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Article ; Online: Great Expectations of COVID-19 Herd Immunity.

Giurgea, Luca T / Morens, David M

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) e0349521

Abstract: There is a common preconception that reaching an estimated herd immunity threshold through vaccination will end the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the mathematical models underpinning this estimate make numerous assumptions that may not be met in the real ... ...

Abstract	There is a common preconception that reaching an estimated herd immunity threshold through vaccination will end the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the mathematical models underpinning this estimate make numerous assumptions that may not be met in the real world. The protection afforded by vaccines is imperfect, particularly against asymptomatic infection, which can still result in transmission and propagate pandemic viral spread. Immune responses wane and SARS-COV-2 has the capacity to mutate over time to become more infectious and resistant to vaccine elicited immunity. Human behavior and public health restrictions also vary over time and among different populations, impacting the transmissibility of infection. These ever-changing factors modify the number of secondary cases produced by an infected individual, thereby necessitating constant revision of the herd immunity threshold. Even so, vaccination remains a powerful strategy to slow down the pandemic, save lives, and alleviate the burden on limited health care resources.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Immunity, Herd ; Motivation ; Pandemics ; Vaccination
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
ZDB-ID	2557172-2
ISSN	2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
ISSN (online)	2150-7511
ISSN	2161-2129
DOI	10.1128/mbio.03495-21
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Universal coronavirus vaccines: the time to start is now.

Giurgea, Luca T / Han, Alison / Memoli, Matthew J

NPJ vaccines

2020 Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 43

Abstract: The continued explosive spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) despite aggressive public health measures has triggered an unprecedented international vaccine effort. However, correlates of protection, which can help guide ... ...

Abstract	The continued explosive spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) despite aggressive public health measures has triggered an unprecedented international vaccine effort. However, correlates of protection, which can help guide intelligent vaccine design, are not known for SARS-CoV-2. Research on influenza immunity and vaccine development may provide valuable lessons for coronavirus efforts, especially considering similarities in rapid evolutionary potential. The apparent inevitability of future novel coronavirus outbreaks must prompt work on a universal coronavirus vaccine.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2059-0105
ISSN (online)	2059-0105
DOI	10.1038/s41541-020-0198-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Universal coronavirus vaccines

Luca T. Giurgea / Alison Han / Matthew J. Memoli

npj Vaccines, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-

the time to start is now

2020 Volume 3

Abstract	The continued explosive spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) despite aggressive public health measures has triggered an unprecedented international vaccine effort. However, correlates of protection, which can help guide intelligent vaccine design, are not known for SARS-CoV-2. Research on influenza immunity and vaccine development may provide valuable lessons for coronavirus efforts, especially considering similarities in rapid evolutionary potential. The apparent inevitability of future novel coronavirus outbreaks must prompt work on a universal coronavirus vaccine.
Keywords	Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ; RC254-282 ; covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Influenza Neuraminidase: A Neglected Protein and Its Potential for a Better Influenza Vaccine.

Giurgea, Luca T / Morens, David M / Taubenberger, Jeffery K / Memoli, Matthew J

Vaccines

2020 Volume 8, Issue 3

Abstract: Neuraminidase (NA) is an influenza surface protein that helps to free viruses from mucin-associated decoy receptors and to facilitate budding from infected cells. Experiments have demonstrated that anti-NA antibodies protect animals against lethal ... ...

Abstract	Neuraminidase (NA) is an influenza surface protein that helps to free viruses from mucin-associated decoy receptors and to facilitate budding from infected cells. Experiments have demonstrated that anti-NA antibodies protect animals against lethal influenza challenge by numerous strains, while decreasing pulmonary viral titers, symptoms, and lung lesions. Studies in humans during the influenza A/H3N2 pandemic and in healthy volunteers challenged with influenza A/H1N1 showed that anti-NA immunity reduced symptoms, nasopharyngeal viral shedding, and infection rates. Despite the benefits of anti-NA immunity, current vaccines focus on immunity against hemagglutinin and are not standardized to NA content leading to limited and variable NA immunogenicity. Purified NA has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in humans. Supplementing current vaccines with NA may be a simple strategy to improve suboptimal effectiveness. Immunity against NA is likely to be an important component of future universal influenza vaccines.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines8030409
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Universal coronavirus vaccines: the time to start is now

Giurgea, Luca T. / Han, Alison / Memoli, Matthew J.

npj Vaccines

Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #594796
Database	COVID19

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Article: Haemophilus parainfluenzae Mural Endocarditis: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Giurgea, Luca T / Lahey, Tim

Case reports in infectious diseases

2016 Volume 2016, Page(s) 3639517

Abstract: Haemophilus parainfluenzae, which uncommonly causes endocarditis, has never been documented to cause mural involvement. A 62-year-old immunocompetent female without predisposing risk factors for endocarditis except for poor dentition presented with fever, ...

Abstract	Haemophilus parainfluenzae, which uncommonly causes endocarditis, has never been documented to cause mural involvement. A 62-year-old immunocompetent female without predisposing risk factors for endocarditis except for poor dentition presented with fever, emesis, and dysmetria. Echocardiography found a mass attached to the left ventricular wall with finger-like projections. Computed tomography showed evidence of embolic phenomena to the brain, kidneys, spleen, and colon. Cardiac MRI revealed involvement of the chordae tendineae of the anterior papillary muscles. Blood cultures grew Haemophilus parainfluenzae. The patient was treated successfully with ceftriaxone with resolution of symptoms, including neurologic deficits. After eleven days of antibiotics a worsening holosystolic murmur was discovered. Worsening mitral regurgitation on echocardiography was only found three weeks later. Nine weeks after presentation, intraoperative evaluation revealed chord rupture but no residual vegetation and mitral repair was performed. Four weeks after surgery, the patient was back to her baseline. This case illustrates the ability of Haemophilus parainfluenzae to form large mural vegetations with high propensity of embolization in otherwise normal cardiac tissue among patients with dental risk factors. It also underscores the importance of physical examination in establishing a diagnosis of endocarditis and monitoring for progression of disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06-12
Publishing country	Egypt
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2627642-2
ISSN	2090-6633 ; 2090-6625
ISSN (online)	2090-6633
ISSN	2090-6625
DOI	10.1155/2016/3639517
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Article ; Online: Mucosal correlates of protection after influenza viral challenge of vaccinated and unvaccinated healthy volunteers.

Bean, Rachel / Giurgea, Luca T / Han, Alison / Czajkowski, Lindsay / Cervantes-Medina, Adriana / Gouzoulis, Monica / Mateja, Allyson / Hunsberger, Sally / Reed, Susan / Athota, Rani / Baus, Holly Ann / Kash, John C / Park, Jaekeun / Taubenberger, Jeffery K / Memoli, Matthew J

mBio

2024 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) e0237223

Abstract: The induction of systemic antibody titers against hemagglutinin has long been the main focus of influenza vaccination strategies, but mucosal immunity has also been shown to play a key role in the protection against respiratory viruses. By vaccinating ... ...

Abstract	The induction of systemic antibody titers against hemagglutinin has long been the main focus of influenza vaccination strategies, but mucosal immunity has also been shown to play a key role in the protection against respiratory viruses. By vaccinating and challenging healthy volunteers, we demonstrated that inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) modestly reduced the rate of influenza while predominantly boosting serum antibody titers against hemagglutinin (HA) and HA stalk, a consequence of the low neuraminidase (NA) content of IIV and the intramuscular route of administration. The viral challenge induced nasal and serum responses against both HA and NA. Correlations between mucosal IgA and serum IgG against specific antigens were low, whether before or after challenge, suggesting a compartmentalization of immune responses. Even so, volunteers who developed viral shedding for multiple days had lower baseline titers across both systemic and mucosal compartments as compared to those with no shedding or a single day of shedding. Regression analysis showed that pre-challenge HA inhibition titers were the most consistent correlate of protection across clinical outcomes combining shedding and symptoms, with NA inhibition titers and HA IgG levels only predicting the duration of shedding. Despite the inclusion of data from multiple binding and functional antibody assays against HA and NA performed on both serum and nasal samples, multivariate models were unable to account for the variability in outcomes, emphasizing our imperfect understanding of immune correlates in influenza and the importance of refining models with assessments of innate and cellular immune responses.IMPORTANCEThe devastating potential of influenza has been well known for over 100 years. Despite the development of vaccines since the middle of the 20th century, influenza continues to be responsible for substantial global morbidity and mortality. To develop next-generation vaccines with enhanced effectiveness, we must synthesize our understanding of the complex immune mechanisms culminating in protection. Our study outlines the differences in immune responses to influenza vaccine and influenza infection, identifying potential gaps in vaccine-induced immunity, particularly at the level of the nasal mucosa. Furthermore, this research underscores the need to refine our imperfect models while recognizing potential pitfalls in past and future attempts to identify and measure correlates of protection.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Influenza Vaccines ; Hemagglutinins ; Healthy Volunteers ; Antibodies, Viral ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; Nasal Mucosa ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Neuraminidase ; Immunoglobulin G ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
Chemical Substances	Influenza Vaccines ; Hemagglutinins ; Antibodies, Viral ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) ; Immunoglobulin G ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2557172-2
ISSN	2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
ISSN (online)	2150-7511
ISSN	2161-2129
DOI	10.1128/mbio.02372-23
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Photo Quiz: An Immunosuppressed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient with Fever and Lung Nodules.

Giurgea, Luca T / Dillon, Jessica L / Tafe, Laura J / Zuckerman, Richard A

Journal of clinical microbiology

2018 Volume 56, Issue 9

Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	390499-4
ISSN	1098-660X ; 0095-1137
ISSN (online)	1098-660X
ISSN	0095-1137
DOI	10.1128/JCM.02146-16
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Article ; Online: Answer to September 2018 Photo Quiz.

Giurgea, Luca T / Dillon, Jessica L / Tafe, Laura J / Zuckerman, Richard A

Journal of clinical microbiology

2018 Volume 56, Issue 9

Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	390499-4
ISSN	1098-660X ; 0095-1137
ISSN (online)	1098-660X
ISSN	0095-1137
DOI	10.1128/JCM.02147-16
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Article ; Online: Influenza Neuraminidase

Luca T. Giurgea / David M. Morens / Jeffery K. Taubenberger / Matthew J. Memoli

Vaccines, Vol 8, Iss 409, p

A Neglected Protein and Its Potential for a Better Influenza Vaccine

2020 Volume 409

Abstract	Neuraminidase (NA) is an influenza surface protein that helps to free viruses from mucin-associated decoy receptors and to facilitate budding from infected cells. Experiments have demonstrated that anti-NA antibodies protect animals against lethal influenza challenge by numerous strains, while decreasing pulmonary viral titers, symptoms, and lung lesions. Studies in humans during the influenza A/H3N2 pandemic and in healthy volunteers challenged with influenza A/H1N1 showed that anti-NA immunity reduced symptoms, nasopharyngeal viral shedding, and infection rates. Despite the benefits of anti-NA immunity, current vaccines focus on immunity against hemagglutinin and are not standardized to NA content leading to limited and variable NA immunogenicity. Purified NA has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in humans. Supplementing current vaccines with NA may be a simple strategy to improve suboptimal effectiveness. Immunity against NA is likely to be an important component of future universal influenza vaccines.
Keywords	influenza ; neuraminidase ; universal influenza vaccine ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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