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Article ; Online: Infection characteristics of Metagonimus species (Digenea: Heterophyidae) metacercariae in fish from major rivers of Korea.

Sohn, Woon-Mok

Parasites, hosts and diseases

2024 Volume 62, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–29

Abstract: This article analyzed the infection characteristics of metacercariae of Metagonimus spp. (MsMc) in fish from 9 major water systems in Korea. A total of 19,568 fish in 87 species were examined over a period of 10 years (2011-2020). MsMc were detected in ... ...

Abstract	This article analyzed the infection characteristics of metacercariae of Metagonimus spp. (MsMc) in fish from 9 major water systems in Korea. A total of 19,568 fish in 87 species were examined over a period of 10 years (2011-2020). MsMc were detected in fish from all 44 survey areas in 9 water systems. Most of the surveyed sites showed very low and low infection levels (66.7%), while 33.3% of the areas, such as Tamjin-gang and Seomjin-gang, revealed moderate and high infection levels. High endemicity depends on the abundance of susceptible fish species, especially sweet smelt (Plecoglosus altivelis). The susceptibility index (SI) with MsMc in index fish, Zacco spp., was very low and low levels in 62.0%, moderate in 28.0%, and high in 10.0% regions. The SI was highest in the following order: Yeongam-cheon (283.8), Hoeng-cheon (192.3), Togyo-jeosuji (131.2), Deokcheon-gang (119.1), and Joyang-gang (106.3). The recent infection status of MsMc in P. altivelis was analyzed by the survey localities. In addition, except for P. altivelis, 9 fish species were highly infected with MsMc in some survey areas, including Zacco platypus, Z. koreanus, Z. temminckii, Opsariichthys uncirostris, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Carassius auratus, Acheilognathus rhombeus, Onchorhynchus masou, and Tribolodon hakonensis. In Korea, 74 fish species (15 families) are collectively listed as second intermediate hosts of Metagonimus spp. This review provides several novel characteristics of MsMc infection and clarifies the fish species of second intermediate host of Metagonimus spp. in this country.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cypriniformes ; Heterophyidae ; Metacercariae ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Trematoda ; Water
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ISSN	2982-6799
ISSN (online)	2982-6799
DOI	10.3347/PHD.23096
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Infection Characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Republic of Korea.

Sohn, Woon-Mok

The Korean journal of parasitology

2022 Volume 60, Issue 2, Page(s) 79–96

Abstract: The infection nature of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) in freshwater fish hosts is closely related to the transmission of human clonorchiasis. This article reviewed the infection characteristics of CsMc in freshwater fish in the Republic of ... ...

Abstract	The infection nature of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) in freshwater fish hosts is closely related to the transmission of human clonorchiasis. This article reviewed the infection characteristics of CsMc in freshwater fish in the Republic of Korea (Korea). The status of CsMc infection was examined in a total of 17,792 cyprinid fish of 49 species in 9 water systems, which included Hantan-/Imjin-gang, Han-gang, Geum-gang, Mangyeong-gang, Yeongsan-gang, Tamjin-gang, Seomjin-gang, Nakdong-gang, and streams in the east coastal areas from 2010 to 2020. The infection status of CsMc was examined according to cyprinid fish species and water systems, after which analyzed by endemicity and susceptibility index. The high endemicity was shown in the cyprinid fish from 3 regions (6.1%) in the upper reaches of Nakdong-gang, such as Banbyeon-cheon (stream), Yongjeon-cheon, and Wi-cheon. The moderate levels were observed in fishes from 8 regions (16.3%), and low endemicity was shown in fishes from 20 regions (40.8%). No CsMc were detected in fish from 18 regions (36.7%). The susceptibility of CsMc in index fish, Puntungia herzi, was found to be a reliable index without examination of other fish species. CsMc infection rates were closely related to subfamily groups in the cyprinid fish hosts in a highly endemic area. In Korea, a total of 58 fish species in 10 families has been listed as the second intermediate hosts for C. sinensis. This review provides several novel features of CsMc infection and clarifies the species of second intermediate freshwater fish host in Korea.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Clonorchiasis/epidemiology ; Clonorchiasis/veterinary ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology ; Fishes ; Humans ; Metacercariae ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Water
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-20
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	286875-1
ISSN	1738-0006 ; 0023-4001
ISSN (online)	1738-0006
ISSN	0023-4001
DOI	10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.79
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Article ; Online: Genome-wide identification of histone lysine methyltransferases and their implications in the epigenetic regulation of eggshell formation-related genes in a trematode parasite Clonorchis sinensis.

Park, Min-Ji / Sohn, Woon-Mok / Bae, Young-An

Parasites, hosts and diseases

2024 Volume 62, Issue 1, Page(s) 98–116

Abstract: Epigenetic writers including DNA and histone lysine methyltransferases (DNMT and HKMT, respectively) play an initiative role in the differentiation and development of eukaryotic organisms through the spatiotemporal regulation of functional gene ... ...

Abstract	Epigenetic writers including DNA and histone lysine methyltransferases (DNMT and HKMT, respectively) play an initiative role in the differentiation and development of eukaryotic organisms through the spatiotemporal regulation of functional gene expressions. However, the epigenetic mechanisms have long been suspected in helminth parasites lacking the major DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a/3b. Very little information on the evolutionary status of the epigenetic tools and their role in regulating chromosomal genes is currently available in the parasitic trematodes. We previously suggested the probable role of a DNMT2-like protein (CsDNMT2) as a genuine epigenetic writer in a trematode parasite Clonorchis sinensis. Here, we analyzed the phylogeny of HKMT subfamily members in the liver fluke and other platyhelminth species. The platyhelminth genomes examined conserved genes for the most of SET domain-containing HKMT and Disruptor of Telomeric Silencing 1 subfamilies, while some genes were expanded specifically in certain platyhelminth genomes. Related to the high gene dosages for HKMT activities covering differential but somewhat overlapping substrate specificities, variously methylated histones were recognized throughout the tissues/organs of C. sinensis adults. The temporal expressions of genes involved in eggshell formation were gradually decreased to their lowest levels proportionally to aging, whereas those of some epigenetic tool genes were re-boosted in the later adult stages of the parasite. Furthermore, these expression levels were significantly affected by treatment with DNMT and HKMT inhibitors. Our data strongly suggest that methylated histones are potent epigenetic markers that modulate the spatiotemporal expressions of C. sinensis genes, especially those involved in sexual reproduction.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Clonorchis sinensis/genetics ; Parasites ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ; Egg Shell ; Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics ; Histones ; Trematoda ; Platyhelminths ; DNA Modification Methylases ; DNA
Chemical Substances	Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.43) ; Histones ; DNA Modification Methylases (EC 2.1.1.-) ; DNA (9007-49-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2982-6799
ISSN (online)	2982-6799
DOI	10.3347/PHD.23116
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Article ; Online: Development of the head collar and collar spines during the larval stages of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae).

Sohn, Woon-Mok / Jung, Won-Jae / Shin, Eun-Hee / Chai, Jong-Yil

Parasites, hosts and diseases

2024 Volume 62, Issue 1, Page(s) 145–150

Abstract: It is uncertain when the head collar and collar spines of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), a zoonotic echinostome species in Far Eastern Asia, develop during its larval stages. In this study, the appearance of the head collar and ... ...

Abstract	It is uncertain when the head collar and collar spines of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), a zoonotic echinostome species in Far Eastern Asia, develop during its larval stages. In this study, the appearance of the head collar and collar spines was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy in cercariae and metacercariae experimentally obtained from freshwater snails (Lymnaea pervia) and tadpoles (Rana nigromaculata), respectively. The cercariae were shed from the snail on day 30 after exposure to laboratory-hatched miracidia. Metacercariae were obtained from the experimental tadpoles at 3, 6, 12, 15, 20, 24, 26, and 30 h after exposure to the cercariae. The head collar was already visible in the cercarial stage, although its degree of development was weak. However, collar spines did not appear in the cercarial stage and even in the early metacercarial stage less than 24 h postinfection in tadpoles. Collar spines became visible in the metacercariae when they grew older than 24 h. It was concluded that the head collar of I. hortensis developed early in the cercarial stage, but the development of collar spines did not occur until the worms became 24-h-old metacercariae in our experimental setting. Counting the number of collar spines was concluded as an unfeasible diagnostic method for I. hortensis cercariae when they are shed from the snail host.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Echinostomatidae ; Larva ; Trematoda ; Cercaria ; Asia, Eastern
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2982-6799
ISSN (online)	2982-6799
DOI	10.3347/PHD.23122
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Current status of

Yoo, Won Gi / Sohn, Woon-Mok / Na, Byoung-Kuk

Parasitology

2022 Volume 149, Issue 10, Page(s) 1296–1305

Abstract: Clonorchis ... ...

Abstract	Clonorchis sinensis
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Clonorchiasis/diagnosis ; Clonorchiasis/epidemiology ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Fishes ; Humans ; Metacercariae ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	207627-5
ISSN	1469-8161 ; 0031-1820
ISSN (online)	1469-8161
ISSN	0031-1820
DOI	10.1017/S0031182022000798
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Article: Omega-Class Glutathione Transferases Protect DNA from Oxidative Stress in Pathogenic Helminth Reproductive Cells.

Kim, Jeong-Geun / Kang, Insug / Ahn, Chun-Seob / Sohn, Woon-Mok / Kong, Yoon

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 12, Issue 3

Abstract: Pathogenic helminths have evolved mechanisms to preserve reproductive function while surviving long-term in the host via robust protective responses. A protective role of antioxidant enzymes in preventing DNA degradation has long been proposed, but ... ...

Abstract	Pathogenic helminths have evolved mechanisms to preserve reproductive function while surviving long-term in the host via robust protective responses. A protective role of antioxidant enzymes in preventing DNA degradation has long been proposed, but little evidence has been provided. Here, we show that omega-class glutathione transferases (GSTOs) are critical for maintaining viability by protecting the reproductive cell DNA of the carcinogenic liver fluke,
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704216-9
ISSN	2076-3921
ISSN	2076-3921
DOI	10.3390/antiox12030560
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Article ; Online: Omega-Class Glutathione Transferases Protect DNA from Oxidative Stress in Pathogenic Helminth Reproductive Cells

Kim, Jeong-Geun / Kang, Insug / Ahn, Chun-Seob / Sohn, Woon-Mok / Kong, Yoon

Antioxidants. 2023 Feb. 23, v. 12, no. 3

2023

Abstract	Pathogenic helminths have evolved mechanisms to preserve reproductive function while surviving long-term in the host via robust protective responses. A protective role of antioxidant enzymes in preventing DNA degradation has long been proposed, but little evidence has been provided. Here, we show that omega-class glutathione transferases (GSTOs) are critical for maintaining viability by protecting the reproductive cell DNA of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. Clonorchis sinensis GSTO (CsGSTO) activities modified by changes in the GSH/GSSG and NADPH/NADP⁺ molar ratios suppressed the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. CsGSTO1 and CsGSTO2 catalyzed deglutathionylation under physiologic and low-stress conditions (GSH/GSSG ratio of 6:1 or higher) but promoted glutathionylation under high-stress conditions (GSH/GSSG ratio of 3:1 or lower). Gliotoxin-induced functional disruption of CsGSTOs in living C. sinensis reduced the GSH/GSSG molar ratio and increased the production of protein glutathionylation (PSSG) under physiologic and low-stress conditions, indicating that suppression of GSTO function did not affect deglutathionylation. However, the perturbation of CsGSTOs decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio but also reduced PSSG production under high oxidative stress, demonstrating that glutathionylation was impeded. In response to oxidative stimuli, C. sinensis decreased GSTO-specific dehydroascorbate reductase and thiol transferase activities and the GSH/GSSG ratio, while it increased the NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio and PSSG. CsGSTOs utilized GSH to regulate GSH/GSSG and NADPH/NADP⁺ recycling and triggered a redox signal leading to nuclear translocation. Nuclear-imported CsGSTOs were modified by glutathionylation to prevent DNA damage. Antibodies specific to CsGSTOs dose-dependently inhibited this process. Disruption of CsGSTOs or the depletion of GSH caused glutathionylation defects, leading to DNA degradation. Our results demonstrate that CsGSTOs and the GSH system play a previously unappreciated role in protecting DNA from oxidative stress.
Keywords	Clonorchis sinensis ; DNA ; DNA damage ; carcinogenicity ; glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) ; glutathione transferase ; liver flukes ; oxidative stress ; protective effect ; reactive oxygen species ; thiols ; viability
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0223
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2704216-9
ISSN	2076-3921
ISSN	2076-3921
DOI	10.3390/antiox12030560
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Soboliphyme baturini (Nematoda: Soboliphymatidae) Recovered from Stomach of Asian Badger, Meles leucurus, in Geochang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea.

Sohn, Woon-Mok / Na, Byoung-Kuk

The Korean journal of parasitology

2019 Volume 57, Issue 5, Page(s) 521–524

Abstract: We are going to describe the female soboliphymid nematodes, which were recovered from the stomach of a Asian badger, Meles leucurus (Mammalia: Mustelidae), in Geochang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. In February 1998, we found 2 peculiar nematodes with a ... ...

Abstract	We are going to describe the female soboliphymid nematodes, which were recovered from the stomach of a Asian badger, Meles leucurus (Mammalia: Mustelidae), in Geochang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. In February 1998, we found 2 peculiar nematodes with a cup-like organ in the anterior end from the stomach of badger. Recovered worms were fixed with 10% formalin, cleared in glycerin-alcohol solution and observed under a light microscope with a micrometer. They were 34.46 (33.43-35.50) mm long by 2.13 mm at maximum width. Cephalic sucker cup-like, 3.34 (3.13-3.55) mm wide, 2.40 (2.25-2.55) mm long, with the oral aperture and meridionally striated on the buccal capsule. Oral aperture 2.38 mm in diameter. Circumoral membrane 0.41 (0.38-0.45) mm wide. Esophagus muscular, 4.81 (4.50-5.00) mm long by 0.80 (0.78-0.83) mm at maximum width. Vulva situated at 3.13 mm ventro-anterior level from the esophago-intestinal junction. Vagina anteriad, 3.38 mm long, making a canal from the uterus to the vulva opening. Uterus single, large. Tail 0.35 (0.33-0.38) mm long. Intrauterine eggs long elliptical, 0.058-0.065 (0.062) mm long and 0.030-0.033 (0.031) mm wide. Based on the some morphological characters and host-specificity, our specimens are nearly identical with S. baturini. Therefore, the present report describes S. baturini for the first time in Korea.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Mustelidae/parasitology ; Nematoda/anatomy & histology ; Nematoda/genetics ; Nematoda/isolation & purification ; Nematode Infections/parasitology ; Nematode Infections/veterinary ; Republic of Korea ; Stomach/parasitology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-31
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	286875-1
ISSN	1738-0006 ; 0023-4001
ISSN (online)	1738-0006
ISSN	0023-4001
DOI	10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.521
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Article ; Online: Infections with Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fishes from Two Visiting Sites of Migratory Birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.

Sohn, Woon-Mok / Na, Byoung-Kuk

The Korean journal of parasitology

2019 Volume 57, Issue 3, Page(s) 273–281

Abstract: The infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae (DTM) was investigated in fishes from 2 representative visiting sites of migratory birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, the Republic of Korea (Korea). A totaly 220 freshwater fishes (7 species) were ... ...

Abstract	The infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae (DTM) was investigated in fishes from 2 representative visiting sites of migratory birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, the Republic of Korea (Korea). A totaly 220 freshwater fishes (7 species) were collected from Junam-jeosuji (reservoir), and 127 fishes (7 species) were also collected from Woopo-neup (swamp) in June and October 2017. As the control group, total 312 fish (22 spp.) from Yangcheon in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do were also collected in June and October 2017. All fishes collected in 3 sites were examined with the artificial digestion method. In the fishes from Junam-jeosuji, more than 4 species, i.e., Clonorchis sinensis, Echinostoma spp., Diplostomum spp. and Cyathocotyle orientalis, of DTM were detected and their endemicy was very low, 0.70. More than 6 species, i.e., C. sinensis, Echinostoma spp., Metorchis orientalis, Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum spp. and C. orientalis, of DTM were found in the fishes from Woopo-neup, and their endemicy was low, 5.16. In the fishes from Yangcheon, more than 8 species, i.e., C. sinensis, Metagonimus spp., Centrocestus armatus, C. complanatum, C. orientalis, M. orientalis, Echinostoma spp., and Diplostomum spp., of DTM were detected, and their endemicity was relatively high, 95.48. The percentages of avian trematode metacercariae (ATM) were 99.6% and 94.7% in fishes from Junam-jeosuji and Woopo-neup whereas it was 74.1% in the control site, Yangcheon. The above findings suggested that migratory birds partly affect in endemicity of DTM in the fish in the 2 visiting sites in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/parasitology ; Birds/parasitology ; Birds/physiology ; Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Fishes/classification ; Fishes/parasitology ; Metacercariae/genetics ; Metacercariae/growth & development ; Metacercariae/isolation & purification ; Metacercariae/physiology ; Republic of Korea ; Trematoda/genetics ; Trematoda/growth & development ; Trematoda/isolation & purification ; Trematoda/physiology ; Trematode Infections/parasitology ; Trematode Infections/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-30
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	286875-1
ISSN	1738-0006 ; 0023-4001
ISSN (online)	1738-0006
ISSN	0023-4001
DOI	10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.273
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Article ; Online: High Prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi Infection in Schoolchildren and Adults, Kandal Province, Cambodia.

Jung, Bong-Kwang / Chang, Taehee / Ryoo, Seungwan / Hong, Sooji / Lee, Jeonggyu / Hong, Sung-Jong / Sohn, Woon-Mok / Khieu, Virak / Huy, Rekol / Chai, Jong-Yil

Emerging infectious diseases

2024 Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 572–576

Abstract: A high prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi infection (13.9%; 260/1,876) was found among schoolchildren and adults in Kandal Province, Cambodia, by fecal examination, worm expulsion, and molecular analysis of cox1 and nd1 genes. The source of infection was ... ...

Abstract	A high prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi infection (13.9%; 260/1,876) was found among schoolchildren and adults in Kandal Province, Cambodia, by fecal examination, worm expulsion, and molecular analysis of cox1 and nd1 genes. The source of infection was consumption of Pila sp. snails, a finding confirmed morphologically and molecularly.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cambodia/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Echinostoma ; Gastropoda ; Serogroup
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid3003.240001
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