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Article ; Online: Judgment of duration and passage of time in prospective and retrospective conditions and its predictors for short and long durations.

Martinelli, Natalia / Droit-Volet, Sylvie

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 22241

Abstract: The study investigated participants' verbal duration judgment and judgment of passage of time (PoT) when presented with an image for a few seconds (20 to 45 s) or minutes (80 to 180 s) with prospective and retrospective temporal judgment instruction, ... ...

Abstract	The study investigated participants' verbal duration judgment and judgment of passage of time (PoT) when presented with an image for a few seconds (20 to 45 s) or minutes (80 to 180 s) with prospective and retrospective temporal judgment instruction, with their level of attention devoted to time tested. Their self-reported levels of emotion and attention were also assessed, as well as their individual impulsivity traits. Structural equation analyses showed that the best predictor of PoT judgment was emotion (boredom) regardless of duration range. For duration judgment, the best predictor for short durations was attention-related factors. However, for long durations, these factors ceased to be significant and were replaced by emotion, in the same way as for the PoT judgment. Indeed, these analyses suggested that duration judgment and PoT judgment were related for long durations of more than one minute, whereas they were not related for short durations of a few seconds.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Judgment ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Time Perception ; Attention
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-25913-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Development and relationship between the judgment of the speed of passage of time and the judgment of duration in children.

Martinelli, Natalia N / Droit-Volet, Sylvie

Frontiers in psychology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1160047

Abstract: This study examined the relationships between the awareness of the speed of the passage of time, the judgment of durations and experiential factors in children aged 4-9 years. They were asked to judge the duration and the speed of the passage of time for ...

Abstract	This study examined the relationships between the awareness of the speed of the passage of time, the judgment of durations and experiential factors in children aged 4-9 years. They were asked to judge the duration and the speed of the passage of time for different intervals (second and minutes), and to rate their feelings (arousal, happiness, sadness, and task difficulty) during each interval. The results indicated that 8-9-year-olds' judgment of the passage of time is extremely flexible and context-dependent, representing the duration and/or the individual changes in subjective experience (emotion). In contrast, young children's judgment of the passage of time was not related to duration. However, their judgments were not given randomly. They judged that time passed more quickly when they felt happier and more alert. The passage-of-time judgment was therefore initially grounded in emotional and sensory-motor experience, i.e., in their perception of changes (acceleration and deceleration) in self-movement (successions of states and their extension). Therefore, duration judgment and passage-of-time judgment initially develop separately and are later combined when children understand the logical link between speed and duration.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1160047
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Article ; Online: The feeling of the passage of time against the time of the external clock.

Droit-Volet, Sylvie / Monier, Florie / Martinelli, Natalia N

Consciousness and cognition

2023 Volume 113, Page(s) 103535

Abstract: When people say that time is passing faster or slower, they are referring to the clock time. What exactly is the role of this reference to clock time in the awareness of the passage of time? Three experiments were conducted to examine this question. In ... ...

Abstract	When people say that time is passing faster or slower, they are referring to the clock time. What exactly is the role of this reference to clock time in the awareness of the passage of time? Three experiments were conducted to examine this question. In Experiment 1, participants performed an easy and a difficult task in a condition with or without an external clock. In Experiment 2, the external clock was introduced after several trials of the easy task performed by the same participants. In Experiment 3, the speed of the clock hands was manipulated. Eye movements towards the clock were recorded by an eye tracker. The results showed that time was judged to pass faster with the external clock, thus reducing the distortion of the sense of time. Indeed, participants noticed that time passed faster than they initially thought. However, our results also showed that this was an occasional and short-lived adjustment of subjective time to objective time, with a greater acceleration in the presence of the fast clock. Indeed, the clock quickly lost its effect after a few trials, the feeling of the passage remaining based on the emotion felt, i.e., the boredom felt in the easy task. Our experiments thus showed that the feeling of the passage of time is primarily grounded in the emotional affect experienced (Embodiment), and that knowledge of clock time had only a small and transient corrective effect.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Time Perception ; Emotions ; Reaction Time ; Eye Movements ; Boredom
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1106647-7
ISSN	1090-2376 ; 1053-8100
ISSN (online)	1090-2376
ISSN	1053-8100
DOI	10.1016/j.concog.2023.103535
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Article ; Online: What factors underlie our experience of the passage of time? Theoretical consequences.

Martinelli, Natalia / Droit-Volet, Sylvie

Psychological research

2021 Volume 86, Issue 2, Page(s) 522–530

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the factors that explain variations in the conscious experience of time. The level of difficulty of the task, emotional valence and duration of stimuli were tested in three different experiments with two ranges of ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this study was to examine the factors that explain variations in the conscious experience of time. The level of difficulty of the task, emotional valence and duration of stimuli were tested in three different experiments with two ranges of durations, one of seconds and the other one of minutes. The results showed that the passage of time was judged faster with durations in the seconds than in the minutes range. However, for all duration values, each change in the features of the task produced changes in the judgment of the passage of time. The subjective feeling of an acceleration of the passage of time, therefore, increased linearly with the increase in the level of difficulty of the task and with the positive valence of the emotional stimuli. It also varied linearly with the length of real time, increasing in the same proportion as the decrease in stimulus duration, regardless of the associated range (seconds or minutes). Our theory is that the judgment of the passage of time might be a generic way of describing the most salient internal or external contextual changes experienced.
MeSH term(s)	Emotions ; Humans ; Judgment ; Time Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-24
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1463034-5
ISSN	1430-2772 ; 0340-0727
ISSN (online)	1430-2772
ISSN	0340-0727
DOI	10.1007/s00426-021-01486-6
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Article ; Online: Experience and memory of time and emotions two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Droit-Volet, Sylvie / Martinelli, Natalia / Dezecache, Guillaume / Belletier, Clément / Gil, Sandrine / Chevalère, Johann / Huguet, Pascal

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 9, Page(s) e0290697

Abstract: In this French longitudinal study, we assessed judgment of the passage of time in current life and the predictors of this judgment 2 years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e., at a time when there was no lockdown and no protective measures. We ...

Abstract	In this French longitudinal study, we assessed judgment of the passage of time in current life and the predictors of this judgment 2 years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e., at a time when there was no lockdown and no protective measures. We then compared these measures with the same participants' passage-of-time judgments assessed during each of the past three French lockdowns. We also assessed their memory representations of the passage of time in the past, i.e., for the various lockdowns. The results showed the persistence of the feeling of time slowing down outside of lockdown. However, this was no longer linked to external factors (lack of activity, disruption of everyday routines) as found in the previous studies conducted during the lockdowns, but to an individual internal factor, namely a high level of depression in the general population. Moreover, the results revealed that the experience of the passage of time for the past lockdowns was compressed in memory, being judged to be faster than it actually was. This time compression tended to be greater in depressed people. It was also associated with a positive bias for all the other examined factors (e.g., sleep quality, life routine, boredom, happiness). We assumed that this time compression would be related to processes involved in the recall of unfolding events, with certain moments being omitted or forgotten during recall, as well as to the process of reconstruction in autobiographical memory. Our study therefore shows the long-lasting effect of lockdowns on mental health of the general population, which was expressed by the persistent feeling of a slowing down of time. It is therefore necessary to take care of this psychologically fragile population and to avoid further lockdowns in response to a new health crisis, that they cannot cope with.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Longitudinal Studies ; Pandemics ; Communicable Disease Control ; Emotions
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0290697
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Embodied time and the out-of-body experience of the self.

Droit-Volet, Sylvie / Monceau, Sophie / Dambrun, Michaël / Martinelli, Natalia

PeerJ

2020 Volume 8, Page(s) e8565

Abstract: Using an out-of-body paradigm, the present study provided further empirical evidence for the theory of embodied time by suggesting that the body-self plays a key role in time judgments. Looking through virtual reality glasses, the participants saw the ... ...

Abstract	Using an out-of-body paradigm, the present study provided further empirical evidence for the theory of embodied time by suggesting that the body-self plays a key role in time judgments. Looking through virtual reality glasses, the participants saw the arm of a mannequin instead of their own arm. They had to judge the duration of the interval between two (perceived) touches applied to the mannequin's body after a series of strokes had been viewed being made to the mannequin and tactile strokes had been administered to the participants themselves. These strokes were administered either synchronously or asynchronously. During the interval, a pleasant (touch with a soft paintbrush) or an unpleasant stimulation (touch with a pointed knife) was applied to the mannequin. The results showed that the participants felt the perceived tactile stimulations in their own bodies more strongly after the synchronous than the asynchronous stroking condition, a finding which is consistent with the out-of-body illusion. In addition, the interval duration was judged longer in the synchronous than in the asynchronous condition. This time distortion increased the greater the individual out-of-body experience was. Our results therefore highlight the importance of the awareness of the body-self in the processing of time, i.e., the significance of embodied time.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.8565
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Article ; Online: Association of Pre-S/S and Polymerase Mutations with Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infections in Patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

de Almeida Ribeiro, Camilla Rodrigues / Martinelli, Katrini Guidolini / da Motta de Mello, Vinícius / Spitz, Natália / Araújo, Oscar Rafael Carmo / Lewis-Ximenez, Lia Laura / Araujo, Natalia Motta / de Paula, Vanessa Salete

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 7

Abstract: Several hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related factors, including the viral load, genotype, and genomic mutations, have been linked to the development of liver diseases. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the influence of HBV genetic variability ... ...

Abstract	Several hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related factors, including the viral load, genotype, and genomic mutations, have been linked to the development of liver diseases. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the influence of HBV genetic variability during acute and chronic infection phases. A real-time nested PCR was used to detect HBV DNA in all samples (acute, n = 22; chronic, n = 49). All samples were sequenced for phylogenetic and mutation analyses. Genotype A, sub-genotype A1, was the most common genotype in the study population. A total of 190 mutations were found in the pre-S/S gene area and the acute profile revealed a greater number of nucleotide mutations (p < 0.05). However, both profiles contained nucleotide mutations linked to immune escape and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinomas (acute, A7T; chronic, A7Q). Furthermore, 17 amino acid substitutions were identified in the viral polymerase region, including the drug resistance mutations lamivudine and entecavir (rtL180M), with statistically significant differences between the mutant and wild type strains. Owing to the natural occurrence of these mutations, it is important to screen for resistance mutations before beginning therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Brazil/epidemiology ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics ; Genotype ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Humans ; Lamivudine/therapeutic use ; Mutation ; Nucleotides ; Phylogeny ; Protein S/genetics
Chemical Substances	DNA, Viral ; Nucleotides ; Protein S ; Lamivudine (2T8Q726O95)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14071375
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Embodied time and the out-of-body experience of the self

Sylvie Droit-Volet / Sophie Monceau / Michaël Dambrun / Natalia Martinelli

PeerJ, Vol 8, p e

2020 Volume 8565

Abstract	Using an out-of-body paradigm, the present study provided further empirical evidence for the theory of embodied time by suggesting that the body-self plays a key role in time judgments. Looking through virtual reality glasses, the participants saw the arm of a mannequin instead of their own arm. They had to judge the duration of the interval between two (perceived) touches applied to the mannequin’s body after a series of strokes had been viewed being made to the mannequin and tactile strokes had been administered to the participants themselves. These strokes were administered either synchronously or asynchronously. During the interval, a pleasant (touch with a soft paintbrush) or an unpleasant stimulation (touch with a pointed knife) was applied to the mannequin. The results showed that the participants felt the perceived tactile stimulations in their own bodies more strongly after the synchronous than the asynchronous stroking condition, a finding which is consistent with the out-of-body illusion. In addition, the interval duration was judged longer in the synchronous than in the asynchronous condition. This time distortion increased the greater the individual out-of-body experience was. Our results therefore highlight the importance of the awareness of the body-self in the processing of time, i.e., the significance of embodied time.
Keywords	Timing ; Time ; Sense of time ; Embodiment ; Out-of-body ; Body ; Medicine ; R ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	PeerJ Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Time and Covid-19 stress in the lockdown situation

Droit-Volet, S. / Gil, Sandrine / Natalia, Martinelli / Al., Et

ISSN: 1932-6203 ; EISSN: 1932-6203 ; PLoS ONE ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02921147 ; PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2020, ⟨10.1371/journal.pone.0236465⟩

Time free,«Dying» of boredom and sadness.

2020

Abstract: International ... ...

Abstract	International audience
Keywords	[SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	HAL CCSD
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Time and Covid-19 stress in the lockdown situation

Droit-Volet, S. / Gil, Sandrine / Natalia, Martinelli / Al., Et

ISSN: 1932-6203 ; EISSN: 1932-6203 ; PLoS ONE ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02921147 ; PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2020, ⟨10.1371/journal.pone.0236465⟩

Time free,«Dying» of boredom and sadness.

2020

Abstract: International ... ...

Abstract	International audience
Keywords	[SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	HAL CCSD
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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