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Article ; Online: Rearing the Cabbage White Butterfly (Pieris rapae) in Controlled Conditions: A Case Study with Heavy Metal Tolerance.

Snell-Rood, Emilie C / Kobiela, Megan E

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

2023 , Issue 198

Abstract: The cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) is an important system for applied pest control research and basic research in behavioral and nutritional ecology. Cabbage whites can be easily reared in controlled conditions on an artificial diet, making them ... ...

Abstract	The cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) is an important system for applied pest control research and basic research in behavioral and nutritional ecology. Cabbage whites can be easily reared in controlled conditions on an artificial diet, making them a model organism of the butterfly world. In this paper, a manipulation of heavy metal exposure is used to illustrate basic methods for rearing this species. The general protocol illustrates how butterflies can be caught in the field, induced to lay eggs in greenhouse cages, and transferred as larvae to artificial diets. The methods show how butterflies can be marked, measured, and studied for a variety of research questions. The representative results give an idea of how artificial diets that vary in components can be used to assess butterfly performance relative to a control diet. More specifically, butterflies were most tolerant to nickel and least tolerant to copper, with a tolerance of zinc somewhere in the middle. Possible explanations for these results are discussed, including nickel hyper-accumulation in some mustard host plants and recent evidence in insects that copper may be more toxic than previously appreciated. Finally, the discussion first reviews variations to the protocol and directions for troubleshooting these methods, before considering how future research might further optimize the artificial diet used in this study. Overall, by providing a detailed video overview of the rearing and measurement of cabbage whites on artificial diets, this protocol provides a resource for using this system across a wide range of studies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Butterflies ; Copper ; Metals, Heavy/toxicity ; Nickel
Chemical Substances	Copper (789U1901C5) ; Metals, Heavy ; Nickel (7OV03QG267)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Video-Audio Media
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X ; 1940-087X
ISSN (online)	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/65383
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Biology for biomimetics I: function as an interdisciplinary bridge in bio-inspired design.

Snell-Rood, Emilie C / Smirnoff, Dimitri

Bioinspiration & biomimetics

2023 Volume 18, Issue 5

Abstract: In bio-inspired design, the concept of 'function' allows engineers and designers to move between biological models and human applications. Abstracting a problem to general functions allows designers to look to traits that perform analogous functions in ... ...

Abstract	In bio-inspired design, the concept of 'function' allows engineers and designers to move between biological models and human applications. Abstracting a problem to general functions allows designers to look to traits that perform analogous functions in biological organisms. However, the idea of function can mean different things across fields, presenting challenges for interdisciplinary research. Here we review core ideas in biology that relate to the concept of 'function,' including adaptation, tradeoffs, and fitness, as a companion to bio-inspired design approaches. We align these ideas with a top-down approach in biomimetics, where engineers or designers start with a problem of interest and look to biology for ideas. We review how one can explore a range of biological analogies for a given function by considering function across different parts of an organism's life, such as acquiring nutrients or avoiding disease. Engineers may also draw inspiration from biological traits or systems that exhibit a particular function, but did not necessarily evolve to do so. Such an evolutionary perspective is important to how biodesigners search biological space for ideas. A consideration of the evolution of trait function can also clarify potential trade-offs and biological models that may be more promising for an application. This core set of concepts from evolutionary and organismal biology can aid engineers and designers in their search for biological inspiration.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Biomimetics ; Models, Biological ; Engineering ; Biology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2235670-8
ISSN	1748-3190 ; 1748-3182
ISSN (online)	1748-3190
ISSN	1748-3182
DOI	10.1088/1748-3190/ace5fb
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Article ; Online: Anthropogenic sodium influences butterfly responses to nitrogen-enriched resources: implications for the nitrogen limitation hypothesis.

Shephard, Alexander M / Knudsen, Kyle / Snell-Rood, Emilie C

Oecologia

2023 Volume 201, Issue 4, Page(s) 941–952

Abstract: Humans are increasing the environmental availability of historically limited nutrients, which may significantly influence organismal performance and behavior. Beneficial or stimulatory responses to increases in nitrogen availability (i.e., nitrogen ... ...

Abstract	Humans are increasing the environmental availability of historically limited nutrients, which may significantly influence organismal performance and behavior. Beneficial or stimulatory responses to increases in nitrogen availability (i.e., nitrogen limitation) are generally observed in plants but less consistently in animals. One possible explanation is that animal responses to nitrogen enrichment depend on how nitrogen intake is balanced with sodium, a micronutrient crucial for animals but not plants. We tested this idea in the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae), a species that frequently inhabits nutrient-enriched plants in agricultural settings and roadside verges. We asked (1) whether anthropogenic increases in sodium influence how nitrogen enrichment affects butterfly performance and (2) whether individuals can adaptively adjust their foraging behavior to such effects. Larval nitrogen enrichment enhanced growth of cabbage white larvae under conditions of low but not high sodium availability. In contrast, larval nitrogen enrichment increased egg production of adult females only when individuals developed with high sodium availability. Ovipositing females preferred nitrogen-enriched leaves regardless of sodium availability, while larvae avoided feeding on nitrogen-enriched leaves elevated in sodium. Our results show that anthropogenic increases in sodium influence whether individuals benefit from and forage on nitrogen-enriched resources. Yet, different nitrogen-to-sodium ratios are required to optimize larval and adult performance. Whether increases in sodium catalyze or inhibit benefits of nitrogen enrichment may depend on how evolved nutrient requirements vary across stages of animal development.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Female ; Butterflies/physiology ; Sodium ; Nitrogen ; Larva ; Plant Leaves ; Plants
Chemical Substances	Sodium (9NEZ333N27) ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-27
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-023-05366-1
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Article ; Online: Developing the genotype-to-phenotype relationship in evolutionary theory: A primer of developmental features.

Snell-Rood, Emilie C / Ehlman, Sean M

Evolution & development

2023 Volume 25, Issue 6, Page(s) 393–409

Abstract: For decades, there have been repeated calls for more integration across evolutionary and developmental biology. However, critiques in the literature and recent funding initiatives suggest this integration remains incomplete. We suggest one way forward is ...

Abstract	For decades, there have been repeated calls for more integration across evolutionary and developmental biology. However, critiques in the literature and recent funding initiatives suggest this integration remains incomplete. We suggest one way forward is to consider how we elaborate the most basic concept of development, the relationship between genotype and phenotype, in traditional models of evolutionary processes. For some questions, when more complex features of development are accounted for, predictions of evolutionary processes shift. We present a primer on concepts of development to clarify confusion in the literature and fuel new questions and approaches. The basic features of development involve expanding a base model of genotype-to-phenotype to include the genome, space, and time. A layer of complexity is added by incorporating developmental systems, including signal-response systems and networks of interactions. The developmental emergence of function, which captures developmental feedbacks and phenotypic performance, offers further model elaborations that explicitly link fitness with developmental systems. Finally, developmental features such as plasticity and developmental niche construction conceptualize the link between a developing phenotype and the external environment, allowing for a fuller inclusion of ecology in evolutionary models. Incorporating aspects of developmental complexity into evolutionary models also accommodates a more pluralistic focus on the causal importance of developmental systems, individual organisms, or agents in generating evolutionary patterns. Thus, by laying out existing concepts of development, and considering how they are used across different fields, we can gain clarity in existing debates around the extended evolutionary synthesis and pursue new directions in evolutionary developmental biology. Finally, we consider how nesting developmental features in traditional models of evolution can highlight areas of evolutionary biology that need more theoretical attention.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Genotype ; Phenotype ; Genome
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2020288-X
ISSN	1525-142X ; 1520-541X
ISSN (online)	1525-142X
ISSN	1520-541X
DOI	10.1111/ede.12434
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Article ; Online: Metabolic stress as a driver of life-history plasticity: flight promotes longevity and antioxidant production in monarch butterflies.

Shephard, Alexander M / Hund, Amanda K / Snell-Rood, Emilie C

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2023 Volume 290, Issue 2008, Page(s) 20231616

Abstract: Life-history theory predicts that increased investment in traits related to reproduction will be associated with a reduced ability to invest in survival or longevity. One mechanistic explanation for this trade-off is that metabolic stress generated from ... ...

Abstract	Life-history theory predicts that increased investment in traits related to reproduction will be associated with a reduced ability to invest in survival or longevity. One mechanistic explanation for this trade-off is that metabolic stress generated from current fitness activities (e.g. reproduction or locomotion) will increase somatic damage, leading to reduced longevity. Yet, there has been limited support for this damage-based hypothesis. A possible explanation is that individuals can respond to increases in metabolic stress by plastically inducing cellular maintenance responses, which may increase, rather than decrease, longevity. We tested this possibility by experimentally manipulating investment in flight activity (a metabolic stressor) in the migratory monarch butterfly (
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Butterflies/physiology ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Longevity/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Stress, Physiological
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2023.1616
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Article ; Online: Information integration.

Snell-Rood, Emilie C

Nature ecology & evolution

2018 Volume 2, Issue 8, Page(s) 1205–1206

MeSH term(s)	Cues
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ISSN	2397-334X
ISSN (online)	2397-334X
DOI	10.1038/s41559-018-0578-3
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Article ; Online: The developmental support hypothesis: adaptive plasticity in neural development in response to cues of social support.

Snell-Rood, Emilie / Snell-Rood, Claire

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2020 Volume 375, Issue 1803, Page(s) 20190491

Abstract: Across mammals, cues of developmental support, such as touching, licking or attentiveness, stimulate neural development, behavioural exploration and even overall body growth. Why should such fitness-related traits be so sensitive to developmental ... ...

Abstract	Across mammals, cues of developmental support, such as touching, licking or attentiveness, stimulate neural development, behavioural exploration and even overall body growth. Why should such fitness-related traits be so sensitive to developmental conditions? Here, we review what we term the 'developmental support hypothesis', a potential adaptive explanation of this plasticity. Neural development can be a costly process, in terms of time, energy and exposure. However, environmental variability may sometimes compromise parental care during this costly developmental period. We propose this environmental variation has led to the evolution of adaptive plasticity of neural and behavioural development in response to cues of developmental support, where neural development is stimulated in conditions that support associated costs. When parental care is compromised, offspring grow less and adopt a more resilient and stress-responsive strategy, improving their chances of survival in difficult conditions, similar to existing ideas on the adaptive value of early-life programming of stress. The developmental support hypothesis suggests new research directions, such as testing the adaptive value of reduced neural growth and metabolism in stressful conditions, and expanding the range of potential cues animals may attend to as indicators of developmental support. Considering evolutionary and ecologically appropriate cues of social support also has implications for promoting healthy neural development in humans. This article is part of the theme issue 'Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals'.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Cues ; Humans ; Maternal Behavior ; Neurogenesis ; Social Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2019.0491
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Article ; Online: Broadening the Taxonomic Breadth of Organisms in the Bio-Inspired Design Process.

Hund, Amanda K / Stretch, Elizabeth / Smirnoff, Dimitri / Roehrig, Gillian H / Snell-Rood, Emilie C

Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 8, Issue 1

Abstract: 1) Generating a range of biological analogies is a key part of the bio-inspired design process. In this research, we drew on the creativity literature to test methods for increasing the diversity of these ideas. We considered the role of the problem ... ...

Abstract	(1) Generating a range of biological analogies is a key part of the bio-inspired design process. In this research, we drew on the creativity literature to test methods for increasing the diversity of these ideas. We considered the role of the problem type, the role of individual expertise (versus learning from others), and the effect of two interventions designed to increase creativity-going outside and exploring different evolutionary and ecological "idea spaces" using online tools. (2) We tested these ideas with problem-based brainstorming assignments from a 180-person online course in animal behavior. (3) Student brainstorming was generally drawn to mammals, and the breadth of ideas was affected more by the assigned problem than by practice over time. Individual biological expertise had a small but significant effect on the taxonomic breadth of ideas, but interactions with team members did not. When students were directed to consider other ecosystems and branches of the tree of life, they increased the taxonomic diversity of biological models. In contrast, going outside resulted in a significant decrease in the diversity of ideas. (4) We offer a range of recommendations to increase the breadth of biological models generated in the bio-inspired design process.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2313-7673
ISSN (online)	2313-7673
DOI	10.3390/biomimetics8010048
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Article ; Online: Anthropogenic Zinc Exposure Increases Mortality and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Monarch Butterflies with Low Access to Dietary Macronutrients.

Shephard, Alexander M / Brown, Noah S / Snell-Rood, Emilie C

Environmental toxicology and chemistry

2022 Volume 41, Issue 5, Page(s) 1286–1296

Abstract: Biologists seek to understand why organisms vary in their abilities to tolerate anthropogenic contaminants, such as heavy metals. However, few studies have considered how tolerance may be affected by condition-moderating factors such as dietary resource ... ...

Abstract	Biologists seek to understand why organisms vary in their abilities to tolerate anthropogenic contaminants, such as heavy metals. However, few studies have considered how tolerance may be affected by condition-moderating factors such as dietary resource availability. For instance, the availability of crucial limiting macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, can vary across space and time either naturally or due to anthropogenic nutrient inputs (e.g., agricultural fertilizers or vehicle emissions). Organisms developing in more macronutrient-rich environments should be of higher overall condition, displaying a greater ability to tolerate metal contaminants. In monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), we factorially manipulated dietary macronutrient availability and exposure to zinc, a common metal contaminant in urban habitats that can be toxic but also has nutritional properties. We tested whether (1) the ability to survive zinc exposure depends on dietary macronutrient availability and (2) whether individuals exposed to elevated zinc levels display higher expression of antioxidant genes, given the roles of antioxidants in combatting metal-induced oxidative stress. Exposure to elevated zinc reduced survival only for monarchs developing on a low-macronutrient diet. However, for monarchs developing on a high-macronutrient diet, elevated zinc exposure tended to increase survival. In addition, monarchs exposed to elevated zinc displayed higher expression of antioxidant genes when developing on the low-macronutrient diet but lower expression when developing on the high-macronutrient diet. Altogether, our study shows that organismal survival and oxidative stress responses to anthropogenic zinc contamination depend on the availability of macronutrient resources in the developmental environment. In addition, our results suggest the hypothesis that whether zinc acts as a toxicant or a nutrient may depend on macronutrient supply. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1286-1296. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antioxidants ; Butterflies/genetics ; Diet ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Nutrients ; Zinc/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	46234-2
ISSN	1552-8618 ; 0730-7268
ISSN (online)	1552-8618
ISSN	0730-7268
DOI	10.1002/etc.5305
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Article ; Online: No Effect of Early Adult Experience on the Development of Individual Specialization in Host-Searching Cabbage White Butterflies

Meredith K. Steck / Emilie C. Snell-Rood

Ecologies, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 11

Abstract: Individuals in a population often use unique subsets of locally available resources, but we do not entirely understand how environmental context shapes the development of these specializations. In this study, we used ovipositing cabbage white butterflies ...

Abstract	Individuals in a population often use unique subsets of locally available resources, but we do not entirely understand how environmental context shapes the development of these specializations. In this study, we used ovipositing cabbage white butterflies ( Pieris rapae ) searching for host plants to test the hypothesis that early experience with an abundant resource can lead to later individual specialization. We first exposed naïve butterflies to one of three environments with different relative abundances of host plants of comparable nutritional quality, cabbage and radish. The next day, we observed butterflies from all treatments searching for hosts in a common environment where cabbage and radish were equally abundant. We predicted that the butterflies would preferentially visit the host plant that had been abundant during their previous experience, but instead found that butterflies from all experience treatments visited cabbage, a likely more visually salient host, more often than radish. In this experiment, behavioral plasticity in current conditions outweighed developmental experience in shaping individual resource use. We argue that these butterflies potentially respond to particularly salient search cues and that the discriminability of a resource may lead to specialization bias independent of early life experiences with abundant resources.
Keywords	plant-insect interactions ; individual specialization ; behavioral plasticity ; learning ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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