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Article ; Online: Oxidative Stress Contributes to Bacterial Airborne Loss of Viability.

Oswin, Henry P / Haddrell, Allen E / Hughes, Cordelia / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Thomas, Richard J / Reid, Jonathan P

2023 , Page(s) e0334722

Abstract: While the airborne decay of bacterial viability has been observed for decades, an understanding of the mechanisms driving the decay has remained elusive. The airborne transport of bacteria is often a key step in their life cycle and as such, ... ...

Abstract	While the airborne decay of bacterial viability has been observed for decades, an understanding of the mechanisms driving the decay has remained elusive. The airborne transport of bacteria is often a key step in their life cycle and as such, characterizing the mechanisms driving the airborne decay of bacteria is an essential step toward a more complete understanding of microbial ecology. Using the Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosols onto a Substrate (CELEBS), it was possible to systematically evaluate the impact of different physicochemical and environmental parameters on the survival of Escherichia coli in airborne droplets of Luria Bertani broth. Rather than osmotic stress driving the viability loss, as was initially considered, oxidative stress was found to play a key role. As the droplets evaporate and equilibrate with the surrounding environment, the surface-to-volume ratio increases, which in turn increased the formation of reactive oxygen species in the droplet. These reactive oxygen species appear to play a key role in driving the airborne loss of viability of E. coli.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.03347-22
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Ambient carbon dioxide concentration correlates with SARS-CoV-2 aerostability and infection risk.

Haddrell, Allen / Oswin, Henry / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Robinson, Joshua F / Cogan, Tristan / Alexander, Robert / Mann, Jamie F S / Hill, Darryl / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Reid, Jonathan P

Nature communications

2024 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 3487

Abstract: An improved understanding of the underlying physicochemical properties of respiratory aerosol that influence viral infectivity may open new avenues to mitigate the transmission of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Previous studies have shown that an ...

Abstract	An improved understanding of the underlying physicochemical properties of respiratory aerosol that influence viral infectivity may open new avenues to mitigate the transmission of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Previous studies have shown that an increase in the pH of respiratory aerosols following generation due to changes in the gas-particle partitioning of pH buffering bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxide is a significant factor in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. We show here that a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 aerostability results from a moderate increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (e.g. 800 ppm), an effect that is more marked than that observed for changes in relative humidity. We model the likelihood of COVID-19 transmission on the ambient concentration of CO
MeSH term(s)	Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; COVID-19/transmission ; COVID-19/virology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Aerosols ; Humidity ; Ventilation ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets/metabolism ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets/virology ; Atmosphere/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J) ; Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-024-47777-5
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Article ; Online: Differences in airborne stability of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is impacted by alkalinity of surrogates of respiratory aerosol.

Haddrell, Allen / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Oswin, Henry / Cogan, Tristan / Bazire, James / Tian, Jianghan / Alexander, Robert / Mann, Jamie F S / Hill, Darryl / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Reid, Jonathan P

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

2023 Volume 20, Issue 203, Page(s) 20230062

Abstract: The mechanistic factors hypothesized to be key drivers for the loss of infectivity of viruses in the aerosol phase often remain speculative. Using a next-generation bioaerosol technology, we report measurements of the aero-stability of several SARS-CoV-2 ...

Abstract	The mechanistic factors hypothesized to be key drivers for the loss of infectivity of viruses in the aerosol phase often remain speculative. Using a next-generation bioaerosol technology, we report measurements of the aero-stability of several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in aerosol droplets of well-defined size and composition at high (90%) and low (40%) relative humidity (RH) upwards of 40 min. When compared with the ancestral virus, the infectivity of the Delta variant displayed different decay profiles. At low RH, a loss of viral infectivity of approximately 55% was observed over the initial 5 s for both variants. Regardless of RH and variant, greater than 95% of the viral infectivity was lost after 40 min of being aerosolized. Aero-stability of the variants correlate with their sensitivities to alkaline pH. Removal of all acidic vapours dramatically increased the rate of infectivity decay, with 90% loss after 2 min, while the addition of nitric acid vapour improved aero-stability. Similar aero-stability in droplets of artificial saliva and growth medium was observed. A model to predict loss of viral infectivity is proposed: at high RH, the high pH of exhaled aerosol drives viral infectivity loss; at low RH, high salt content limits the loss of viral infectivity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2156283-0
ISSN	1742-5662 ; 1742-5689
ISSN (online)	1742-5662
ISSN	1742-5689
DOI	10.1098/rsif.2023.0062
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Article ; Online: Reply to Klein et al.: The importance of aerosol pH for airborne respiratory virus transmission.

Oswin, Henry P / Haddrell, Allen E / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F S / Cogan, Tristan A / Hilditch, Thomas G / Tian, Jianghan / Hardy, Dan / Hill, Darryl J / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Reid, Jonathan P

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2022 Volume 119, Issue 39, Page(s) e2212556119

MeSH term(s)	Air Microbiology ; Cough ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets/virology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/transmission ; Respiratory Tract Infections/virology ; Virus Diseases/transmission
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2212556119
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Article ; Online: Transformative Approach To Investigate the Microphysical Factors Influencing Airborne Transmission of Pathogens.

Otero Fernandez, Mara / Thomas, Richard J / Oswin, Henry / Haddrell, Allen E / Reid, Jonathan P

Applied and environmental microbiology

2020 Volume 86, Issue 23

Abstract: Emerging outbreaks of airborne pathogenic infections worldwide, such as the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, have raised the need to understand parameters affecting the airborne survival of microbes in order ... ...

Abstract	Emerging outbreaks of airborne pathogenic infections worldwide, such as the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, have raised the need to understand parameters affecting the airborne survival of microbes in order to develop measures for effective infection control. We report a novel experimental strategy, TAMBAS (tandem approach for microphysical and biological assessment of airborne microorganism survival), to explore the synergistic interactions between the physicochemical and biological processes that impact airborne microbe survival in aerosol droplets. This innovative approach provides a unique and detailed understanding of the processes taking place from aerosol droplet generation through to equilibration and viability decay in the local environment, elucidating decay mechanisms not previously described. The impact of evaporation kinetics, solute hygroscopicity and concentration, particle morphology, and equilibrium particle size on airborne survival are reported, using
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Air Microbiology ; Betacoronavirus/physiology ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Cough/microbiology ; Crystallization ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/transmission ; Humans ; Infection Control/methods ; Microbial Viability ; Pandemics ; Particle Size ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sneezing/physiology
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	223011-2
ISSN	1098-5336 ; 0099-2240
ISSN (online)	1098-5336
ISSN	0099-2240
DOI	10.1128/AEM.01543-20
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Article ; Online: Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol.

Alexander, Robert W / Tian, Jianghan / Haddrell, Allen E / Oswin, Henry P / Neal, Edward / Hardy, Daniel A / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F S / Cogan, Tristan A / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Hill, Darryl J / Reid, Jonathan P

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 9

Abstract: Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential ...

Abstract	Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19 ; Mice ; Microbial Viability ; Mucins ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Mucins
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14091856
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with changes in aerosol microenvironment.

Oswin, Henry P / Haddrell, Allen E / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F S / Cogan, Tristan A / Hilditch, Thomas G / Tian, Jianghan / Hardy, Daniel A / Hill, Darryl J / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Reid, Jonathan P

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2022 Volume 119, Issue 27, Page(s) e2200109119

Abstract: Understanding the factors that influence the airborne survival of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols is important for identifying routes of transmission and the value of various mitigation strategies ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the factors that influence the airborne survival of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols is important for identifying routes of transmission and the value of various mitigation strategies for preventing transmission. We present measurements of the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol droplets (∼5 to 10 µm equilibrated radius) over timescales spanning 5 s to 20 min using an instrument to probe survival in a small population of droplets (typically 5 to 10) containing ∼1 virus/droplet. Measurements of airborne infectivity change are coupled with a detailed physicochemical analysis of the airborne droplets containing the virus. A decrease in infectivity to ∼10% of the starting value was observable for SARS-CoV-2 over 20 min, with a large proportion of the loss occurring within the first 5 min after aerosolization. The initial rate of infectivity loss was found to correlate with physical transformation of the equilibrating droplet; salts within the droplets crystallize at relative humidities (RHs) below 50%, leading to a near-instant loss of infectivity in 50 to 60% of the virus. However, at 90% RH, the droplet remains homogenous and aqueous, and the viral stability is sustained for the first 2 min, beyond which it decays to only 10% remaining infectious after 10 min. The loss of infectivity at high RH is consistent with an elevation in the pH of the droplets, caused by volatilization of CO
MeSH term(s)	Aerosolized Particles and Droplets/chemistry ; Aerosolized Particles and Droplets/isolation & purification ; COVID-19/transmission ; Humans ; Humidity ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Chemical Substances	Aerosolized Particles and Droplets
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2200109119
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article ; Online: Assessing the airborne survival of bacteria in populations of aerosol droplets with a novel technology.

Fernandez, Mara Otero / Thomas, Richard J / Garton, Natalie J / Hudson, Andrew / Haddrell, Allen / Reid, Jonathan P

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

2019 Volume 16, Issue 150, Page(s) 20180779

Abstract: The airborne transmission of infection relies on the ability of pathogens to survive aerosol transport as they transit between hosts. Understanding the parameters that determine the survival of airborne microorganisms is critical to mitigating the impact ...

Abstract	The airborne transmission of infection relies on the ability of pathogens to survive aerosol transport as they transit between hosts. Understanding the parameters that determine the survival of airborne microorganisms is critical to mitigating the impact of disease outbreaks. Conventional techniques for investigating bioaerosol longevity in vitro have systemic limitations that prevent the accurate representation of conditions that these particles would experience in the natural environment. Here, we report a new approach that enables the robust study of bioaerosol survival as a function of relevant environmental conditions. The methodology uses droplet-on-demand technology for the generation of bioaerosol droplets (1 to greater than 100 per trial) with tailored chemical and biological composition. These arrays of droplets are captured in an electrodynamic trap and levitated within a controlled environmental chamber. Droplets are then deposited on a substrate after a desired levitation period (less than 5 s to greater than 24 h). The response of bacteria to aerosolization can subsequently be determined by counting colony forming units, 24 h after deposition. In a first study, droplets formed from a suspension of Escherichia coli MRE162 cells (10
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Microbial Viability ; Models, Biological
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2156283-0
ISSN	1742-5662 ; 1742-5689
ISSN (online)	1742-5662
ISSN	1742-5689
DOI	10.1098/rsif.2018.0779
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Article ; Online: Transformative Approach to Investigate the Microphysical Factors Influencing the Airborne Transmission of Pathogens

Otero Fernandez, Mara / Thomas, Richard J. / Oswin, Henry / Haddrell, Allen E. / Reid, Jonathan P.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ; ISSN 0099-2240 1098-5336

2020

Abstract: Emerging outbreaks of airborne pathogenic infections worldwide, such as the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, have raised the need to understand parameters affecting the airborne survival of microbes in order to develop measures for effective infection ... ...

Abstract	Emerging outbreaks of airborne pathogenic infections worldwide, such as the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, have raised the need to understand parameters affecting the airborne survival of microbes in order to develop measures for effective infection control. We report a novel experimental strategy, TAMBAS (Tandem Approach for Microphysical and Biological Assessment of Airborne Microorganisms Survival), to explore the synergistic interactions between the physicochemical and biological processes that impact airborne microbe survival in aerosol droplets. This innovative approach provides a unique and detailed understanding of the processes taking place from aerosol droplet generation through to equilibration and viability decay in the local environment, elucidating decay mechanisms not previously described. The impact of evaporation kinetics, solute hygroscopicity and concentration, particle morphology and equilibrium particle size on airborne survival are reported, using Escherichia coli (MRE162) as a benchmark system. For this system, we report that the particle crystallisation does not directly impact microbe longevity, bacteria act as crystallization nuclei during droplet drying and equilibration, and the kinetics of size and compositional change appear to have a larger effect on microbe longevity than equilibrium solute concentration. IMPORTANCE A transformative approach to identify the physicochemical processes that impact the biological decay rates of bacteria in aerosol droplets is described. It is shown that the evaporation process and changes in the phase and morphology of the aerosol particle during evaporation impact microorganism viability. The equilibrium droplet size was found to affect airborne bacterial viability. Furthermore, the presence of Escherichia coli (MRE162) in a droplet does not affect aerosol growth/evaporation, but influences the dynamic behaviour of the aerosol through processing the culture media prior to aerosolization affecting the hygroscopicity of the culture medium; this highlights the importance of the inorganic and organic chemical composition within the aerosolised droplets that impact hygroscopicity. Bacteria act also as a crystallisation nucleus. The novel approach and data has implications for increased mechanistic understanding of aerosol survival and infectivity in bioaerosol studies spanning medical, veterinary, farming, and agricultural fields, including the role of micro-organisms in atmospheric processing and cloud formation.
Keywords	Biotechnology ; Food Science ; Ecology ; Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	American Society for Microbiology
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1128/aem.01543-20
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol

Alexander, Robert W. / Tian, Jianghan / Haddrell, Allen E. / Oswin, Henry P. / Neal, Edward / Hardy, Daniel A. / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F. S. / Cogan, Tristan A. / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D. / Hill, Darryl J. / Reid, Jonathan P.

Viruses. 2022 Aug. 24, v. 14, no. 9

2022

Abstract	Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.
Keywords	Murine hepatitis virus ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; bioaerosols ; droplets ; evaporation ; mucins ; mucus ; particulates ; pathogenicity ; pathogens ; viability
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0824
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14091856
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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