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Article ; Online: The experience of felt presence in a general population sample.

Brederoo, Sanne G / Alderson-Day, Ben / de Boer, Janna N / Linszen, Mascha M J / Sommer, Iris E C

The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science

2024 Volume 224, Issue 4, Page(s) 119–121

Abstract: Felt presence is a widely occurring experience, but remains under-recognised in clinical and research practice. To contribute to a wider recognition of the phenomenon, we aimed to assess the presentation of felt presence in a large population sample ( ...

Abstract	Felt presence is a widely occurring experience, but remains under-recognised in clinical and research practice. To contribute to a wider recognition of the phenomenon, we aimed to assess the presentation of felt presence in a large population sample (
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Emotions ; Hallucinations/epidemiology ; Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218103-4
ISSN	1472-1465 ; 0007-1250
ISSN (online)	1472-1465
ISSN	0007-1250
DOI	10.1192/bjp.2024.7
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Article ; Online: Recreational Drug Use and Distress From Hallucinations in the General Dutch Population.

van der Weijden-Germann, Monique / Brederoo, Sanne G / Linszen, Mascha M J / Sommer, Iris E C

Schizophrenia bulletin

2023 Volume 49, Issue 12 Suppl 2, Page(s) S41–S47

Abstract: Background and hypothesis: Distress associated with auditory (AH) and visual (VH) hallucinations in the general population was found to be predictive of later need for mental healthcare. It is, therefore, important to understand factors relating to the ... ...

Abstract	Background and hypothesis: Distress associated with auditory (AH) and visual (VH) hallucinations in the general population was found to be predictive of later need for mental healthcare. It is, therefore, important to understand factors relating to the distress individuals experience from their hallucinations. Hallucinations can easily occur under substance-induced states, but recreational drug use is also known as a self-medication strategy. The current study, therefore, investigated whether recreational drug use by individuals from the general population is associated with the degree of distress experienced from AH and/or VH. Study design: Drug use and distress severity associated with AH (N = 3.041) and/or VH (N = 2.218) were assessed by means of an online survey in the general Dutch population (>14 years of age). Study results: Multiple linear regression revealed that while past month consumption of alcohol was associated with less AH- and VH-related distress, past month cannabis use was associated with more AH- and VH-related distress. Furthermore, past month use of nitrous oxide was associated with more severe VH-related distress. Conclusion: Recreational use of alcohol, cannabis, and nitrous oxide may play important differential roles in the degree of distress associated with AH and VH in individuals from the general population. The consumption of these substances could form a potential risk factor for the development of distressing hallucinations or function as a signal marker for their occurrence. Due to the cross-sectional design of the current study, the causal relation between recreational drug use and distressing hallucinations remains to be elucidated.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Recreational Drug Use ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Nitrous Oxide ; Hallucinations
Chemical Substances	Nitrous Oxide (K50XQU1029)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	439173-1
ISSN	1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
ISSN (online)	1745-1701
ISSN	0586-7614
DOI	10.1093/schbul/sbac190
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Article ; Online: Social Deafferentation and the Relation Between Loneliness and Hallucinations.

Brederoo, Sanne G / de Boer, Janna N / Linszen, Mascha M J / Blom, Renske E / Begemann, Marieke J H / Sommer, Iris E C

Schizophrenia bulletin

2023 Volume 49, Issue 12 Suppl 2, Page(s) S25–S32

Abstract: Background and hypothesis: The social deafferentation hypothesis (SDA) has been proposed as an explanatory mechanism of hallucinations, based on the theory that social withdrawal triggers the initial phase of schizophrenia. The current study tests the ... ...

Abstract	Background and hypothesis: The social deafferentation hypothesis (SDA) has been proposed as an explanatory mechanism of hallucinations, based on the theory that social withdrawal triggers the initial phase of schizophrenia. The current study tests the SDA by assessing how loneliness is associated with different types of hallucinations. Under the SDA, increased loneliness is hypothesized to affect the occurrence of hallucinations that carry social meaning, but not of nonsocial hallucinations. Study design: As part of an online survey, 2038 adolescents and young adults from the general population (median age 21 years; 75% female) filled out the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences, and the shortened De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Binomial logistic regression was used to investigate the effects of loneliness severity on past month prevalence of hallucinations, and on the presence of social versus nonsocial hallucinations. Study results: Loneliness increased the prevalence of hallucinations across modalities in the past month. Moreover, stronger degree of loneliness increased the likelihood of hearing voices or laughter, and of hallucinating being touched. Conversely, loneliness decreased the likelihood of experiencing the nonsocial hallucination of a tingling feeling. As expected, loneliness did not increase the prevalence of experiencing nonsocial hallucinations. Surprisingly, neither was loneliness associated with experiencing felt presence. Conclusions: Our results are novel in showing that loneliness specifically increases the likelihood of hearing human sounds such as voices or laughter, or feeling a human touch. Hallucinations without social meaning were not more likely to be experienced with increasing loneliness. This forms a confirmation of the SDA.
MeSH term(s)	Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Male ; Loneliness ; Hallucinations/epidemiology ; Emotions ; Schizophrenia ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	439173-1
ISSN	1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
ISSN (online)	1745-1701
ISSN	0586-7614
DOI	10.1093/schbul/sbac064
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Article: Musical hallucinations, secondary delusions, and lack of insight: results from a cohort study.

Buijk, Milou A / Lauw, René F / Coebergh, Jan Adriaan F / Bouachmir, Ouarda / Linszen, Mascha M J / Blom, Jan Dirk

Frontiers in psychiatry

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1253625

Abstract: Introduction: Although musical hallucinations do not tend to be accompanied by delusions, occasionally patients persistently accuse others of being responsible for causing the music they perceive, sometimes with severe social consequences such as ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Although musical hallucinations do not tend to be accompanied by delusions, occasionally patients persistently accuse others of being responsible for causing the music they perceive, sometimes with severe social consequences such as frequently calling the police or moving house. In this study we seek to broaden our understanding of this rare type of musical hallucination that comes with secondary delusions and lack of insight, and to explore associations, underlying mechanisms, and treatment possibilities. Methods: The present study is part of a cohort study on musical hallucinations carried out in the Netherlands from 2010 through 2023. Participants underwent testing with the aid of the Results: Five patients out of a group of Conclusion: The pathophysiological process underlying musical hallucinations is multifactorial in nature. We consider cognitive impairment the most likely contributing factor of the secondary delusions and lack of insight encountered in our patients, and antipsychotics the most beneficial treatment. On the basis of these small numbers, no definite conclusions can be drawn, so further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to develop evidence-based treatment methods for people experiencing this rare and debilitating combination of symptoms. Since the black box warning of risperidone cautions against the use of this drug in elderly persons with dementia, a proper comparison with the efficacy and safety of other antipsychotics for this group is paramount.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1253625
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Article ; Online: Hallucinations in Hearing Impairment: How Informed Are Clinicians?

Marschall, Theresa M / van Dijk, Pim / Kluk, Karolina / Koops, Sanne / Linszen, Mascha M J / Griffiths, Timothy D / Toh, Wei Lin / Malicka, Alicja N / Kovačić, Damir / Mulert, Christoph / Sommer, Iris E C / Ćurčić-Blake, Branislava

Schizophrenia bulletin

2023 Volume 49, Issue 12 Suppl 2, Page(s) S33–S40

Abstract: Background and hypothesis: Patients with hearing impairment (HI) may experience hearing sounds without external sources, ranging from random meaningless noises (tinnitus) to music and other auditory hallucinations (AHs) with meaningful qualities. To ... ...

Abstract	Background and hypothesis: Patients with hearing impairment (HI) may experience hearing sounds without external sources, ranging from random meaningless noises (tinnitus) to music and other auditory hallucinations (AHs) with meaningful qualities. To ensure appropriate assessment and management, clinicians need to be aware of these phenomena. However, sensory impairment studies have shown that such clinical awareness is low. Study design: An online survey was conducted investigating awareness of AHs among clinicians and their opinions about these hallucinations. Study results: In total, 125 clinicians (68.8% audiologists; 18.4% Ear-Nose-Throat [ENT] specialists) across 10 countries participated in the survey. The majority (96.8%) was at least slightly aware of AHs in HI. About 69.6% of participants reported encountering patients with AHs less than once every 6 months in their clinic. Awareness was significantly associated with clinicians' belief that patients feel anxious about their hallucinations (β = .018, t(118) = 2.47, P < .01), their belief that clinicians should be more aware of these hallucinations (β =.018, t(118) = 2.60, P < .01), and with confidence of clinicians in their skills to assess them (β = .017, t(118) = 2.63, P < .01). Clinicians felt underequipped to treat AHs (Median = 31; U = 1838; PFDRadj < .01). Conclusions: Awareness of AHs among the surveyed clinicians was high. Yet, the low frequency of encounters with hallucinating patients and their belief in music as the most commonly perceived sound suggest unreported cases. Clinicians in this study expressed a lack of confidence regarding the assessment and treatment of AHs and welcome more information.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Hallucinations ; Emotions ; Hearing Loss ; Anxiety ; Disabled Persons
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	439173-1
ISSN	1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
ISSN (online)	1745-1701
ISSN	0586-7614
DOI	10.1093/schbul/sbac034
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Article ; Online: Spontaneous brain activity underlying auditory hallucinations in the hearing-impaired.

Marschall, Theresa M / Ćurčić-Blake, Branislava / Brederoo, Sanne G / Renken, Remco J / Linszen, Mascha M J / Koops, Sanne / Sommer, Iris E C

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior

2021 Volume 136, Page(s) 1–13

Abstract: Auditory hallucinations, the perception of a sound without a corresponding source, are common in people with hearing impairment. Two forms can be distinguished: simple (i.e., tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). Little is known about ... ...

Abstract	Auditory hallucinations, the perception of a sound without a corresponding source, are common in people with hearing impairment. Two forms can be distinguished: simple (i.e., tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). Little is known about the precise mechanisms underlying these types of hallucinations. Here we tested the assumption that spontaneous activity in the auditory pathways, following deafferentation, underlies these hallucinations and is related to their phenomenology. By extracting (fractional) Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuation [(f)ALFF] scores from resting state fMRI of 18 hearing impaired patients with complex hallucinations (voices or music), 18 hearing impaired patients with simple hallucinations (tinnitus or murmuring), and 20 controls with normal hearing, we investigated differences in spontaneous brain activity between these groups. Spontaneous activity in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex of hearing-impaired groups was significantly higher than in the controls. The group with complex hallucinations showed elevated activity in the bilateral temporal cortex including Wernicke's area, while spontaneous activity of the group with simple hallucinations was mainly located in the cerebellum. These results suggest a decrease in error monitoring in both hearing-impaired groups. Spontaneous activity of language-related areas only in complex hallucinations suggests that the manifestation of the spontaneous activity represents the phenomenology of the hallucination. The link between cerebellar activity and simple hallucinations, such as tinnitus, is new and may have consequences for treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Auditory Cortex ; Auditory Perception ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Hallucinations ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Tinnitus
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-05
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280622-8
ISSN	1973-8102 ; 0010-9452
ISSN (online)	1973-8102
ISSN	0010-9452
DOI	10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.005
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Article ; Online: Fragmented sleep relates to hallucinations across perceptual modalities in the general population.

Brederoo, Sanne G / de Boer, Janna N / de Vries, Jacqueline / Linszen, Mascha M J / Sommer, Iris E C

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 7735

Abstract: Although previous studies reported a link between sleep problems and the occurrence of hallucinations, more detailed information is needed to translate this association into clinical practice. This study investigates sleep quality and its relation to ... ...

Abstract	Although previous studies reported a link between sleep problems and the occurrence of hallucinations, more detailed information is needed to translate this association into clinical practice. This study investigates sleep quality and its relation to prevalence, type, content, and phenomenology of hallucinations, using an online survey in a large population sample (n = 10,299). Based on community-based cluster analysis, four groups could be distinguished that differed in terms of sleep quality. Our results confirm previous studies in showing that poor sleep is associated with the occurrence of hallucinations, and extend previous results on a number of aspects. First, we show that particularly fragmented sleep relates to the occurrence of hallucinations. Second, we show that this is the case for hallucinations across the auditory, visual, olfactory, and tactile domains. Third, our results show that fragmented sleep not only relates to the occurrence, but also to the content, frequency, duration, and associated distress of hallucinations. Finally, compared to poor sleep, good sleep quality is associated with hallucinations that are less negative and disruptive. We conclude that sleep hygiene measures could have a large positive impact on individuals whose fragmented sleep underlies the occurrence of bothersome hallucinations.
MeSH term(s)	Cluster Analysis ; Female ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Male ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-87318-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Occurrence and phenomenology of hallucinations in the general population: A large online survey.

Linszen, Mascha M J / de Boer, Janna N / Schutte, Maya J L / Begemann, Marieke J H / de Vries, Jacqueline / Koops, Sanne / Blom, Renske E / Bohlken, Marc M / Heringa, Sophie M / Blom, Jan Dirk / Sommer, Iris E C

Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany)

2022 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 41

Abstract: Although epidemiological studies report that hallucinations occur in 6-15% of the general population, little is known about their phenomenology. To overcome this paucity, this study investigates the phenomenological characteristics of hallucinations in ... ...

Abstract	Although epidemiological studies report that hallucinations occur in 6-15% of the general population, little is known about their phenomenology. To overcome this paucity, this study investigates the phenomenological characteristics of hallucinations in the general population, by using a nationally promoted online survey to assess hallucination phenomenology in four sensory modalities, through a self-report version of the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences (QPE), in 10,448 participants (aged 14-88 years). The phenomenology of hallucinations was assessed if hallucinations reportedly occurred in the past month. In the past month, auditory hallucinations were reported most frequently (29.5%), followed by visual (21.5%), tactile (19.9%), and olfactory hallucinations (17.3%); hallucinations in two or more modalities were reported by 47.6%. Substantial numbers of participants rated their hallucinations as severe, due to negative content (16.0-31.6%), previous bothersome experiences (14.8-20.2%), ensuing distress (10.5-16.8%), and/or ensuing disfunctioning (12.7-17.3%). Decreased insight was found in 10.2-11.4%. Hypnagogia was reported by 9.0-10.6%, and bereavement hallucinations by 2.8%. Despite a low prevalence of delusions (7.0%), these phenomena were significantly associated with recent hallucinations, observed in up to 13.4% of the participants with hallucinations during the past week (p < 0.001). Our results indicate a wide variety of the phenomenology of hallucinations in the general population and support the existence of a phenomenological continuum.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-23
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2754-6993
ISSN (online)	2754-6993
DOI	10.1038/s41537-022-00229-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Fragmented sleep relates to hallucinations across perceptual modalities in the general population

Sanne G. Brederoo / Janna N. de Boer / Jacqueline de Vries / Mascha M. J. Linszen / Iris E. C. Sommer

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Although previous studies reported a link between sleep problems and the occurrence of hallucinations, more detailed information is needed to translate this association into clinical practice. This study investigates sleep quality and its ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Although previous studies reported a link between sleep problems and the occurrence of hallucinations, more detailed information is needed to translate this association into clinical practice. This study investigates sleep quality and its relation to prevalence, type, content, and phenomenology of hallucinations, using an online survey in a large population sample (n = 10,299). Based on community-based cluster analysis, four groups could be distinguished that differed in terms of sleep quality. Our results confirm previous studies in showing that poor sleep is associated with the occurrence of hallucinations, and extend previous results on a number of aspects. First, we show that particularly fragmented sleep relates to the occurrence of hallucinations. Second, we show that this is the case for hallucinations across the auditory, visual, olfactory, and tactile domains. Third, our results show that fragmented sleep not only relates to the occurrence, but also to the content, frequency, duration, and associated distress of hallucinations. Finally, compared to poor sleep, good sleep quality is associated with hallucinations that are less negative and disruptive. We conclude that sleep hygiene measures could have a large positive impact on individuals whose fragmented sleep underlies the occurrence of bothersome hallucinations.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Atopy Increases Risk of Psychotic Experiences: A Large Population-Based Study.

Begemann, Marieke J H / Linszen, Mascha M J / de Boer, Janna N / Hovenga, Wytske D / Gangadin, Shiral S / Schutte, Maya J L / Sommer, Iris E C

Frontiers in psychiatry

2019 Volume 10, Page(s) 453

Abstract: Introduction: ...

Abstract	Introduction:
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00453
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