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Article ; Online: Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology.

Marsella, R / White, S / Fadok, V A / Wilson, D / Mueller, R / Outerbridge, C / Rosenkrantz, W

2023 Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 175–208

Abstract: Background: Allergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens.: Objectives: To review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Allergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens. Objectives: To review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Materials and methods: The authors reviewed the literature up to November 2022. Results were presented at North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) and European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). The report was available to member organisations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for feedback. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the best characterised allergic skin disease. An immunoglobulin (Ig)E response against Culicoides salivary antigens is widely documented. Genetics and environmental factors play important roles. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are lacking, and diagnosis of IBH is based on clinical signs, seasonality and response to insect control. Eosinophils, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-31 are explored as therapeutic targets. Presently, the most effective treatment is insect avoidance. Existing evidence does not support allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) using commercially available extracts of Culicoides. Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens (atopic dermatitis) is the next most common allergy. A role for IgE is supported by serological investigation, skin test studies and positive response to ASIT. Prospective, controlled, randomised studies are limited, and treatment relies largely on glucocorticoids, antihistamines and ASIT based on retrospective studies. Foods are known triggers for urticaria, yet their role in pruritic dermatitis is unknown. Recurrent urticaria is common in horses, yet our understanding is limited and focussed on IgE and T-helper 2 cell response. Prospective, controlled studies on treatments for urticaria are lacking. Glucocorticoids and antihistamines are primary reported treatments.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Horses ; Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis ; Dermatitis, Atopic/therapy ; Dermatitis, Atopic/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Dermatology ; Immunoglobulin E ; Hypersensitivity/veterinary ; Allergens ; Urticaria/veterinary ; Horse Diseases/diagnosis ; Horse Diseases/therapy ; Insect Bites and Stings/complications ; Insect Bites and Stings/veterinary ; Ceratopogonidae
Chemical Substances	Immunoglobulin E (37341-29-0) ; Allergens
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2011122-8
ISSN	1365-3164 ; 0959-4493
ISSN (online)	1365-3164
ISSN	0959-4493
DOI	10.1111/vde.13168
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Article: CD36 is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by human macrophages that use either a phosphatidylserine receptor or the vitronectin receptor (alpha v beta 3).

Fadok, V A / Warner, M L / Bratton, D L / Henson, P M

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

1998 Volume 161, Issue 11, Page(s) 6250–6257

Abstract: ... into unstimulated macrophages was blocked about 50% by Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser and anti-alpha(v), and up to 20% by oxidized ... accompanied by down-regulation of alpha(v)beta3 expression and function. Anti-CD36 blocked uptake ... into unstimulated or stimulated macrophages, suggesting CD36 involvement not only with the alpha(v)beta3 integrin ...

Abstract	In vivo, apoptotic cells are efficiently removed by professional or nonprofessional phagocytes, a process thought to be essential for tissue remodeling and resolution of inflammation. Macrophages recognize apoptotic cells by several mechanisms, including recognition of exposed phosphatidylserine (PS); however, PS recognition on apoptotic cells has not been identified as a feature of human macrophages. The purpose of this study was to determine whether human monocyte-derived macrophages could be stimulated to recognize PS, defined as inhibition of phagocytosis by PS-containing liposomes. We also assessed the potential roles for scavenger receptors, CD14, and lectins. Uptake of apoptotic neutrophils into unstimulated macrophages was blocked about 50% by Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser and anti-alpha(v), and up to 20% by oxidized low density lipoprotein and N-acetylglucosamine, implying a major role for integrin and minor roles for scavenger and lectin receptors. Uptake into macrophages stimulated with beta-1,3-glucan was blocked 50% by PS liposomes and 40% by oxidized low density lipoprotein, suggesting that the macrophages had switched from using integrin to recognition of PS. MEM-18 and 61D3 (anti-CD14 mAbs) were poor inhibitors of apoptotic neutrophil uptake, but good inhibitors of apoptotic lymphocyte uptake. The switch to PS recognition was accompanied by down-regulation of alpha(v)beta3 expression and function. Anti-CD36 blocked uptake into unstimulated or stimulated macrophages, suggesting CD36 involvement not only with the alpha(v)beta3 integrin mechanism (as previously reported) but also with PS recognition. A maximum of 70% inhibition was achieved by combining anti-CD36 with either anti-a(v) or PS liposomes.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Apoptosis/immunology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; CD36 Antigens/metabolism ; CD36 Antigens/physiology ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/physiology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; Phagocytosis/immunology ; Phosphatidylserines/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology ; Receptors, Mitogen/physiology ; Receptors, Vitronectin/physiology
Chemical Substances	Bacterial Proteins ; CD36 Antigens ; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; Phosphatidylserines ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Receptors, Mitogen ; Receptors, Vitronectin ; msrA protein, Staphylococcus epidermidis
Language	English
Publishing date	1998-12-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	3056-9
ISSN	1550-6606 ; 0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
ISSN (online)	1550-6606
ISSN	0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
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Article ; Online: Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology

Marsella, R. / White, S. / Fadok, V. A. / Wilson, D. / Mueller, R. / Outerbridge, C. / Rosenkrantz, W.

Veterinary Dermatology. 2023 June, v. 34, no. 3 p.175-208

2023

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Allergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens. OBJECTIVES: To review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Allergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens. OBJECTIVES: To review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors reviewed the literature up to November 2022. Results were presented at North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) and European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). The report was available to member organisations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for feedback. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the best characterised allergic skin disease. An immunoglobulin (Ig)E response against Culicoides salivary antigens is widely documented. Genetics and environmental factors play important roles. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are lacking, and diagnosis of IBH is based on clinical signs, seasonality and response to insect control. Eosinophils, interleukin (IL)‐5 and IL‐31 are explored as therapeutic targets. Presently, the most effective treatment is insect avoidance. Existing evidence does not support allergen‐specific immunotherapy (ASIT) using commercially available extracts of Culicoides. Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens (atopic dermatitis) is the next most common allergy. A role for IgE is supported by serological investigation, skin test studies and positive response to ASIT. Prospective, controlled, randomised studies are limited, and treatment relies largely on glucocorticoids, antihistamines and ASIT based on retrospective studies. Foods are known triggers for urticaria, yet their role in pruritic dermatitis is unknown. Recurrent urticaria is common in horses, yet our understanding is limited and focussed on IgE and T‐helper 2 cell response. Prospective, controlled studies on treatments for urticaria are lacking. Glucocorticoids and antihistamines are primary reported treatments.
Keywords	Culicoides ; atopic dermatitis ; eosinophils ; genetics ; glucocorticoids ; horses ; immunoglobulins ; immunotherapy ; insect control ; insects ; interleukins ; pathogenesis ; urticaria ; veterinary medicine ; North America
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Size	p. 175-208.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	REVIEW
ZDB-ID	2011122-8
ISSN	1365-3164 ; 0959-4493
ISSN (online)	1365-3164
ISSN	0959-4493
DOI	10.1111/vde.13168
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Article: Update on Equine Allergies

Fadok, Valerie A

Veterinary clinics of North America. 2013 Dec., v. 29, no. 3

2013

Abstract: Horses develop many skin and respiratory disorders that have been attributed to allergy. These disorders include pruritic skin diseases, recurrent urticaria, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and reactive airway disease. Allergen-specific IgE has been ... ...

Abstract	Horses develop many skin and respiratory disorders that have been attributed to allergy. These disorders include pruritic skin diseases, recurrent urticaria, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and reactive airway disease. Allergen-specific IgE has been detected in these horses, and allergen-specific immunotherapy is used to ameliorate clinical signs. The best understood atopic disease in horses is insect hypersensitivity, but the goal of effective treatment with allergen-specific immunotherapy remains elusive. In this review, updates in pathogenesis of allergic states and a brief mention of the new data on what is known in humans and dogs and how that relates to equine allergic disorders are discussed.
Keywords	dogs ; horses ; humans ; immunoglobulin E ; immunotherapy ; insects ; pathogenesis ; respiratory tract diseases ; urticaria ; veterinary clinics ; North America
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-12
Size	p. 541-550.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	286049-1
ISSN	1558-4224 ; 0749-0739
ISSN (online)	1558-4224
ISSN	0749-0739
DOI	10.1016/j.cveq.2013.08.005
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Clearance: the last and often forgotten stage of apoptosis.

Fadok, V A

Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia

1999 Volume 4, Issue 2, Page(s) 203–211

Abstract: Engulfment by a phagocyte is the final common event in the life of most apoptotic cells. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies prior to their lysis prevents the release of potentially toxic or immunogenic intracellular contents and activates an anti- ... ...

Abstract	Engulfment by a phagocyte is the final common event in the life of most apoptotic cells. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies prior to their lysis prevents the release of potentially toxic or immunogenic intracellular contents and activates an anti-inflammatory response, at least in macrophages. We are beginning to understand the mechanisms by which macrophages and other phagocytes recognize apoptotic cells in vitro, but we are a long way from determining their relative importance in vivo. The involuting mammary gland undergoes massive cell loss by apoptosis. The dying alveolar epithelial cells can be shed into the lumen or can be phagocytosed by macrophages and viable epithelial cells. Yet we know virtually nothing about the mechanisms mediating recognition and uptake in the mammary gland. It is likely that clearance of apoptotic cells is critical to normal remodeling of the gland in preparation for the next wave of lactation. The mammary gland, therefore, provides an ideal organ in which to study the mechanisms and consequences of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Apoptosis/physiology ; Breast/cytology ; Breast/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Macrophages/physiology ; Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology ; Mammary Glands, Animal/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Phagocytes/physiology ; Phagocytosis/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	1999-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1327345-0
ISSN	1083-3021
ISSN	1083-3021
DOI	10.1023/a:1011384009787
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Article ; Online: Diverticular colovesical fistula: What should we really be doing?

Bertelson, N L / Abcarian, H / Kalkbrenner, K A / Blumetti, J / Harrison, J L / Chaudhry, V / Young-Fadok, T M

Techniques in coloproctology

2017 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 31–36

Abstract: Background: Colovesical fistula secondary to diverticular disease is increasing in incidence. Presentation and severity may differ, but a common management strategy may be applied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Colovesical fistula secondary to diverticular disease is increasing in incidence. Presentation and severity may differ, but a common management strategy may be applied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics and perioperative management of patients with colovesical fistulae and determine optimal management. Methods: From 2003 to 2012, all charts of surgical patients with diverticular colovesical fistulae at two different institutions were reviewed. Patient and presentation characteristics and perioperative management and outcomes were recorded. Patient groups with early and late catheter removal (< 8 and ≥ 8 days) were compared with significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Seventy-eight patient charts were reviewed. The mean duration of symptoms was 7.5 months. Laparoscopic assisted surgery was carried out in 35% of patients. Complex bladder repair was performed in 27%. Mean length of stay was 8 days. Mean urinary catheter duration was 13 days. Seventy percent of patients underwent postoperative cystogram, with 4% positive for extravasation. Patients with early catheter removal were significantly older, more likely to have received intraoperative methylene blue instillation, and less likely to have had a complex bladder repair (p < 0.05). Complication rate, length of stay, postoperative cystography, and stent use were similar for both catheter removal groups. Conclusions: Intraoperative methylene blue bladder instillation should be utilized to limit unnecessary bladder repairs. In the setting of negative methylene blue extravasation, surgeons may confidently remove urinary catheters in 7 days or less, in some cases as early as 48 h. In complex bladder repairs, cystogram is still an important adjunct, with those patients with negative studies benefiting from catheter removal at 7 days or less.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Colonic Diseases/etiology ; Colonic Diseases/surgery ; Diverticular Diseases/complications ; Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Intestinal Fistula/etiology ; Intestinal Fistula/surgery ; Intraoperative Care/methods ; Laparoscopy/methods ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Methylene Blue/administration & dosage ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; Urinary Bladder Fistula/surgery ; Urinary Catheterization/methods
Chemical Substances	Enzyme Inhibitors ; Methylene Blue (T42P99266K)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-06
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
ZDB-ID	2083309-X
ISSN	1128-045X ; 1123-6337
ISSN (online)	1128-045X
ISSN	1123-6337
DOI	10.1007/s10151-017-1733-6
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Article: Overview of equine papular and nodular dermatoses.

Fadok, V A

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

1995 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 61–74

Abstract: Papules and nodules are common lesions on horses and have a variety of underlying causes. This article addresses inflammatory and congenital nodules primarily, including urticaria, erythema multiforme, those nodules caused by infectious agents, ... ...

Abstract	Papules and nodules are common lesions on horses and have a variety of underlying causes. This article addresses inflammatory and congenital nodules primarily, including urticaria, erythema multiforme, those nodules caused by infectious agents, epidermoid and dermoid cysts, and the uniquely equine skin tumor, the sarcoid. The eosinophilic nodules and other tumors are covered elsewhere in this issue. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to each of the diseases are emphasized.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dermatitis/etiology ; Dermatitis/pathology ; Dermatitis/veterinary ; Eosinophils/pathology ; Erythema Multiforme/etiology ; Erythema Multiforme/pathology ; Erythema Multiforme/veterinary ; Horse Diseases/etiology ; Horse Diseases/pathology ; Horses ; Skin Diseases, Infectious/etiology ; Skin Diseases, Infectious/pathology ; Skin Diseases, Infectious/veterinary ; Urticaria/etiology ; Urticaria/pathology ; Urticaria/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	1995-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	286049-1
ISSN	1558-4224 ; 0749-0739
ISSN (online)	1558-4224
ISSN	0749-0739
DOI	10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30332-2
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Article: Update on four unusual equine dermatoses.

Fadok, V A

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

1995 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 105–110

Abstract: This article discusses some new thoughts on the pathogenesis of four unusual equine dermatoses: reticulated leukotrichia, hyper-esthetic leukotrichia, mane and tail dystrophy, and linear alopecia of the Quarter Horse. Although many of the thoughts ... ...

Abstract	This article discusses some new thoughts on the pathogenesis of four unusual equine dermatoses: reticulated leukotrichia, hyper-esthetic leukotrichia, mane and tail dystrophy, and linear alopecia of the Quarter Horse. Although many of the thoughts contained herein are speculative, it is hoped that they stimulate discussion among those of us interested in the wonderful world of equine dermatology. More importantly, it is hoped that they stimulate further investigation and research. These diseases represent only the tip of the iceberg pf what we don't know about equine skin diseases!
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dermatitis/etiology ; Dermatitis/pathology ; Dermatitis/veterinary ; Horse Diseases/etiology ; Horse Diseases/pathology ; Horses
Language	English
Publishing date	1995-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	286049-1
ISSN	1558-4224 ; 0749-0739
ISSN (online)	1558-4224
ISSN	0749-0739
DOI	10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30335-8
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Article: Overview of equine pruritus.

Fadok, V A

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

1995 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–10

Abstract: Pruritus is a common complaint associated with equine dermatoses. Self-mutilation results in alopecia, excoriations, scaling, and crusting; the aesthetic appearance of the horse is often ruined and the horse may be unfit for riding or showing. This ... ...

Abstract	Pruritus is a common complaint associated with equine dermatoses. Self-mutilation results in alopecia, excoriations, scaling, and crusting; the aesthetic appearance of the horse is often ruined and the horse may be unfit for riding or showing. This article specifically addresses those pruritic dermatoses caused by allergies, including food allergy/intolerance, atopy and contact allergy, as well as by two ectoparasites, stick-tight fleas and rhabditic mange. The clinical signs, diagnostic tests, and treatment recommendations are discussed for each disorder. Insect hypersensitivity and pruritus associated with the other more common ectoparasites are covered in depth elsewhere in this issue.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Horse Diseases/diagnosis ; Horse Diseases/etiology ; Horse Diseases/therapy ; Horses ; Pruritus/diagnosis ; Pruritus/etiology ; Pruritus/therapy ; Pruritus/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	1995-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	286049-1
ISSN	1558-4224 ; 0749-0739
ISSN (online)	1558-4224
ISSN	0749-0739
DOI	10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30327-9
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Article: An overview of equine dermatoses characterized by scaling and crusting.

Fadok, V A

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

1995 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 43–51

Abstract: Scaling and/or crusting are common clinical findings associated with equine skin diseases. Scaling and crusting may be associated with pruritic or nonpruritic dermatoses. This article focuses on those conditions that are usually nonpruritic in horses. ... ...

Abstract	Scaling and/or crusting are common clinical findings associated with equine skin diseases. Scaling and crusting may be associated with pruritic or nonpruritic dermatoses. This article focuses on those conditions that are usually nonpruritic in horses. They include the infectious dermatoses, the keratinization/seborrheic disorders, photosensitization, and the immunologic/inflammatory disorders, including pemphigus foliaceus, equine exfoliative eosinophilic dermatitis and stomatitis, and equine histiocytic dermatitis (sarcoidosis). Clinical signs that help differentiate the various disorders are given, and diagnostic and therapeutic options are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dermatitis/epidemiology ; Dermatitis/etiology ; Dermatitis/pathology ; Dermatitis/veterinary ; Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology ; Dermatitis, Seborrheic/etiology ; Dermatitis, Seborrheic/pathology ; Dermatitis, Seborrheic/veterinary ; Horse Diseases/epidemiology ; Horse Diseases/etiology ; Horse Diseases/pathology ; Horses ; North America/epidemiology ; Photosensitivity Disorders/epidemiology ; Photosensitivity Disorders/etiology ; Photosensitivity Disorders/pathology ; Photosensitivity Disorders/veterinary ; Skin/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	1995-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	286049-1
ISSN	1558-4224 ; 0749-0739
ISSN (online)	1558-4224
ISSN	0749-0739
DOI	10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30330-9
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