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  1. Article ; Online: Surveillance to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication - Worldwide, 2020-2021.

    Wilkinson, Amanda L / Diop, Ousmane M / Jorba, Jaume / Gardner, Tracie / Snider, Cynthia J / Ahmed, Jamal

    MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

    2022  Volume 71, Issue 15, Page(s) 538–544

    Abstract: Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was established in 1988, the number of reported poliomyelitis cases worldwide has declined by approximately 99.99%. By the end of 2021, wild poliovirus (WPV) remained endemic in only two countries ( ... ...

    Abstract Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was established in 1988, the number of reported poliomyelitis cases worldwide has declined by approximately 99.99%. By the end of 2021, wild poliovirus (WPV) remained endemic in only two countries (Pakistan and Afghanistan). However, a WPV type 1 (WPV1) case with paralysis onset in 2021, was reported by Malawi a year after the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region (AFR) was certified as WPV-free and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) cases were reported from 31 countries during 2020-2021 (1,2). cVDPVs are oral poliovirus vaccine-derived viruses that can emerge after prolonged circulation in populations with low immunity and cause paralysis. The primary means of detecting poliovirus transmission is through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among persons aged <15 years, with confirmation through stool specimen testing by WHO-accredited laboratories, supplemented by systematic sampling of sewage and testing for the presence of poliovirus (environmental surveillance). The COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in polio vaccination and surveillance activities across WHO regions in 2020; during January-September 2020, the number of reported cases of AFP declined and the interval between stool collection and receipt by laboratories increased compared with the same period in 2019 (3). This report summarizes surveillance performance indicators for 2020 and 2021 in 43 priority countries* and updates previous reports (4). In 2021, a total of 32 (74%) priority countries
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Disease Eradication ; Global Health ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Pandemics ; Paralysis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/diagnosis ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Population Surveillance ; alpha-Fetoproteins
    Chemical Substances Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; alpha-Fetoproteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 412775-4
    ISSN 1545-861X ; 0149-2195
    ISSN (online) 1545-861X
    ISSN 0149-2195
    DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm7115a2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Surveillance to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication - Worldwide, 2019-2020.

    Tuma, Jude N / Wilkinson, Amanda L / Diop, Ousmane M / Jorba, Jaume / Gardner, Tracie / Snider, Cynthia J / Anand, Abhijeet / Ahmed, Jamal

    MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

    2021  Volume 70, Issue 18, Page(s) 667–673

    Abstract: When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was established in 1988, an estimated 350,000 poliomyelitis cases were reported worldwide. In 2020, 140 wild poliovirus (WPV) cases were confirmed, representing a 99.99% reduction since 1988. WPV type 1 ...

    Abstract When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was established in 1988, an estimated 350,000 poliomyelitis cases were reported worldwide. In 2020, 140 wild poliovirus (WPV) cases were confirmed, representing a 99.99% reduction since 1988. WPV type 1 transmission remains endemic in only two countries (Pakistan and Afghanistan), but outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) occurred in 33 countries during 2019-2020 (1,2). Poliovirus transmission is detected primarily through syndromic surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among children aged <15 years, with confirmation by laboratory testing of stool specimens. Environmental surveillance supplements AFP surveillance and plays an increasingly important role in detecting poliovirus transmission. Within 2 weeks of COVID-19 being declared a global pandemic (3), GPEI recommended continuing surveillance activities with caution and paused all polio supplementary immunization activities (4). This report summarizes surveillance performance indicators for 2019 and 2020 in 42 priority countries at high risk for poliovirus transmission and updates previous reports (5). In 2020, 48% of priority countries* in the African Region, 90% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, and 40% in other regions met AFP surveillance performance indicators nationally. The number of priority countries rose from 40 in 2019 to 42 in 2020.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Eradication ; Global Health/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Population Surveillance
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 412775-4
    ISSN 1545-861X ; 0149-2195
    ISSN (online) 1545-861X
    ISSN 0149-2195
    DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm7018a2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Evaluating Micrometeorological Estimates of Groundwater Discharge from Great Basin Desert Playas.

    Jackson, Tracie R / Halford, Keith J / Gardner, Philip M / Garcia, Amanda

    Ground water

    2018  Volume 56, Issue 6, Page(s) 909–920

    Abstract: Groundwater availability studies in the arid southwestern United States traditionally have assumed that groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration ( ... ...

    Abstract Groundwater availability studies in the arid southwestern United States traditionally have assumed that groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration (ET
    MeSH term(s) California ; Groundwater ; Nevada ; Southwestern United States ; Wetlands
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-03-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 246212-6
    ISSN 1745-6584 ; 0017-467X
    ISSN (online) 1745-6584
    ISSN 0017-467X
    DOI 10.1111/gwat.12647
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Poliovirus Surveillance.

    Zomahoun, Delayo J / Burman, Ashley L / Snider, Cynthia J / Chauvin, Claire / Gardner, Tracie / Lickness, Jacquelyn S / Ahmed, Jamal A / Diop, Ousmane / Gerber, Sue / Anand, Abhijeet

    MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

    2021  Volume 69, Issue 5152, Page(s) 1648–1652

    Abstract: On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (1). On March 24, 2020, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) suspended all polio ... ...

    Abstract On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (1). On March 24, 2020, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) suspended all polio supplementary immunization activities and recommended the continuation of polio surveillance (2). In April 2020, GPEI shared revised polio surveillance guidelines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which focused on reducing the risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to health care workers and communities by modifying activities that required person-to-person contact, improving hand hygiene and personal protective equipment use practices, and overcoming challenges related to movement restrictions, while continuing essential polio surveillance functions (3). GPEI assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on polio surveillance by comparing data from January to September 2019 to the same period in 2020. Globally, the number of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases reported declined 33% and the mean number of days between the second stool collected and receipt by the laboratory increased by 70%. Continued analysis of AFP case reporting and stool collection is critical to ensure timely detection and response to interruptions of polio surveillance.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data ; Disease Eradication ; Feces/virology ; Global Health ; Humans ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus/isolation & purification ; Poliovirus Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Population Surveillance
    Chemical Substances Poliovirus Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 412775-4
    ISSN 1545-861X ; 0149-2195
    ISSN (online) 1545-861X
    ISSN 0149-2195
    DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm695152a4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Surveillance to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication - Worldwide, 2017-2018.

    Patel, Jaymin C / Diop, Ousmane M / Gardner, Tracie / Chavan, Smita / Jorba, Jaume / Wassilak, Steven G F / Ahmed, Jamal / Snider, Cynthia J

    MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

    2019  Volume 68, Issue 13, Page(s) 312–318

    Abstract: When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) began in 1988, cases of poliomyelitis were reported from 125 countries. Since then, only Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan have experienced uninterrupted transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV). The ... ...

    Abstract When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) began in 1988, cases of poliomyelitis were reported from 125 countries. Since then, only Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan have experienced uninterrupted transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV). The primary means of detecting poliovirus is through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among children aged <15 years with testing of stool specimens for WPV and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in World Health Organization (WHO)-accredited laboratories of the Global Polio Laboratory Network (GPLN) (1,2). AFP surveillance is supplemented by environmental surveillance for polioviruses in sewage at selected locations. Analysis of genomic sequences of isolated polioviruses enables assessment of transmission by time and place, potential gaps in surveillance, and emergence of VDPVs (3). This report presents 2017-2018 poliovirus surveillance data, focusing on 31 countries* identified as high-priority countries because of a "high risk of poliovirus transmission and limited capacity to adequately address those risks" (4). Some of these countries are located within WHO regions with endemic polio, and others are in regions that are polio-free. In 2018, 26 (84%) of the 31 countries met AFP surveillance indicators nationally; however, subnational variation in surveillance performance was substantial. Surveillance systems need continued strengthening through monitoring, supervision, and improvements in specimen collection and transport to provide sufficient evidence for interruption of poliovirus circulation.
    MeSH term(s) Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Eradication ; Environmental Monitoring ; Feces/virology ; Global Health/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant ; Laboratories ; Paralysis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus/isolation & purification ; Population Surveillance/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 412775-4
    ISSN 1545-861X ; 0149-2195
    ISSN (online) 1545-861X
    ISSN 0149-2195
    DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm6813a4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Surveillance to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication - Worldwide, 2016-2017.

    Gardner, Tracie J / Diop, Ousmane M / Jorba, Jaume / Chavan, Smita / Ahmed, Jamal / Anand, Abhijeet

    MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

    2018  Volume 67, Issue 14, Page(s) 418–423

    Abstract: Global efforts to eradicate polio began in 1988, and four of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions currently have achieved poliofree certification. Within the remaining two regions with endemic poliomyelitis (African and Eastern Mediterranean), ...

    Abstract Global efforts to eradicate polio began in 1988, and four of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions currently have achieved poliofree certification. Within the remaining two regions with endemic poliomyelitis (African and Eastern Mediterranean), Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan have never interrupted transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV). The primary means of detecting poliovirus transmission is surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among children aged <15 years, combined with collection and testing of stool specimens for detection of WPV and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs)* in WHO-accredited laboratories within the Global Polio Laboratory Network (GPLN) (1,2). AFP surveillance is supplemented by environmental surveillance for polioviruses in sewage from selected locations. Genomic sequencing of isolated polioviruses enables the mapping of transmission by time and place, assessment of potential gaps in surveillance, and identification of the emergence of VDPVs (3). This report presents poliovirus surveillance data from 2016-2017, with particular focus on six countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and 20 countries in the African Region (AFR) that reported WPV or circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) during 2011-2017. Included in the 20 AFR countries are the three most affected by the 2014-2015 Ebola virus disease (Ebola) outbreak (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone), even though only one (Guinea) reported WPV or cVDPVs during the surveillance period. During 2017, a total of 14 (70%) of the 20 AFR countries and five (83%) of the six EMR countries met both surveillance quality indicators at the national level; however, provincial-level variation was seen. Surveillance strengthening activities are needed in specific countries of these regions to provide evidence supporting ultimate certification of the interruption of poliovirus circulation.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Eradication ; Environmental Monitoring ; Global Health/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Laboratories ; Paralysis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus/isolation & purification ; Population Surveillance
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 412775-4
    ISSN 1545-861X ; 0149-2195
    ISSN (online) 1545-861X
    ISSN 0149-2195
    DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm6714a3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Evaluating Micrometeorological Estimates of Groundwater Discharge from Great Basin Desert Playas

    Jackson, Tracie R / Keith J. Halford / Philip M. Gardner / Amanda Garcia

    Ground water. 2018 Nov., v. 56, no. 6

    2018  

    Abstract: Groundwater availability studies in the arid southwestern United States traditionally have assumed that groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration (ETg) from desert playas is a significant component of the groundwater budget. However, desert playa ETg ... ...

    Abstract Groundwater availability studies in the arid southwestern United States traditionally have assumed that groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration (ETg) from desert playas is a significant component of the groundwater budget. However, desert playa ETg rates are poorly constrained by Bowen ratio energy budget (BREB) and eddy‐covariance (EC) micrometeorological measurement approaches. Best attempts by previous studies to constrain ETg from desert playas have resulted in ETg rates that are within the measurement error of micrometeorological approaches. This study uses numerical models to further constrain desert playa ETg rates that are within the measurement error of BREB and EC approaches, and to evaluate the effect of hydraulic properties and salinity‐based groundwater density contrasts on desert playa ETg rates. Numerical models simulated ETg rates from desert playas in Death Valley, California and Dixie Valley, Nevada. Results indicate that actual ETg rates from desert playas are significantly below the uncertainty thresholds of BREB‐ and EC‐based micrometeorological measurements. Discharge from desert playas likely contributes less than 2% of total groundwater discharge from Dixie and Death Valleys, which suggests discharge from desert playas also is negligible in other basins. Simulation results also show that ETg from desert playas primarily is limited by differences in hydraulic properties between alluvial fan and playa sediments and, to a lesser extent, by salinity‐based groundwater density contrasts.
    Keywords Bowen ratio ; basins ; eddy covariance ; energy ; evapotranspiration ; groundwater ; mathematical models ; playas ; sediments ; uncertainty ; California ; Death Valley ; Great Basin Desert ; Nevada
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-11
    Size p. 909-920.
    Publishing place Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 246212-6
    ISSN 1745-6584 ; 0017-467X
    ISSN (online) 1745-6584
    ISSN 0017-467X
    DOI 10.1111/gwat.12647
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article: New hot topics sections: 1. China's new march forward in addiction treatment: methadone for the masses. 2. Issues in formulating DSM V.

    Kosten, Thomas R / Gardner, Tracie J

    The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse

    2008  Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 123–126

    MeSH term(s) Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use ; China ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/transmission ; Humans ; Methadone/therapeutic use ; Opioid-Related Disorders/rehabilitation
    Chemical Substances Analgesics, Opioid ; Methadone (UC6VBE7V1Z)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 193086-2
    ISSN 0095-2990
    ISSN 0095-2990
    DOI 10.1080/00952990701876948
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Therapeutic options and challenges for substances of abuse.

    Gardner, Tracie J / Kosten, Thomas R

    Dialogues in clinical neuroscience

    2008  Volume 9, Issue 4, Page(s) 431–445

    Abstract: Addiction to substances continues to be a significant public health concern in the United States. The following review of current pharmacological treatments discusses a range of substances: nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, and opioids. The goal is to provide ... ...

    Abstract Addiction to substances continues to be a significant public health concern in the United States. The following review of current pharmacological treatments discusses a range of substances: nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, and opioids. The goal is to provide an overview of currently available and new pharmacological treatments for substance use disorders, while also addressing the pharmacotherapeutic challenges remaining. The significant advances in pharmacotherapy have had limited utilization, however. For example, naltrexone for alcoholism is infrequently prescribed, buprenorphine for opiates still has relatively few qualified prescribers, and stimulants have no Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy. These pharmacotherapies are needed, with the rate of even the relatively uncommon abuse of opiates now rising sharply.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Drug Therapy/economics ; Drug Therapy/trends ; Humans ; Substance-Related Disorders/classification ; Substance-Related Disorders/drug therapy ; Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-02-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2188781-0
    ISSN 1294-8322
    ISSN 1294-8322
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Pharmacotherapeutic environments for substance use disorders.

    Gardner, Tracie J / Kosten, Thomas R

    The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse

    2007  Volume 33, Issue 5, Page(s) 627–629

    MeSH term(s) Ambulatory Care ; Buprenorphine/therapeutic use ; Cognitive Therapy ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Family Practice ; Heroin Dependence/drug therapy ; Heroin Dependence/rehabilitation ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Methadone/therapeutic use ; Naltrexone/therapeutic use ; Office Visits ; Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy ; Opioid-Related Disorders/rehabilitation ; Secondary Prevention ; Substance-Related Disorders/drug therapy ; Substance-Related Disorders/rehabilitation
    Chemical Substances Delayed-Action Preparations ; Buprenorphine (40D3SCR4GZ) ; Naltrexone (5S6W795CQM) ; Methadone (UC6VBE7V1Z)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 193086-2
    ISSN 0095-2990
    ISSN 0095-2990
    DOI 10.1080/00952990701578676
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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