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  1. Article ; Online: COVID-19. Biology, pathophysiology, and immunology: a pathologist view.

    Chilosi, Marco / Doglioni, Claudio / Ravaglia, Claudia / Piciucchi, Sara / Dubini, Alessandra / Stefanizzi, Lavinia / Poletti, Venerino

    Pathologica

    2023  Volume 115, Issue 5, Page(s) 248–256

    Abstract: Even if the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been declared over, several risks and clinical problems remain to be faced, including long-COVID sequelae and possible outbreaks of pathogenic variants. Intense research on COVID-19 has provided in these few years a ... ...

    Abstract Even if the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been declared over, several risks and clinical problems remain to be faced, including long-COVID sequelae and possible outbreaks of pathogenic variants. Intense research on COVID-19 has provided in these few years a striking amount of data covering different fields and disciplines, which can help to provide a knowledge shield against new potential infective spreads, and may also potentially be applied to other fields of medicine, including oncology and neurology. Nevertheless, areas of uncertainty still remain regarding the pathogenic mechanisms that subtend the multifaceted manifestations of the disease. To better clarify the pathogenesis of the disease, a systematic multidisciplinary evaluation of the many mechanisms involved in COVID-19 is mandatory, including clinical, physiological, radiological, immunological and pathological studies. In COVID-19 syndrome the pathological studies have been mainly performed on autopsy cases, and only a few studies are available on biopsies. Nevertheless, these studies have provided relevant information that can substantially contribute to decipher the complex scenario characterizing the different forms of COVID-19 and long-COVID-19. In this review the data provided by pathological investigations are recapitulated and discussed, in the light of different hypothesis and data provided by clinical, physiological and immunological data.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Pathologists ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Biology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-08
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 418229-7
    ISSN 1591-951X ; 0031-2983
    ISSN (online) 1591-951X
    ISSN 0031-2983
    DOI 10.32074/1591-951X-954
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Unbalanced IDO1/IDO2 Endothelial Expression and Skewed Keynurenine Pathway in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia.

    Chilosi, Marco / Doglioni, Claudio / Ravaglia, Claudia / Martignoni, Guido / Salvagno, Gian Luca / Pizzolo, Giovanni / Bronte, Vincenzo / Poletti, Venerino

    Biomedicines

    2022  Volume 10, Issue 6

    Abstract: Despite intense investigation, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the newly defined long COVID-19 syndrome are not fully understood. Increasing evidence has been provided of metabolic alterations characterizing this group of disorders, with particular ... ...

    Abstract Despite intense investigation, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the newly defined long COVID-19 syndrome are not fully understood. Increasing evidence has been provided of metabolic alterations characterizing this group of disorders, with particular relevance of an activated tryptophan/kynurenine pathway as described in this review. Recent histological studies have documented that, in COVID-19 patients, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzymes are differentially expressed in the pulmonary blood vessels, i.e., IDO1 prevails in early/mild pneumonia and in lung tissues from patients suffering from long COVID-19, whereas IDO2 is predominant in severe/fatal cases. We hypothesize that IDO1 is necessary for a correct control of the vascular tone of pulmonary vessels, and its deficiency in COVID-19 might be related to the syndrome's evolution toward vascular dysfunction. The complexity of this scenario is discussed in light of possible therapeutic manipulations of the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 syndromes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2720867-9
    ISSN 2227-9059
    ISSN 2227-9059
    DOI 10.3390/biomedicines10061332
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Unbalanced IDO1/IDO2 Endothelial Expression and Skewed Keynurenine Pathway in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia

    Marco Chilosi / Claudio Doglioni / Claudia Ravaglia / Guido Martignoni / Gian Luca Salvagno / Giovanni Pizzolo / Vincenzo Bronte / Venerino Poletti

    Biomedicines, Vol 10, Iss 1332, p

    2022  Volume 1332

    Abstract: Despite intense investigation, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the newly defined long COVID-19 syndrome are not fully understood. Increasing evidence has been provided of metabolic alterations characterizing this group of disorders, with particular ... ...

    Abstract Despite intense investigation, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the newly defined long COVID-19 syndrome are not fully understood. Increasing evidence has been provided of metabolic alterations characterizing this group of disorders, with particular relevance of an activated tryptophan/kynurenine pathway as described in this review. Recent histological studies have documented that, in COVID-19 patients, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzymes are differentially expressed in the pulmonary blood vessels, i.e., IDO1 prevails in early/mild pneumonia and in lung tissues from patients suffering from long COVID-19, whereas IDO2 is predominant in severe/fatal cases. We hypothesize that IDO1 is necessary for a correct control of the vascular tone of pulmonary vessels, and its deficiency in COVID-19 might be related to the syndrome’s evolution toward vascular dysfunction. The complexity of this scenario is discussed in light of possible therapeutic manipulations of the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 syndromes.
    Keywords COVID-19 ; IDO ; post-acute COVID syndrome ; PACS ; SARS-CoV-2 ; tryptophan/kynurenine ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article: Morfologia molecolare e diagnostica istopatologica: prospettive e problemi.

    Chilosi, Marco

    Pathologica

    2003  Volume 95, Issue 6, Page(s) 419–421

    Title translation Molecular morphology and histopathological diagnosis: prospects and problems.
    MeSH term(s) Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis ; Cell Differentiation ; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/trends ; Genomics ; Histological Techniques ; Humans ; Neoplasms/chemistry ; Neoplasms/classification ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Pathology/methods ; Pathology/trends ; Prognosis ; Proteomics
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers, Tumor
    Language Italian
    Publishing date 2003-12
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 418229-7
    ISSN 1591-951X ; 0031-2983
    ISSN (online) 1591-951X
    ISSN 0031-2983
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Clinical, radiological and pathological findings in patients with persistent lung disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

    Ravaglia, Claudia / Doglioni, Claudio / Chilosi, Marco / Piciucchi, Sara / Dubini, Alessandra / Rossi, Giulio / Pedica, Federica / Puglisi, Silvia / Donati, Luca / Tomassetti, Sara / Poletti, Venerino

    The European respiratory journal

    2022  Volume 60, Issue 4

    Abstract: Some patients experience pulmonary sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection, ranging from self-limited abnormalities to major lung diseases. Morphological analysis of lung tissue may help our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and help to provide ... ...

    Abstract Some patients experience pulmonary sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection, ranging from self-limited abnormalities to major lung diseases. Morphological analysis of lung tissue may help our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and help to provide consistent personalised management. The aim of this study was to ascertain morphological and immunomolecular features of lung tissue. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy was carried out in patients with persistent symptoms and computed tomography suggestive of residual lung disease after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. 164 patients were referred for suspected pulmonary sequelae after COVID-19; 10 patients with >5% parenchymal lung disease underwent lung biopsy. The histological pattern of lung disease was not homogeneous and three different case clusters could be identified, which was mirrored by their clinical and radiological features. Cluster 1 ("chronic fibrosing") was characterised by post-infection progression of pre-existing interstitial pneumonias. Cluster 2 ("acute/subacute injury") was characterised by different types and grades of lung injury, ranging from organising pneumonia and fibrosing nonspecific interstitial pneumonia to diffuse alveolar damage. Cluster 3 ("vascular changes") was characterised by diffuse vascular increase, dilatation and distortion (capillaries and venules) within otherwise normal parenchyma. Clusters 2 and 3 had immunophenotypical changes similar to those observed in early/mild COVID-19 pneumonias (abnormal expression of STAT3 in hyperplastic pneumocytes and PD-L1, IDO and STAT3 in endothelial cells). This is the first study correlating histological/immunohistochemical patterns with clinical and radiological pictures of patients with post-COVID lung disease. Different phenotypes with potentially different underlying pathogenic mechanisms have been identified.
    MeSH term(s) B7-H1 Antigen ; COVID-19/complications ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Lung/diagnostic imaging ; Lung/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2
    Chemical Substances B7-H1 Antigen
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639359-7
    ISSN 1399-3003 ; 0903-1936
    ISSN (online) 1399-3003
    ISSN 0903-1936
    DOI 10.1183/13993003.02411-2021
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: The pathogenic role of epithelial and endothelial cells in early-phase COVID-19 pneumonia: victims and partners in crime.

    Chilosi, Marco / Poletti, Venerino / Ravaglia, Claudia / Rossi, Giulio / Dubini, Alessandra / Piciucchi, Sara / Pedica, Federica / Bronte, Vincenzo / Pizzolo, Giovanni / Martignoni, Guido / Doglioni, Claudio

    Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc

    2021  Volume 34, Issue 8, Page(s) 1444–1455

    Abstract: Current understanding of the complex pathogenesis of COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia pathogenesis in the light of biopsies carried out in early/moderate phase and histology data obtained at postmortem analysis is discussed. In autopsies the most observed ...

    Abstract Current understanding of the complex pathogenesis of COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia pathogenesis in the light of biopsies carried out in early/moderate phase and histology data obtained at postmortem analysis is discussed. In autopsies the most observed pattern is diffuse alveolar damage with alveolar-epithelial type-II cell hyperplasia, hyaline membranes, and frequent thromboembolic disease. However, these observations cannot explain some clinical, radiological and physiopathological features observed in SARS-CoV-2 interstitial pneumonia, including the occurrence of vascular enlargement on CT and preserved lung compliance in subjects even presenting with or developing respiratory failure. Histological investigation on early-phase pneumonia on perioperative samples and lung biopsies revealed peculiar morphological and morpho-phenotypical changes including hyper-expression of phosphorylated STAT3 and immune checkpoint molecules (PD-L1 and IDO) in alveolar-epithelial and endothelial cells. These features might explain in part these discrepancies.
    MeSH term(s) B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism ; Biopsy ; COVID-19/metabolism ; COVID-19/mortality ; COVID-19/pathology ; COVID-19/virology ; Cell Communication ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Endothelial Cells/pathology ; Endothelial Cells/virology ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/pathology ; Epithelial Cells/virology ; Humans ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism ; Lung/metabolism ; Lung/pathology ; Lung/virology ; Phosphorylation ; Prognosis ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Chemical Substances B7-H1 Antigen ; CD274 protein, human ; Cytokines ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; STAT3 protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 645073-8
    ISSN 1530-0285 ; 0893-3952
    ISSN (online) 1530-0285
    ISSN 0893-3952
    DOI 10.1038/s41379-021-00808-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Mixed adenocarcinomas of the lung: place in new proposals in classification, mandatory for target therapy.

    Chilosi, Marco / Murer, Bruno

    Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine

    2010  Volume 134, Issue 1, Page(s) 55–65

    Abstract: Context: Lung cancer is one of the most frequent and lethal malignant neoplasms, but knowledge regarding the molecular basis of its pathogenesis is far from complete due to the striking diversity of different forms. The current lung cancer ... ...

    Abstract Context: Lung cancer is one of the most frequent and lethal malignant neoplasms, but knowledge regarding the molecular basis of its pathogenesis is far from complete due to the striking diversity of different forms. The current lung cancer classification (World Health Organization 2004) can efficiently distinguish clinically relevant major subtypes (small cell and non-small cell carcinomas), but its results are partly inadequate when facing prognostic and therapeutic decisions for non-small cell carcinomas, especially for the group of tumors classified as adenocarcinoma. Lung adenocarcinoma comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by diverse morphologic features and molecular pathogenesis. The category of mixed adenocarcinomas includes most adenocarcinomas (approximately 80%) and, according to World Health Organization criteria, is defined by the occurrence of a mixed array of different patterns (acinar, papillary, bronchioloalveolar, solid with mucin). The histologic recognition of mixed adenocarcinoma is subjective and cannot consistently discriminate between responders and nonresponders to new targeted therapies (eg, tyrosine kinase inhibitors). Diagnostic problems are mainly related to the poor reproducibility of histologic criteria, especially when applied in small biopsies and cytology, and to the difficulty in assigning each form to a precisely defined entity, as needed by updated therapeutic approaches. In this evolving scenario, pathologists face new challenging diagnostic roles that include not only the precise morphologic definition of carcinoma subtypes but also their molecular characterization.
    Objective: To use a comprehensive critical analysis reconciling the overwhelming variety of biologic, morphologic, molecular, and clinical data to define new classification schemes for lung adenocarcinoma.
    Data sources: Scientific literature and personal data were used.
    Conclusions: A new classification approach should redefine lung adenocarcinoma heterogeneity reconciling classic morphology, immunophenotypic and molecular features of neoplastic cells, and also relevant information provided by stem cell biology. This approach, which has been already successfully applied in World Health Organization classification of other tumors, could improve the recognition of new reproducible profiles for adenocarcinomas, more closely and reproducibly related to clinical features and response to specific therapies, limiting the use of "wastebasket" categories such as mixed adenocarcinoma.
    MeSH term(s) Adenocarcinoma/classification ; Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy ; Adenocarcinoma/pathology ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; Cell Differentiation ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/classification ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Stem Cells/pathology ; World Health Organization
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers, Tumor
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-01-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 194119-7
    ISSN 1543-2165 ; 0363-0153 ; 0096-8528 ; 0003-9985
    ISSN (online) 1543-2165
    ISSN 0363-0153 ; 0096-8528 ; 0003-9985
    DOI 10.1043/1543-2165-134.1.55
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization on paraffin embedded tissue.

    Ricciardi, Mario / Krampera, Mauro / Chilosi, Marco

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2013  Volume 976, Page(s) 167–173

    Abstract: Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) is a complex technique for the quantitative evaluation of telomere length on cell preparations or on human tissues. The samples are stained with a fluorescent peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe ... ...

    Abstract Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) is a complex technique for the quantitative evaluation of telomere length on cell preparations or on human tissues. The samples are stained with a fluorescent peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe against the telomere oligonucleotides (sequence 5'-TTAGGG-3'). The measure of the telomere length is carried out using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a sensitive CCD camera and analyzing the pictures with a computer software that can perform fluorescence intensity measurements. Here, we describe the most used protocols to stain, acquire, and analyze fixed human cells in order to evaluate their telomere length.
    MeSH term(s) Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; Paraffin Embedding/methods ; Peptide Nucleic Acids/analysis ; Telomere/genetics
    Chemical Substances Peptide Nucleic Acids
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-317-6_13
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Premature lung aging and cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COPD/emphysema.

    Chilosi, Marco / Carloni, Angelo / Rossi, Andrea / Poletti, Venerino

    Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine

    2013  Volume 162, Issue 3, Page(s) 156–173

    Abstract: Different anatomic and physiological changes occur in the lung of aging people that can affect pulmonary functions, and different pulmonary diseases, including deadly diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema and idiopathic ... ...

    Abstract Different anatomic and physiological changes occur in the lung of aging people that can affect pulmonary functions, and different pulmonary diseases, including deadly diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), can be related to an acceleration of the aging process. The individual genetic background, as well as exposure to a variety of toxic substances (cigarette smoke in primis) can contribute significantly to accelerating pulmonary senescence. Premature aging can impair lung function by different ways: by interfering specifically with tissue repair mechanisms after damage, thus perturbing the correct crosstalk between mesenchymal and epithelial components; by inducing systemic and/or local alteration of the immune system, thus impairing the complex mechanisms of lung defense against infections; and by stimulating a local and/or systemic inflammatory condition (inflammaging). According to recently proposed pathogenic models in COPD and IPF, premature cellular senescence likely affects distinct progenitors cells (mesenchymal stem cells in COPD, alveolar epithelial precursors in IPF), leading to stem cell exhaustion. In this review, the large amount of data supporting this pathogenic view are discussed, with emphasis on the possible molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to the severe parenchymal remodeling that characterizes, in different ways, these deadly diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Cellular Senescence ; Emphysema/pathology ; Humans ; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology ; Lung/pathology ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology ; Stress, Physiological
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2246684-8
    ISSN 1878-1810 ; 1532-6543 ; 1931-5244
    ISSN (online) 1878-1810 ; 1532-6543
    ISSN 1931-5244
    DOI 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.06.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Lack of expression of TUBB3 characterizes both BCL2-positive and BCL2-negative follicular lymphoma.

    Zamò, Alberto / Erdini, Francesco / Malerba, Giovanni / Chilosi, Marco

    Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc

    2013  Volume 27, Issue 6, Page(s) 808–813

    Abstract: Follicular lymphoma is characterized by aberrant BCL2 expression, a feature that is exploited for diagnostic purposes. However, a certain percentage of follicular lymphomas might be BCL2-negative by immunohistochemistry, increasing the difficulties in ... ...

    Abstract Follicular lymphoma is characterized by aberrant BCL2 expression, a feature that is exploited for diagnostic purposes. However, a certain percentage of follicular lymphomas might be BCL2-negative by immunohistochemistry, increasing the difficulties in differentiating them from follicular hyperplasia. The expression of TUBB3 has been recently reported as negative in a small series of follicular lymphomas. We have therefore tested a larger series, including 61 BCL2-positive and 25 BCL2-negative cases, and compared them with 61 reactive lymphoid tissues. First, a subjective score of TUBB3 staining was applied, showing that it was consistently positive in reactive germinal centers, while most follicular lymphomas were negative; in fact, only 10/61 (16%) BCL2-positive and 1/25 (4%) BCL2-negative cases showed a positive staining for TUBB3, while 58/61 (95%) of tissues with follicular hyperplasia were positive. The application of a standardized scoring system to a large number of follicles, based on virtual slides, demonstrated that reactive lymphoid tissues had a significantly higher number of TUBB3-positive follicles both compared with BCL2-positive cases and to BCL2-negative cases. Our data support the use of TUBB3 staining in differentiating follicular lymphoma, including BCL2-negative cases, from follicular hyperplasia.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Germinal Center/pathology ; Humans ; Hyperplasia/diagnosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphoma, Follicular/diagnosis ; Lymphoma, Follicular/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tubulin/biosynthesis
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers, Tumor ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; TUBB3 protein, human ; Tubulin
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-11-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 645073-8
    ISSN 1530-0285 ; 0893-3952
    ISSN (online) 1530-0285
    ISSN 0893-3952
    DOI 10.1038/modpathol.2013.182
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