity scores (g = -1.129; p<0.0001). Qualitative meta-synthesis identified two third order constructs: (1) Impact on the individual: mental & physical health and (2) Impact beyond the individual: building relationships & connection. This synthesis of increasingly prevalent research on assistance dogs for veterans with PTSD provides support for the impact of this complementary and integrative health intervention on PTSD symptom severity, and signs of meaningful improvements in adjacent domains including mental and social health. Gaps between quantitative and qualitative findings, along with the need to report greater demographic detail, highlight key opportunities for future research.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Quality of Life ; Service Animals ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy ; Veterans/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0274960
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Article ; Online: Expectations versus experiences of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) service dogs: An inductive conventional content analysis.

Nieforth, Leanne O / Rodriguez, Kerri E / O'Haire, Marguerite E

Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy

2021 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) 347–356

Abstract: Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 14(3) ... ...

Abstract	[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 14(3) of
MeSH term(s)	Animal Assisted Therapy ; Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Motivation ; Reproducibility of Results ; Service Animals ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy ; Veterans/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2497028-1
ISSN	1942-969X ; 1942-9681
ISSN (online)	1942-969X
ISSN	1942-9681
DOI	10.1037/tra0001021
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Article ; Online: The role of pets in managing uncertainty from COVID-19.

Nieforth, Leanne O / O'Haire, Marguerite E

Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy

2020 Volume 12, Issue S1, Page(s) S245–S246

Abstract: In an effort to manage the uncertainty brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have turned to their social support networks. With limited access to in-person human social networks, many people are turning to pets for social support. Pets may be ... ...

Abstract	In an effort to manage the uncertainty brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have turned to their social support networks. With limited access to in-person human social networks, many people are turning to pets for social support. Pets may be a complementary social support to supplement virtual human-to-human interaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections ; Human-Animal Bond ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pets ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Social Support ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/prevention & control ; Uncertainty
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2497028-1
ISSN	1942-969X ; 1942-9681
ISSN (online)	1942-969X
ISSN	1942-9681
DOI	10.1037/tra0000678
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Article ; Online: Animal-Assisted Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature from 2016 to 2020.

Nieforth, Leanne O / Schwichtenberg, A J / O'Haire, Marguerite E

Review journal of autism and developmental disorders

2021 Volume 10, Issue 2, Page(s) 255–280

Abstract: In the last five years, the literature on animal-assisted intervention (AAI) for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has doubled in size from 42 studies prior to 2015 to 85 studies (cumulative total assessed in 2020). Horses remain the most commonly ... ...

Abstract	In the last five years, the literature on animal-assisted intervention (AAI) for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has doubled in size from 42 studies prior to 2015 to 85 studies (cumulative total assessed in 2020). Horses remain the most commonly researched animal for AAI, followed by dogs. The most commonly researched outcome was social interaction, across 21 studies. Though the quantity of studies has increased, issues with methodological rigor remain. Results highlight the need for a continued focus on methodological rigor as well as refining the structure of animal-assisted interventions, addressing the welfare needs of the animals involved, and continuing to establish an evidence base of both significant and nonsignificant findings for AAI for individuals with ASD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2760390-8
ISSN	2195-7185 ; 2195-7177
ISSN (online)	2195-7185
ISSN	2195-7177
DOI	10.1007/s40489-021-00291-6
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