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Article: Parkinson's disease-associated melanin steal.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Cole, Ted

2014 Volume 10, Page(s) 2331–2337

Abstract: Urinary dopamine fluctuations in the competitive inhibition state were first documented in 2009. At that time, it was noted that progressively higher daily dosing values of L-tyrosine decreased the magnitude of these fluctuations. While extensive ... ...

Abstract	Urinary dopamine fluctuations in the competitive inhibition state were first documented in 2009. At that time, it was noted that progressively higher daily dosing values of L-tyrosine decreased the magnitude of these fluctuations. While extensive statistical analysis has been performed by the authors since 2004, it was not until 2012 that a plausible explanation was formulated. In the process, correlations with L-tyrosine administration and the on/off effect of Parkinson's disease were defined. This paper documents the current knowledge with regard to the management of retrograde phase 1 dopamine fluctuations and investigates the hypothesis that they are caused by a melanin steal phenomenon.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-12-10
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2186503-6
ISSN	1178-2021 ; 1176-6328
ISSN (online)	1178-2021
ISSN	1176-6328
DOI	10.2147/NDT.S74952
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Article: Parkinson's disease: carbidopa, nausea, and dyskinesia.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Cole, Ted

publication RETRACTED

Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications

2014 Volume 6, Page(s) 189–194

Abstract: When l-dopa use began in the early 1960s for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, nausea and reversible dyskinesias were experienced as continuing side effects. Carbidopa or benserazide was added to l-dopa in 1975 solely to control nausea. Subsequent to ...

Abstract	When l-dopa use began in the early 1960s for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, nausea and reversible dyskinesias were experienced as continuing side effects. Carbidopa or benserazide was added to l-dopa in 1975 solely to control nausea. Subsequent to the increasing use of carbidopa has been the recognition of irreversible dyskinesias, which have automatically been attributed to l-dopa. The research into the etiology of these phenomena has identified the causative agent of the irreversible dyskinesias as carbidopa, not l-dopa. The mechanism of action of the carbidopa and benserazide causes irreversible binding and inactivation of vitamin B6 throughout the body. The consequences of this action are enormous, interfering with over 300 enzyme and protein functions. This has the ability to induce previously undocumented profound antihistamine dyskinesias, which have been wrongly attributed to l-dopa and may be perceived as irreversible if proper corrective action is not taken.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-14
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2520726-X
ISSN	1179-1438
ISSN	1179-1438
DOI	10.2147/CPAA.S72234
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Article: The Parkinson's disease death rate: carbidopa and vitamin B6.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Cole, Ted

publication RETRACTED

Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications

2014 Volume 6, Page(s) 161–169

Abstract: The only indication for carbidopa and benserazide is the management of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa)-induced nausea. Both drugs irreversibly bind to and permanently deactivate pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, and PLP- ... ...

Abstract	The only indication for carbidopa and benserazide is the management of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa)-induced nausea. Both drugs irreversibly bind to and permanently deactivate pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, and PLP-dependent enzymes. PLP is required for the function of over 300 enzymes and proteins. Virtually every major system in the body is impacted directly or indirectly by PLP. The administration of carbidopa and benserazide potentially induces a nutritional catastrophe. During the first 15 years of prescribing L-dopa, a decreasing Parkinson's disease death rate was observed. Then, in 1976, 1 year after US Food and Drug Administration approved the original L-dopa/carbidopa combination drug, the Parkinson's disease death rate started increasing. This trend has continued to the present, for 38 years and counting. The previous literature documents this increasing death rate, but no hypothesis has been offered concerning this trend. Carbidopa is postulated to contribute to the increasing Parkinson's disease death rate and to the classification of Parkinson's as a progressive neurodegenerative disease. It may contribute to L-dopa tachyphylaxis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-10-21
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2520726-X
ISSN	1179-1438
ISSN	1179-1438
DOI	10.2147/CPAA.S70707
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Article: Administration of supplemental L-tyrosine with phenelzine: a clinical literature review.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Cole, Ted / Ryan, Patricia

publication RETRACTED

Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications

2014 Volume 6, Page(s) 107–110

Abstract: The subject of this literature review is the alleged relationship between L-tyrosine, phenelzine, and hypertensive crisis. Phenelzine (Nardil(®)) prescribing information notes: "The potentiation of sympathomimetic substances and related compounds by MAO ... ...

Abstract	The subject of this literature review is the alleged relationship between L-tyrosine, phenelzine, and hypertensive crisis. Phenelzine (Nardil(®)) prescribing information notes: "The potentiation of sympathomimetic substances and related compounds by MAO inhibitors may result in hypertensive crises (see WARNINGS). Therefore, patients being treated with NARDIL should not take […] L-tyrosine […]". Interest in the scientific foundation of this claim was generated during routine patient care. A comprehensive literature search of Google Scholar and PubMed revealed no reported cases of hypertensive crisis associated with concomitant administration of L-tyrosine and phenelzine. Review of current US Food and Drug Administration nutritional guidelines relating to ongoing phenelzine studies reveals no mention and requires no consideration of L-tyrosine ingestion in combination with phenelzine. This paper is intended to provide an objective review of the science to then allow the reader to formulate the final opinion.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-22
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2520726-X
ISSN	1179-1438
ISSN	1179-1438
DOI	10.2147/CPAA.S67271
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Article: Management of L-dopa overdose in the competitive inhibition state.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Cole, Ted

publication RETRACTED

Drug, healthcare and patient safety

2014 Volume 6, Page(s) 93–99

Abstract: The amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) is prescribed for conditions where increased central and/or peripheral dopamine synthesis is desired. Its administration can establish dopamine concentrations higher than can be achieved from an ... ...

Abstract	The amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) is prescribed for conditions where increased central and/or peripheral dopamine synthesis is desired. Its administration can establish dopamine concentrations higher than can be achieved from an optimal diet. Specific indications include Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome. The interaction between serotonin and dopamine exists in one of two distinctly different physiologic states: the endogenous state or the competitive inhibition state. Management with L-dopa in the competitive inhibition state is the focus of this paper. In the past, control of the competitive inhibition state was thought to be so difficult and complex that it was described in the literature as functionally "meaningless". When administering L-dopa without simultaneous administration of serotonin precursors, the patient is in the endogenous state. Experience gained with patient outcomes during endogenous L-dopa administration does not allow predictability of L-dopa outcomes in the competitive inhibition state. The endogenous approach typically increases the daily L-dopa dosing value in a linear fashion until symptoms of Parkinson's disease are under control. It is the novel observations made during treatment with the competitive inhibition state approach that L-dopa dosing values above or below the optimal therapeutic range are generally associated with the presence of the exact same Parkinson's disease symptoms with identical intensity. This recognition requires a novel approach to optimization of daily L-dopa dosing values from that used in the endogenous state. This paper outlines that novel approach through utilization of a pill stop. This approach enhances patient safety through its ability to prevent L-dopa overdose, while assisting in the establishment of the optimal therapeutic L-dopa daily dosing value.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-22
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2520700-3
ISSN	1179-1365
ISSN	1179-1365
DOI	10.2147/DHPS.S67328
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Article ; Online: 5-HTP efficacy and contraindications.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Uncini, Thomas

publication RETRACTED

Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment

2012 Volume 8, Page(s) 323–328

Abstract: L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is the immediate precursor of serotonin. It is readily synthesized into serotonin without biochemical feedback. This nutrient has a large and strong following who advocate exaggerated and inaccurate claims relating to its ... ...

Abstract	L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is the immediate precursor of serotonin. It is readily synthesized into serotonin without biochemical feedback. This nutrient has a large and strong following who advocate exaggerated and inaccurate claims relating to its effectiveness in the treatment of depression and a number of other serotonin-related diseases. These assertions are not supported by the science. Under close examination, 5-HTP may be contraindicated for depression in some of the very patients for whom promoters of 5-HTP advocate its use.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-07-19
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2186503-6
ISSN	1178-2021 ; 1176-6328
ISSN (online)	1178-2021
ISSN	1176-6328
DOI	10.2147/NDT.S33259
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Article: Parkinson's disease managing reversible neurodegeneration.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Cole, Ted / McDougall, Beth / Westaway, Mark

publication RETRACTED

Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment

2016 Volume 12, Page(s) 763–775

Abstract: Traditionally, the Parkinson's disease (PD) symptom course has been classified as an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease. This paper documents 29 PD and treatment-induced systemic depletion etiologies which cause and/or exacerbate the ... ...

Abstract	Traditionally, the Parkinson's disease (PD) symptom course has been classified as an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease. This paper documents 29 PD and treatment-induced systemic depletion etiologies which cause and/or exacerbate the seven novel primary relative nutritional deficiencies associated with PD. These reversible relative nutritional deficiencies (RNDs) may facilitate and accelerate irreversible progressive neurodegeneration, while other reversible RNDs may induce previously undocumented reversible pseudo-neurodegeneration that is hiding in plain sight since the symptoms are identical to the symptoms being experienced by the PD patient. Documented herein is a novel nutritional approach for reversible processes management which may slow or halt irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease and correct reversible RNDs whose symptoms are identical to the patient's PD symptoms.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-05
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2186503-6
ISSN	1178-2021 ; 1176-6328
ISSN (online)	1178-2021
ISSN	1176-6328
DOI	10.2147/NDT.S98367
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Article ; Online: Relative nutritional deficiencies associated with centrally acting monoamines.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Uncini, Thomas

publication RETRACTED

International journal of general medicine

2012 Volume 5, Page(s) 413–430

Abstract: Background: Two primary categories of nutritional deficiency exist. An absolute nutritional deficiency occurs when nutrient intake is not sufficient to meet the normal needs of the system, and a relative nutritional deficiency exists when nutrient ... ...

Abstract	Background: Two primary categories of nutritional deficiency exist. An absolute nutritional deficiency occurs when nutrient intake is not sufficient to meet the normal needs of the system, and a relative nutritional deficiency exists when nutrient intake and systemic levels of nutrients are normal, while a change occurs in the system that induces a nutrient intake requirement that cannot be supplied from diet alone. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the primary component of chronic centrally acting monoamine (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) disease is a relative nutritional deficiency induced by postsynaptic neuron damage. Materials and methods: Monoamine transporter optimization results were investigated, reevaluated, and correlated with previous publications by the authors under the relative nutritional deficiency hypothesis. Most of those previous publications did not discuss the concept of a relative nutritional deficiency. It is the purpose of this paper to redefine the etiology expressed in these previous writings into the realm of relative nutritional deficiency, as demonstrated by monoamine transporter optimization. The novel and broad range of amino acid precursor dosing values required to address centrally acting monoamine relative nutritional deficiency properly is also discussed. Results: Four primary etiologies are described for postsynaptic neuron damage leading to a centrally acting monoamine relative nutritional deficiency, all of which require monoamine transporter optimization to define the proper amino acid dosing values of serotonin and dopamine precursors. Conclusion: Humans suffering from chronic centrally acting monoamine-related disease are not suffering from a drug deficiency; they are suffering from a relative nutritional deficiency involving serotonin and dopamine amino acid precursors. Whenever low or inadequate levels of monoamine neurotransmitters exist, a relative nutritional deficiency is present. These precursors must be administered simultaneously under the guidance of monoamine transporter optimization in order to achieve optimal relative nutritional deficiency management. Improper administration of these precursors can exacerbate and/or facilitate new onset of centrally acting monoamine-related relative nutritional deficiencies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-05-08
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2452220-X
ISSN	1178-7074 ; 1178-7074
ISSN (online)	1178-7074
ISSN	1178-7074
DOI	10.2147/IJGM.S31179
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Article ; Online: The discrediting of the monoamine hypothesis.

Hinz, Marty / Stein, Alvin / Uncini, Thomas

publication RETRACTED

International journal of general medicine

2012 Volume 5, Page(s) 135–142

Abstract: Background: The monoamine hypothesis has been recognized for over half a century as a reference point to understanding electrical dysfunction associated with disease states, and/or regulatory dysfunction related to synaptic, centrally acting monoamine ... ...

Abstract	Background: The monoamine hypothesis has been recognized for over half a century as a reference point to understanding electrical dysfunction associated with disease states, and/or regulatory dysfunction related to synaptic, centrally acting monoamine concentrations (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine). Methods: Organic cation transporters (OCT) are a primary force controlling intracellular and extracellular (including synaptic) concentrations of centrally acting monoamines and their amino acid precursors. A new type of research was analyzed in this paper (previously published by the authors) relating to determining the functional status of the nutritionally driven organic cation transporters. It was correlated with the claims of the monoamine hypothesis. Results: Results of laboratory assays from subjects not suffering from a hyperexcreting tumor show that centrally acting monoamine concentrations are indistinguishable in subjects with and without disease symptoms and/or regulatory dysfunction. Analysis of centrally acting monoamine concentrations in the endogenous state reveals a significant difference in day-to-day assays performed on the same subject with and without monoamine-related disease symptoms and/or regulatory dysfunction. The day-to-day difference renders baseline testing in the endogenous state non-reproducible in the same subject. Conclusion: It is asserted that the monoamine hypothesis, which claims that low synaptic levels of monoamines are a primary etiology of disease, is not a valid primary reference point for understanding chronic electrical dysfunction related to the centrally acting monoamines. Furthermore, the "bundle damage theory" is a more accurate primary model for understanding chronic dysfunction. The "bundle damage theory" advocates that synaptic monoamine levels are normal but not adequate in states associated with chronic electrical dysfunction and that levels need to be increased to compensate for the chronic postsynaptic electrical dysfunction due to existing damage. The monoamine hypothesis, in failing to accurately explain the etiology of chronic neuronal electrical flow dysfunction in the endogenous state, is reduced to no more than a historical footnote.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-02-14
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2452220-X
ISSN	1178-7074 ; 1178-7074
ISSN (online)	1178-7074
ISSN	1178-7074
DOI	10.2147/IJGM.S27824
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Article: Microperforation prolotherapy: a novel method for successful nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic spontaneous anterior sternoclavicular subluxation, with an illustrative case.

Stein, Alvin / McAleer, Scott / Hinz, Marty

Open access journal of sports medicine

2011 Volume 2, Page(s) 47–52

Abstract: Background: Surgical repair of an atraumatic spontaneous anterior subluxation of the sternoclavicular joint (herein referred to as the "SCJ") is often associated with poor outcome expectations. With traditional treatment, successful conservative therapy ...

Abstract	Background: Surgical repair of an atraumatic spontaneous anterior subluxation of the sternoclavicular joint (herein referred to as the "SCJ") is often associated with poor outcome expectations. With traditional treatment, successful conservative therapy usually incorporates major lifestyle alterations. This manuscript discusses a novel approach known as "microperforation prolotherapy". To illustrate the technique, the care of a patient who benefitted from this treatment is reviewed. Purpose: To present a novel form of treatment with an illustrative case that demonstrates the potential efficacy of microperforation prolotherapy of the SCJ. Patient and methods: A novel approach to treatment of bilateral subluxation of the sternoclavicular joint with microperforation prolotherapy is discussed. The clinical course of a 21-year-old male with bilateral subluxation of the SCJ, which seriously hampered the patient's athletic and daily living activities, is used as a backdrop to the discussion. Results: Following microperforation prolotherapy, the instability of the SCJ was replaced by full stability, complete range of motion, and the opportunity to engage in all of the athletic endeavors previously pursued. There is no scar or other cosmetic defect resulting from the treatment received. Conclusion: Anterior sternoclavicular joint subluxation has a poor record of complete recovery with surgical procedures or conservative measures with regard to providing restoration of full lifestyle function. This manuscript documents a novel microperforation prolotherapy treatment that induced healing and restored full stability to the ligament structures responsible for the condition in a completely safe and effective fashion, allowing the patient to resume full lifestyle activities without restriction. The exceptional response to treatment noted here is encouragement for further studies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-06-07
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2586658-8
ISSN	1179-1543
ISSN	1179-1543
DOI	10.2147/OAJSM.S20579
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