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  1. Article ; Online: Air pollution's role in the promotion of lung cancer.

    Balmain, Allan

    Nature

    2023  Volume 616, Issue 7955, Page(s) 35–36

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Air Pollution ; Lung Neoplasms ; Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
    Chemical Substances Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type News ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/d41586-023-00929-x
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  2. Article ; Online: Peto's paradox revisited: black box vs mechanistic approaches to understanding the roles of mutations and promoting factors in cancer.

    Balmain, Allan

    European journal of epidemiology

    2022  Volume 38, Issue 12, Page(s) 1251–1258

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Models, Biological ; Mutation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-13
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 632614-6
    ISSN 1573-7284 ; 0393-2990
    ISSN (online) 1573-7284
    ISSN 0393-2990
    DOI 10.1007/s10654-022-00933-x
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  3. Article ; Online: Mutations, Bottlenecks, and Clonal Sweeps: How Environmental Carcinogens and Genomic Changes Shape Clonal Evolution during Tumor Progression.

    Reeves, Melissa Q / Balmain, Allan

    Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine

    2024  Volume 14, Issue 3

    Abstract: The transition from a single, initiated cell to a full-blown malignant tumor involves significant genomic evolution. Exposure to carcinogens-whether directly mutagenic or not-can drive progression toward malignancy, as can stochastic acquisition of ... ...

    Abstract The transition from a single, initiated cell to a full-blown malignant tumor involves significant genomic evolution. Exposure to carcinogens-whether directly mutagenic or not-can drive progression toward malignancy, as can stochastic acquisition of cancer-promoting genetic events. Mouse models using both carcinogens and germline genetic manipulations have enabled precise inquiry into the evolutionary dynamics that take place as a tumor progresses from benign to malignant to metastatic stages. Tumor progression is characterized by changes in somatic point mutations and copy-number alterations, even though any single tumor can itself have a high or low burden of genomic alterations. Further, lineage-tracing, single-cell analyses and CRISPR barcoding have revealed the distinct clonal dynamics within benign and malignant tumors. Application of these tools in a range of mouse models can shed unique light on the patterns of clonal evolution that take place in both mouse and human tumors.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Carcinogens, Environmental ; Neoplastic Processes ; Genomics ; Mutation ; Clonal Evolution ; Disease Models, Animal
    Chemical Substances Carcinogens, Environmental
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2157-1422
    ISSN (online) 2157-1422
    DOI 10.1101/cshperspect.a041388
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  4. Article ; Online: The critical roles of somatic mutations and environmental tumor-promoting agents in cancer risk.

    Balmain, Allan

    Nature genetics

    2020  Volume 52, Issue 11, Page(s) 1139–1143

    Abstract: Cancer is driven by genomic mutations in 'cancer driver' genes, which have essential roles in tumor development. These mutations may be caused by exposure to mutagens in the environment or by endogenous DNA-replication errors in tissue stem cells. Recent ...

    Abstract Cancer is driven by genomic mutations in 'cancer driver' genes, which have essential roles in tumor development. These mutations may be caused by exposure to mutagens in the environment or by endogenous DNA-replication errors in tissue stem cells. Recent observations of abundant mutations, including cancer driver mutations, in histologically normal human tissues suggest that mutations alone are not sufficient for tumor development, thus prompting the question of how single mutant cells give rise to neoplasia. In a concept supported by decades-old data from mouse tumor models, non-mutagenic tumor-promoting agents have been posited to activate the proliferation of dormant mutated cells, thus generating actively growing lesions, with the promotion stage as the rate-limiting step in tumor formation. Non-mutagenic promoting agents, either endogenous or environmental, may therefore have a more important role in human cancer etiology than previously thought.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; Humans ; Mice ; Mutagens/toxicity ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Neoplasms/etiology ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Neoplasms, Experimental ; Risk Factors ; Skin Neoplasms/etiology ; Skin Neoplasms/genetics
    Chemical Substances Environmental Pollutants ; Mutagens
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1108734-1
    ISSN 1546-1718 ; 1061-4036
    ISSN (online) 1546-1718
    ISSN 1061-4036
    DOI 10.1038/s41588-020-00727-5
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  5. Article ; Online: Pituitary apoplexy and SARS-CoV-2 infection: we need to look beyond the acute phase.

    Al-Salameh, Abdallah / Balmain, Joe / Desailloud, Rachel

    European journal of endocrinology

    2022  Volume 187, Issue 5, Page(s) L3–L4

    MeSH term(s) Adenoma ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pituitary Apoplexy/diagnosis ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 1183856-5
    ISSN 1479-683X ; 0804-4643
    ISSN (online) 1479-683X
    ISSN 0804-4643
    DOI 10.1530/EJE-22-0736
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  6. Article ; Online: Pediatric patients diagnosed as overweight and obese have an elevated risk of dyspnea.

    Robson, Lydia S / Abulimiti, Abidan / Granados, Jorge Z / Zia, Ayesha N / Balmain, Bryce N / Pawelczyk, James A / Babb, Tony G

    Respiratory physiology & neurobiology

    2024  Volume 323, Page(s) 104230

    Abstract: We investigated whether pediatric patients with overweight and obesity are more likely to have dyspnea compared with those who are non-overweight. We collected de-identified data from TriNetX, a global federated multicenter research database, using both ... ...

    Abstract We investigated whether pediatric patients with overweight and obesity are more likely to have dyspnea compared with those who are non-overweight. We collected de-identified data from TriNetX, a global federated multicenter research database, using both the UT Southwestern Medical Center and multinational Research Networks. Our analysis focused on patients aged 8-12 years. We identified overweight and obesity using ICD-10-CM codes E66 and dyspnea using code R06.0. Patients with overweight and obesity had a significantly higher risk of dyspnea compared with those who were non-overweight. This association was observed in both the UT Southwestern Network (risk ratio: 1.81, p < 0.001) and the Research Network (risk ratio: 2.70, p < 0.001). Furthermore, within the UT Southwestern Network, the risk was found to be higher in females compared with males (risk ratio: 2.17 vs. 1.67). These results have significant clinical implications, suggesting that clinicians should consider overweight and obesity as independent risk factors for dyspnea in pediatric patients after excluding other possible contributing factors.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Female ; Humans ; Child ; Overweight/complications ; Overweight/epidemiology ; Obesity/complications ; Risk Factors ; Dyspnea/diagnosis ; Body Mass Index
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Multicenter Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2077867-3
    ISSN 1878-1519 ; 1569-9048
    ISSN (online) 1878-1519
    ISSN 1569-9048
    DOI 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104230
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  7. Article ; Online: Elevated risk of dyspnea in adults with obesity.

    Goh, Josh T / Balmain, Bryce N / Wilhite, Daniel P / Granados, Jorge / Sandy, Lydia L / Liu, Yu-Lun / Pawelczyk, James A / Babb, Tony G

    Respiratory physiology & neurobiology

    2023  Volume 318, Page(s) 104151

    Abstract: We investigated whether older adults (OA) with obesity are more likely to have dyspnea compared with OA without obesity, and whether OA with obesity are at a greater risk of having dyspnea compared with middle-aged (MA) and younger adults (YA) with ... ...

    Abstract We investigated whether older adults (OA) with obesity are more likely to have dyspnea compared with OA without obesity, and whether OA with obesity are at a greater risk of having dyspnea compared with middle-aged (MA) and younger adults (YA) with obesity. We obtained de-identified data from the TriNetX UT Southwestern Medical Center database. We identified obesity and dyspnea using ICD-10-CM codes E66 and R06.0, respectively. Patients were separated into three age groups: OA, (65-75 y.o.), MA (45-55 y.o.), and YA (25-35 y.o). Within these groups, those with and without obesity or dyspnea were identified for analysis. The risk of dyspnea was greater in OA (risk ratio: 3.64), MA (risk ratio: 3.52), and YA (risk ratio: 2.76) with obesity compared with age-matched patients without obesity (all p < 0.01). The risk of dyspnea was greater in OA and MA with obesity compared with YA with obesity (both p < 0.001 vs. YA). These findings suggest that clinicians should consider obesity as an independent risk factor for dyspnea.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Dyspnea/epidemiology ; Dyspnea/physiopathology ; Obesity/complications ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Aged ; Adult ; Risk Factors ; Age Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-06
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2077867-3
    ISSN 1878-1519 ; 1569-9048
    ISSN (online) 1878-1519
    ISSN 1569-9048
    DOI 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104151
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  8. Article ; Online: A model for RAS mutation patterns in cancers: finding the sweet spot.

    Li, Siqi / Balmain, Allan / Counter, Christopher M

    Nature reviews. Cancer

    2018  Volume 18, Issue 12, Page(s) 767–777

    Abstract: The three RAS genes - HRAS, NRAS and KRAS - are collectively mutated in one-third of human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather distinct patterns to RAS mutations; the isoform mutated as well as the position ... ...

    Abstract The three RAS genes - HRAS, NRAS and KRAS - are collectively mutated in one-third of human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather distinct patterns to RAS mutations; the isoform mutated as well as the position and type of substitution vary between different cancers. As RAS genes are among the earliest, if not the first, genes mutated in a variety of cancers, understanding how these mutation patterns arise could inform on not only how cancer begins but also the factors influencing this event, which has implications for cancer prevention. To this end, we suggest that there is a narrow window or 'sweet spot' by which oncogenic RAS signalling can promote tumour initiation in normal cells. As a consequence, RAS mutation patterns in each normal cell are a product of the specific RAS isoform mutated, as well as the position of the mutation and type of substitution to achieve an ideal level of signalling.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics ; Genes, ras ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; Mutagenesis ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Protein Isoforms/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Chemical Substances KRAS protein, human ; Membrane Proteins ; Protein Isoforms ; GTP Phosphohydrolases (EC 3.6.1.-) ; NRAS protein, human (EC 3.6.1.-) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) (EC 3.6.5.2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2062767-1
    ISSN 1474-1768 ; 1474-175X
    ISSN (online) 1474-1768
    ISSN 1474-175X
    DOI 10.1038/s41568-018-0076-6
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  9. Article ; Online: Pituitary apoplexy in the aftermath of a SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case series from Amiens University Hospital.

    Balmain, Joe / Jarebi, Meshal / Al-Salameh, Abdallah / Toussaint, Patrick / Timmerman, Marine / Chenin, Louis / Constans, Jean-Marc / Desailloud, Rachel

    European journal of endocrinology

    2022  Volume 187, Issue 3, Page(s) K19–K25

    Abstract: Objective: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of pituitary apoplexy (PA) following a SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described in several countries. Here, we describe a case series of PA occurring in the aftermath of a SARS-CoV-2 ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of pituitary apoplexy (PA) following a SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described in several countries. Here, we describe a case series of PA occurring in the aftermath of a SARS-CoV-2 infection to alert physicians about possible neuro-endocrinological damage caused by the virus that can lead to visual sequelae and hypopituitarism.
    Design and methods: We retrospectively identified all the adult patients treated at Amiens University Hospital between March 2020 and May 2021 for PA confirmed by cerebral imaging and following an RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Results: Eight cases (six women, two men) occurred between March 2020 and May 2021 and were reviewed in this study. The mean age at diagnosis was 67.5 ± 9.8 years. Only one patient had a 'known' non-functional pituitary macroadenoma. The most common symptom of PA was a sudden headache. Brain imaging was typical in all cases. Only two patients required decompression surgery, whereas the others were managed conservatively. The clinical outcome was favorable for all patients but without recovery of their pituitary deficiencies. There was no diabetes insipidus.
    Conclusion: This case series, the largest in the literature, reinforces the strength, consistency, and coherence of the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and PA. Our study provides support for the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 may be a new precipitating factor for PA. It is essential that practitioners be alerted about possible pituitary disease due to the virus so that such patients are recognized and appropriately managed, hence improving their prognosis.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; COVID-19/complications ; Female ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Hypopituitarism/complications ; Male ; Pandemics ; Pituitary Apoplexy/diagnosis ; Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1183856-5
    ISSN 1479-683X ; 0804-4643
    ISSN (online) 1479-683X
    ISSN 0804-4643
    DOI 10.1530/EJE-22-0056
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  10. Article ; Online: The Role of Ambulatory Heart Failure Clinics to Avoid Heart Failure Admissions.

    He, Jessica / Balmain, Sean / Kobulnik, Jeremy / Schofield, Anne / Mak, Susanna

    CJC open

    2019  Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–21

    Abstract: Background: There is a complex relationship between heart failure (HF) clinic services and health outcomes. We hypothesized that ambulatory clinic activity may be associated with both hospital admission and also with avoidance of admission.: Methods: ...

    Abstract Background: There is a complex relationship between heart failure (HF) clinic services and health outcomes. We hypothesized that ambulatory clinic activity may be associated with both hospital admission and also with avoidance of admission.
    Methods: A retrospective comparative cohort study was conducted examining activity in an ambulatory HF Clinic. Consecutive clinic visits in 2013 were recorded (n = 1728) and periods of high-intensity utilization (HIU) were identified (n = 128). A HIU period was defined by ≥2 consecutive clinic visits within 30 days, ending after 30 days passed without an additional clinic visit. For each HIU period identified, patient characteristics (n = 107) and all clinic visits (n = 324) were examined. HIU periods were then classified by association with hospital admission (±30 days).
    Results: In 2013, 18.8% of all clinic visits occurred during HIU periods, involving 13.7% of the clinic population. Thirty-eight percent of HIU periods were associated with 62 total hospital admissions (±30 days), of which 58% (n = 36) were for a primary diagnosis of HF. In addition,17 HIU periods met criteria for admission avoided, and 7 HIU periods occurring after hospital discharge also met criteria for admission avoided.
    Conclusions: We identified periods of intensive ambulatory clinic activity dedicated to patients with high burdens of comorbidities and both HF and non-HF-related admissions. These periods were also associated with episodes of successful decongestion with oral diuretics, resulting in avoidance of admission. Identifying HF patients who can be treated successfully or who are likely to require admission may be helpful for allocating clinic resources.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-12-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2589-790X
    ISSN (online) 2589-790X
    DOI 10.1016/j.cjco.2019.11.007
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