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Article ; Online: Association between face mask use and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Cross-sectional study.

Elgersma, Ingeborg Hess / Fretheim, Atle / Elstrøm, Petter / Aavitsland, Preben

2023 Volume 151, Page(s) e194

Abstract: We examined the association between face masks and risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 using cross-sectional data from 3,209 participants in a randomized trial exploring the effectiveness of glasses in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Face mask ... ...

Abstract	We examined the association between face masks and risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 using cross-sectional data from 3,209 participants in a randomized trial exploring the effectiveness of glasses in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Face mask use was based on participants' response to the end-of-follow-up survey. We found that the incidence of self-reported COVID-19 was 33% (aRR 1.33; 95% CI 1.03-1.72) higher in those wearing face masks often or sometimes, and 40% (aRR 1.40; 95% CI 1.08-1.82) higher in those wearing face masks almost always or always, compared to participants who reported wearing face masks never or almost never. We believe the observed increase in the incidence of infection associated with wearing a face mask is likely due to unobservable and hence nonadjustable differences between those wearing and not wearing a mask. Observational studies reporting on the relationship between face mask use and risk of respiratory infections should be interpreted cautiously, and more randomized trials are needed.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Masks ; Respiratory Tract Infections
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632982-2
ISSN	1469-4409 ; 0950-2688
ISSN (online)	1469-4409
ISSN	0950-2688
DOI	10.1017/S0950268823001826
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Article ; Online: GP phone calls to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake among patients at increased risk of severe COVID-19: a randomised trial.

Tuv, Marit / Elgersma, Ingeborg Hess / Furuseth, Ellen / Holst, Christine / Helleve, Arnfinn / Fretheim, Atle

BJGP open

2023 Volume 7, Issue 2

Abstract: Background: English media have reported that many unvaccinated individuals took the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving a phone call from their GP.: Aim: To determine whether phone calls from GPs to unvaccinated patients at increased risk of severe ... ...

Abstract	Background: English media have reported that many unvaccinated individuals took the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving a phone call from their GP. Aim: To determine whether phone calls from GPs to unvaccinated patients at increased risk of severe COVID-19 improves uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Design & setting: Randomised trial where 202 participants were allocated to receive a phone call from their GP, and 452 participants were allocated to not get the call. Twenty-five GPs at 11 medical centres in Norway took part. The post-trial focus group discussion was with five GPs. Method: Participants were sourced from the GP electronic medical record system, which communicates with the Norwegian Immunisation Registry and can generate a list of the GPs' unvaccinated patients at increased risk of severe COVID-19. Results: The GPs managed to speak over the phone with 154 (76%) patients allocated to receiving a phone call. At follow-up (average 7.5 weeks), 8.9% in the intervention group and 5.3% in the control group had been vaccinated (odds ratio [OR] 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90 to 3.28). Findings from the focus group discussion suggested the timing of the intervention as a likely key reason for its limited success. Conclusion: An increase in the proportion of patients who took the COVID-19 vaccine in the intervention group was observed, but the difference was smaller than anticipated, and may be a chance finding. The effect of this type of intervention will likely vary across contexts and may have proved more effective if a larger proportion of the population were unvaccinated.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2398-3795
ISSN (online)	2398-3795
DOI	10.3399/BJGPO.2022.0175
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Article ; Online: Migrant background and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental healthcare consultations among children and adolescents in Norway: a nationwide registry study.

Elgersma, Ingeborg Hess / Hart, Rannveig Kaldager / Straiton, Melanie Lindsay / Hauge, Lars Johan / Reneflot, Anne

BMC health services research

2023 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 718

Abstract: Background: Despite concern about migrant children's mental health and their access to mental healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic, this topic has attracted little research attention. This study aimed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 ... ...

Abstract	Background: Despite concern about migrant children's mental health and their access to mental healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic, this topic has attracted little research attention. This study aimed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use primary and specialist healthcare services for mental health problems among children and adolescents with migrant background. Methods: Using event study models, we investigated the impact of lockdown and subsequent COVID-19 infection control measures on children's health service use for mental health problems according to migrant background. Drawing on reimbursement data from Norwegian public healthcare providers we observe consultations in a pre-pandemic (2017-2019) and pandemic cohort (2019-2021) in primary and specialised care. Results: The pre-pandemic cohort included 77 324 migrants, 78 406 descendants of migrants and 746 917 non-migrants and the pandemic cohort included 76 830 migrants, 88 331 descendants and 732 609 non-migrants (age 6-19). The full cohorts were observed for mental healthcare use in primary care while a subsample (age 6-16) was observed for health care use in specialist care. Lockdown resulted in a dip in consultation volumes for mental disorders for all children, but this dip was relatively larger and more persistent for children with migrant background. After lockdown, consultation volumes rose more for non-migrant children than for children with migrant background. Consultations in primary healthcare peaked during January to April 2021 for non-migrants and descendants of migrants, but not for migrants (4%, 95% CI -4 to 11). In specialist care during the same period, consultations dropped by 11% for migrants (95% CI -21 to -1). By October 2021, all mental health consultations in specialist care were up with 8% for non-migrants (95% CI 0 to 15), and down with -18% for migrants and -2% for descendants (95% CIs -31 to -5 and -14 to 10). Migrant males experienced the largest reduction in consultations. Conclusions: Changes in consultation volumes among children with migrant background after lockdown were not as pronounced as for non-migrants, and at times actually decreased. This suggests that an increase in barriers to care emerged during the pandemic for children with a migrant background.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Child ; Young Adult ; Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; Pandemics ; Norway/epidemiology ; Mental Health Services ; Referral and Consultation ; Registries
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2050434-2
ISSN	1472-6963 ; 1472-6963
ISSN (online)	1472-6963
ISSN	1472-6963
DOI	10.1186/s12913-023-09666-3
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Article ; Online: Increased COVID-19 Testing Rates Following Combined Door-to-Door and Mobile Testing Facility Campaigns in Oslo, Norway, a Difference-in-Difference Analysis.

Vinjerui, Kristin Hestmann / Elgersma, Ingeborg Hess / Fretheim, Atle

International journal of environmental research and public health

2021 Volume 18, Issue 21

Abstract: High testing rates limit COVID-19 transmission. Attempting to increase testing rates, Stovner District in Oslo, Norway, combined door-to-door campaigns with easy access testing facilities. We studied the intervention's impact on COVID-19 testing rates. ... ...

Abstract	High testing rates limit COVID-19 transmission. Attempting to increase testing rates, Stovner District in Oslo, Norway, combined door-to-door campaigns with easy access testing facilities. We studied the intervention's impact on COVID-19 testing rates. The Stovner District administration executed three door-to-door campaigns promoting COVID-19 testing accompanied by drop-in mobile COVID-19 testing facilities in different areas at 2-week intervals. We calculated testing rates pre- and post-campaigns using data from the Norwegian emergency preparedness register for COVID-19 (Beredt C19). We applied a difference-in-difference approach using ordinary least square regression models and robust standard errors to estimate changes in COVID-19 testing rates. Door-to-door visits reached around one of three households. Intervention and comparison areas had identical testing rates before the intervention, and we observed an increase in intervention areas after the campaigns. We estimate a 43% increase in testing rates over the first three days following the door-to-door campaigns (
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; Humans ; Norway ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph182111078
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Article ; Online: GP phone calls to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake among patients at increased risk of severe COVID-19

Marit Tuv / Ingeborg Hess Elgersma / Ellen Furuseth / Christine Holst / Arnfinn Helleve / Atle Fretheim

BJGP Open, Vol 7, Iss

a randomised trial

2023 Volume 2

Abstract: Background: English media have reported that many unvaccinated individuals took the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving a phone call from their GP. Aim: To determine whether phone calls from GPs to unvaccinated patients at increased risk of severe COVID-19 ... ...

Abstract	Background: English media have reported that many unvaccinated individuals took the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving a phone call from their GP. Aim: To determine whether phone calls from GPs to unvaccinated patients at increased risk of severe COVID-19 improves uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Design & setting: Randomised trial where 202 participants were allocated to receive a phone call from their GP, and 452 participants were allocated to not get the call. Twenty-five GPs at 11 medical centres in Norway took part. The post-trial focus group discussion was with five GPs. Method: Participants were sourced from the GP electronic medical record system, which communicates with the Norwegian Immunisation Registry and can generate a list of the GPs’ unvaccinated patients at increased risk of severe COVID-19. Results: The GPs managed to speak over the phone with 154 (76%) patients allocated to receiving a phone call. At follow-up (average 7.5 weeks), 8.9% in the intervention group and 5.3% in the control group had been vaccinated (odds ratio [OR] 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90 to 3.28). Findings from the focus group discussion suggested the timing of the intervention as a likely key reason for its limited success. Conclusion: An increase in the proportion of patients who took the COVID-19 vaccine in the intervention group was observed, but the difference was smaller than anticipated, and may be a chance finding. The effect of this type of intervention will likely vary across contexts and may have proved more effective if a larger proportion of the population were unvaccinated.
Keywords	covid-19 ; general practitioners ; vaccines ; primary healthcare ; general practice ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Royal College of General Practitioners
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Migrant background and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental healthcare consultations among children and adolescents in Norway

Ingeborg Hess Elgersma / Rannveig Kaldager Hart / Melanie Lindsay Straiton / Lars Johan Hauge / Anne Reneflot

BMC Health Services Research, Vol 23, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a nationwide registry study

2023 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract Background Despite concern about migrant children’s mental health and their access to mental healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic, this topic has attracted little research attention. This study aimed to examine the impact of the ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Despite concern about migrant children’s mental health and their access to mental healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic, this topic has attracted little research attention. This study aimed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use primary and specialist healthcare services for mental health problems among children and adolescents with migrant background. Methods Using event study models, we investigated the impact of lockdown and subsequent COVID-19 infection control measures on children’s health service use for mental health problems according to migrant background. Drawing on reimbursement data from Norwegian public healthcare providers we observe consultations in a pre-pandemic (2017–2019) and pandemic cohort (2019–2021) in primary and specialised care. Results The pre-pandemic cohort included 77 324 migrants, 78 406 descendants of migrants and 746 917 non-migrants and the pandemic cohort included 76 830 migrants, 88 331 descendants and 732 609 non-migrants (age 6–19). The full cohorts were observed for mental healthcare use in primary care while a subsample (age 6–16) was observed for health care use in specialist care. Lockdown resulted in a dip in consultation volumes for mental disorders for all children, but this dip was relatively larger and more persistent for children with migrant background. After lockdown, consultation volumes rose more for non-migrant children than for children with migrant background. Consultations in primary healthcare peaked during January to April 2021 for non-migrants and descendants of migrants, but not for migrants (4%, 95% CI -4 to 11). In specialist care during the same period, consultations dropped by 11% for migrants (95% CI -21 to -1). By October 2021, all mental health consultations in specialist care were up with 8% for non-migrants (95% CI 0 to 15), and down with -18% for migrants and -2% for descendants (95% CIs -31 to -5 and -14 to 10). Migrant males experienced the largest reduction in consultations. Conclusions ...
Keywords	Adolescence ; Migrant background ; COVID-19 ; Children ; Healthcare use ; Mental health ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Increased COVID-19 Testing Rates Following Combined Door-to-Door and Mobile Testing Facility Campaigns in Oslo, Norway, a Difference-in-Difference Analysis

Kristin Hestmann Vinjerui / Ingeborg Hess Elgersma / Atle Fretheim

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11078, p

2021 Volume 11078

Abstract	High testing rates limit COVID-19 transmission. Attempting to increase testing rates, Stovner District in Oslo, Norway, combined door-to-door campaigns with easy access testing facilities. We studied the intervention’s impact on COVID-19 testing rates. The Stovner District administration executed three door-to-door campaigns promoting COVID-19 testing accompanied by drop-in mobile COVID-19 testing facilities in different areas at 2-week intervals. We calculated testing rates pre- and post-campaigns using data from the Norwegian emergency preparedness register for COVID-19 (Beredt C19). We applied a difference-in-difference approach using ordinary least square regression models and robust standard errors to estimate changes in COVID-19 testing rates. Door-to-door visits reached around one of three households. Intervention and comparison areas had identical testing rates before the intervention, and we observed an increase in intervention areas after the campaigns. We estimate a 43% increase in testing rates over the first three days following the door-to-door campaigns ( p = 0.28), corresponding to an additional 79 (95% confidence interval, −54 to 175) people tested. Considering the shape of the time series curves and the large effect estimate, we find it highly likely that the campaigns had a substantial positive impact on COVID-19 testing rates, despite a p -value above the conventional levels for statistical significance. The results and the feasibility of the intervention suggest that it may be worth implementing in similar settings.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; humans ; impact evaluation ; non-pharmaceutical interventions ; difference-in-difference ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalisations among immigrants in Norway-significance of occupation, household crowding, education, household income and medical risk: a nationwide register study.

Labberton, Angela S / Godøy, Anna / Elgersma, Ingeborg Hess / Strand, Bjørn Heine / Telle, Kjetil / Arnesen, Trude / Nygård, Karin Maria / Indseth, Thor

Scandinavian journal of public health

2022 Volume 50, Issue 6, Page(s) 772–781

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; Crowding ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Family Characteristics ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Norway/epidemiology ; Occupations ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-14
Publishing country	Sweden
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1475054-5
ISSN	1651-1905 ; 1403-4948
ISSN (online)	1651-1905
ISSN	1403-4948
DOI	10.1177/14034948221075029
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Article ; Online: The Evaluation of a Social Media Campaign to Increase COVID-19 Testing in Migrant Groups: Cluster Randomized Trial.

Elgersma, Ingeborg Hess / Fretheim, Atle / Indseth, Thor / Munch, Anita Thorolvsen / Johannessen, Live Bøe / Hansen, Christine Engh

Journal of medical Internet research

2022 Volume 24, Issue 3, Page(s) e34544

Abstract: Background: A low test positivity rate is key to keeping the COVID-19 pandemic under control. Throughout the pandemic, several migrant groups in Norway have seen higher rates of confirmed COVID-19 and related hospitalizations, while test positivity has ... ...

Abstract	Background: A low test positivity rate is key to keeping the COVID-19 pandemic under control. Throughout the pandemic, several migrant groups in Norway have seen higher rates of confirmed COVID-19 and related hospitalizations, while test positivity has remained high in the same groups. The Norwegian government has used several platforms for communication, and targeted social media advertisements have in particular been an important part of the communication strategy to reach these groups. Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate whether such a targeted Facebook campaign increased the rate of COVID-19 tests performed in certain migrant groups. Methods: We randomly assigned 386 Norwegian municipalities and city districts to intervention or control groups. Individuals born in Eritrea, Iraq, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Somalia, Syria, and Turkey residing in intervention areas were targeted with a social media campaign aiming at increasing the COVID-19 test rate. The campaign message was in a simple language and conveyed in the users' main language or in English. Results: During the 2-week follow-up period, the predicted probability of having a COVID-19 test taken was 4.82% (95% CI 4.47%-5.18%) in the control group, and 5.58% (95% CI 5.20%-5.99%) in the intervention group (P=.004). Conclusions: Our targeted social media intervention led to a modest increase in test rates among certain migrant groups in Norway. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04866589; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04866589.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Testing ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Social Media ; Transients and Migrants
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-24
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2028830-X
ISSN	1438-8871 ; 1439-4456
ISSN (online)	1438-8871
ISSN	1439-4456
DOI	10.2196/34544
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Article ; Online: No evidence for added value of introducing mandatory COVID-19 testing for international travellers entering Norway with a valid EU digital COVID certificate.

Elgersma, Ingeborg Hess / Svarstad, Elise / Kløvstad, Hilde / Nygård, Karin Maria / Kristoffersen, Anja Bråthen

Infectious diseases (London, England)

2022 Volume 54, Issue 12, Page(s) 934–939

Abstract: Background: As a response to the emergence of the new Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant, on December 3, 2021, mandatory testing after entry to Norway was extended to include international travellers with a valid COVID-19 certificate. We aim to validate if ... ...

Abstract	Background: As a response to the emergence of the new Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant, on December 3, 2021, mandatory testing after entry to Norway was extended to include international travellers with a valid COVID-19 certificate. We aim to validate if mandatory testing upon arrival increased the proportion of travellers confirmed with a positive COVID-19 test after entry. Methods: We used individual level data on registered travellers linked with data on COVID-19 testing and confirmed COVID-19 cases. The proportions of confirmed cases among international travellers before and after the requirement were introduced was analysed with an interrupted times series design. Results: The proportion of travellers with an EU COVID-19 certificate tested at an official test station increased from 3% to 43% after mandatory testing was introduced. However, the proportion of all travellers confirmed with COVID-19 rose only marginally with 0.14 percentage point directly after the intervention ( Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the benefit of mandatory testing of all international travellers to Norway was marginal in the period directly after the emergence of the omicron variant. This result must be understood in the context of free of charge testing at official test centres, a government recommendation on a low threshold to test when experiencing symptoms in addition to limited surveillance of the compliance of the test after arrival requirement.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 Testing ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; Norway
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2839775-7
ISSN	2374-4243 ; 2374-4235
ISSN (online)	2374-4243
ISSN	2374-4235
DOI	10.1080/23744235.2022.2131899
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