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Article ; Online: Changes in the numbers of hospital-based abortions and outpatient early medical abortions in Victoria, 2012-22: a retrospective cohort study.

Marzan, Melvin B / Johnson, Eleanor / Moore, Patricia / Jiang, Heng / Hui, Lisa

2024 Volume 220, Issue 3, Page(s) 145–153

Abstract: ... early medical abortions in Victoria during January 2012 - March 2022, with a particular interest ... Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.: Setting, participants: All admitted care episodes in Victoria ... Results: The monthly number of hospital-based abortions declined in Victoria during the pre-pandemic ...

Abstract	Objectives: To assess changes in the monthly numbers of hospital-based abortions and outpatient early medical abortions in Victoria during January 2012 - March 2022, with a particular interest in the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Study design: Population-based retrospective cohort study; time series analysis of Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED) and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data. Setting, participants: All admitted care episodes in Victoria during 1 January 2012 - 31 March 2022 with medical abortion as the principal diagnosis; all PBS claims for mifepristone-misoprostol (MS-2 Step) during 1 January 2015 (date of listing) - 31 March 2022. Main outcome measures: Changes in monthly numbers (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of admissions for hospital-based and outpatient early medical abortions during the pre-pandemic period (January 2012 - March 2020), the first full month of the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020), and the pandemic period (May 2020 - March 2022). Results: The monthly number of hospital-based abortions declined in Victoria during the pre-pandemic period (slope, -2.92 [95% CI, -3.45 to -2.38] per month); the rate of decline was greater during the pandemic period (slope, -5.74 [95% CI, -10.5 to -0.96] per month). The monthly number of outpatient early medical abortions increased during the pre-pandemic period (slope, 5.94 [95% CI, 5.34-6.34] per month); it declined during the first month of the pandemic (slope, -26.4 [95% CI, -70.1 to -17.3] per month), but did not significantly change thereafter. The total monthly number of abortions during the pandemic period did not deviate markedly from the pre-pandemic median value. The pre-pandemic declines in monthly numbers of abortions in major city hospitals, in private hospitals, or at earlier than 14 weeks' gestation intensified during the pandemic period. During January 2015 - March 2020, 14 634 of 103 496 abortions were outpatient medical abortions (14%); during the pandemic period, 11 154 of 33 056 abortions were outpatient medical abortions (33%). Conclusions: The use of outpatient early medical abortion has steadily increased in Victoria since the PBS listing of mifepristone-misoprostol, which helped ensure access to abortion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Outpatient medical abortions may eventually outnumber surgical early abortions in Victoria, but they are not always appropriate: hospitals will continue to be essential for comprehensive abortion care.
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Misoprostol/therapeutic use ; Mifepristone ; Abortion, Legal ; Retrospective Studies ; Outpatients ; Pandemics ; Population Surveillance ; Abortion, Induced ; Hospitals, Private ; COVID-19/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Misoprostol (0E43V0BB57) ; Mifepristone (320T6RNW1F)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-02
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	186082-3
ISSN	1326-5377 ; 0025-729X
ISSN (online)	1326-5377
ISSN	0025-729X
DOI	10.5694/mja2.52203
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Article ; Online: Considerations for conducting a young person's health assessment in the general practice setting: Insights from key informants in Victoria.

Newton, Sarah / Johnson, Caroline / Watson, Cathy / Wardley, Amelia / Bittleston, Helen / Sanci, Lena / Hocking, Jane S

Australian journal of general practice

2023 Volume 52, Issue 4, Page(s) 235–240

Abstract: ... metropolitan (n = 11), regional (n = 10) and rural (n = 2) Victoria. Key facilitators to implementing a young ...

Abstract	Background and objectives: There have been calls for a Medicare Benefits Schedule rebate to support a young person's health assessment in general practice. The aim of this study was to understand Victorian providers' needs and perspectives about implementing young people's health assessments in general practice. Method: Focus groups and interviews were conducted over Zoom with current general practitioners (GPs), practice nurses (PNs) and practice managers (PMs). A qualitative descriptive approach and conventional content analysis were used. Results: Two focus groups and five interviews were conducted between September and November 2021. Participants (11 GPs, nine PNs and three PMs) represented metropolitan (n = 11), regional (n = 10) and rural (n = 2) Victoria. Key facilitators to implementing a young person's health assessment included established clinic systems and staff roles as well as the potential to empower young people. Key barriers included scheduling logistics and billing structures. Discussion: Key informants generated substantive stakeholder perspectives to aid planning and implementing young people's health assessments in general practice.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; United States ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Medicare ; General Practice ; General Practitioners ; Family Practice ; Focus Groups
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2924889-9
ISSN	2208-7958 ; 2208-794X
ISSN (online)	2208-7958
ISSN	2208-794X
DOI	10.31128/AJGP-05-22-6423
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Article ; Online: Buruli ulcer: a new case definition for Victoria.

Betts, Juliana M / Tay, Ee Laine / Johnson, Paul D R / Lavender, Caroline J / Gibney, Katherine B / O'Brien, Daniel P / Globan, Maria / Tzimourtas, Nectaria / O'Hara, Miriam A / Crouch, Simon R

Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)

2020 Volume 44

Abstract: ... with poorly-understood transmission dynamics. The state of Victoria currently reports some of the highest ... to discuss a new case definition for the surveillance of M. ulcerans disease in Victoria, incorporating ... and actions for residents and visitors to popular tourist areas in Victoria. ...

Abstract	Abstract: Laboratory-confirmed infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans is currently notifiable to health departments in several jurisdictions. Accurate surveillance is imperative to understanding current and emerging areas of endemicity and to facilitate research into a neglected tropical disease with poorly-understood transmission dynamics. The state of Victoria currently reports some of the highest numbers of M. ulcerans cases in the world each year, with 340 cases notified in 2018 (an incidence of 5.5 per 100,000 population). In May 2019, a group of clinical, laboratory and public health experts met to discuss a new case definition for the surveillance of M. ulcerans disease in Victoria, incorporating clinical and epidemiological elements. The new case definition supports important public health messaging and actions for residents and visitors to popular tourist areas in Victoria.
MeSH term(s)	Buruli Ulcer/diagnosis ; Buruli Ulcer/epidemiology ; Buruli Ulcer/pathology ; Disease Notification ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mycobacterium ulcerans/isolation & purification ; Neglected Diseases/diagnosis ; Neglected Diseases/epidemiology ; Neglected Diseases/pathology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Surveillance ; Victoria/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-21
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2209-6051
ISSN (online)	2209-6051
DOI	10.33321/cdi.2020.44.93
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Article ; Online: Consumers' experiences of rights-based mental health laws: Lessons from Victoria, Australia.

Maylea, Chris / Katterl, Simon / Johnson, Brendan / Alvarez-Vasquez, Susan / Hill, Nicholas / Weller, Penelope

International journal of law and psychiatry

2021 Volume 78, Page(s) 101737

Abstract: ... mental health practice in Victoria that their rights appeared to be illusory. ...

Abstract	Many countries embarked on reforms of mental health law in the wake of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. These reforms have had varying levels of success. This paper considers the experience of consumers in the Victorian mental health system, drawing on an evaluation that asked consumers and clinicians about their knowledge and experience of rights under the Victorian Mental Health Act, 2014. The data show that consumers were not informed of their rights, were not involved in decisions about treatment, were not able to access safeguards, and could not exercise their rights. The explanations for this include limited staff time, unclear delegations of responsibility, a lack of knowledge, training, and support for rights, and a preference for 'best interests' approaches. The paper identifies tangible reforms that would maintain rights for consumers, including competent refusal of treatment, legislative and regulatory reforms, and training and resourcing. Consumers in this study found that the rights-based framework in the Mental Health Act, 2014 had such an insignificant effect on clinical mental health practice in Victoria that their rights appeared to be illusory.
MeSH term(s)	Disabled Persons ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Mental Health Services ; Victoria
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	304429-4
ISSN	1873-6386 ; 0160-2527
ISSN (online)	1873-6386
ISSN	0160-2527
DOI	10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101737
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Article ; Online: Emergence of influenza B/Victoria in the Micronesian US-affiliated Pacific Islands, spring 2019.

O'Connor, Stephanie / Hancock, W Thane / Ada, Estelle / Anzures, Edlen / Baza, Christine / Aguon, Annette L / Cruz, Doris / Johnson, Eliaser / Mallari, Allan J / McCready, Jill A / Niedenthal, Jack / Pobutsky, Ann / Santos, Anne Marie / Santos, Jose Villagomez / Sasamoto, Jeremy / Tomokane, Portia / Villagomez, Warren / White, Paul

Western Pacific surveillance and response journal : WPSAR

2021 Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 1–9

Abstract: ... 120) of subtyped specimens classified as influenza B/Victoria during January-May 2019. These outbreaks ... of increased influenza B/Victoria circulation. This report demonstrates the value of year-round surveillance ...

Abstract	Data collected through routine syndromic surveillance for influenza-like illness in the Micronesian United States-affiliated Pacific Islands highlighted out-of-season influenza outbreaks in the spring of 2019. This report describes the data collected through the World Health Organization's Pacific Syndromic Surveillance System for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Guam, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). Compared with historical data, more cases of influenza-like illness were observed in all four islands described here, with the highest number reported in Guam in week 9, CNMI and FSM in week 15, and RMI in week 19. The outbreaks predominantly affected those aged < 20 years, with evidence from CNMI and RMI suggesting higher attack rates among those who were unvaccinated. Cases confirmed by laboratory testing suggested that influenza B was predominant, with 83% (99/120) of subtyped specimens classified as influenza B/Victoria during January-May 2019. These outbreaks occurred after the usual influenza season and were consistent with transmission patterns in Eastern Asia rather than those in Oceania or the United States of America, the areas typically associated with the United States-affiliated Pacific Islands due to their geographical proximity to Oceania and political affiliation with the United States of America. A plausible epidemiological route of introduction may be the high levels of international tourism from Eastern Asian countries recorded during these periods of increased influenza B/Victoria circulation. This report demonstrates the value of year-round surveillance for communicable diseases and underscores the importance of seasonal influenza vaccination, particularly among younger age groups.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Pacific Islands/epidemiology ; Seasons ; United States/epidemiology ; Pacific Island People/statistics & numerical data
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-27
Publishing country	Philippines
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2592503-9
ISSN	2094-7313 ; 2094-7313
ISSN (online)	2094-7313
ISSN	2094-7313
DOI	10.5365/wpsar.2021.12.4.706
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Article ; Online: Severity of COVID-19 among Residents in Aged Care Facilities in Victoria, Australia: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing the Delta and Omicron Epidemic Periods.

Muleme, Michael / McNamara, Bridgette J / Ampt, Frances H / Baptista, Mohana / Dittmer, Jennifer / Osborne, Aaron / Ahmed, Hibaq / Hales, Gabrielle / Kabwe, Mwila / Main, Stephanie / Moreira, Clarissa / Silverstein, Solomon / Sotheran, Emily / Athan, Eugene / Johnson, Paul D R / O'Brien, Daniel P / Sullivan, Sheena G

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

2023 Volume 24, Issue 4, Page(s) 434–440.e5

Abstract: ... hospitalization and deaths) and associated risk factors among RACF residents in Victoria, Australia, across Delta ...

Abstract	Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, no country with widespread community transmission has avoided outbreaks or deaths in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). As RACF residents are at high risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19, understanding disease severity risk factors is imperative. Design: This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare COVID-19 disease severity (hospitalization and deaths) and associated risk factors among RACF residents in Victoria, Australia, across Delta and Omicron epidemic periods. Settings and participants: Resident case hospitalization risk (HR) and case fatality risk (CFR) were assessed using Victorian RACFs COVID-19 outbreaks data across 2 epidemic periods; Delta, 994 resident cases linked to 86 outbreaks; and Omicron, 1882 resident cases linked to 209 outbreaks. Methods: Adjusting for outbreak-level clustering, age, sex, up-to-date vaccination status, and time since last vaccination, the odds of hospitalization and death were compared using mixed effects logistic regression. Results: The HR and CFR was lower during the Omicron period compared with the Delta period [HR 8.2% vs 24.6%, odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95% CI 0.11-0.26, and CFR: 11.4% vs 18.7%, OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.28-0.56]. During both periods, males had higher odds of hospitalization and odds of death; being up to date with vaccination reduced odds of hospitalization by 40% (excluding nonemergency patient transfers) and odds of death by 43%; and for each month since last vaccination, odds of hospitalization increased by 9% and odds of death by 16%. Conclusions and implications: This study provides empirical evidence of lower COVID-19 severity among RACF residents in the Omicron period and highlights the importance of up-to-date and timely vaccination to reduce disease severity in this cohort.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Aged ; Victoria/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Retrospective Studies ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2171030-2
ISSN	1538-9375 ; 1525-8610
ISSN (online)	1538-9375
ISSN	1525-8610
DOI	10.1016/j.jamda.2023.01.006
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Article ; Online: Organizational responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria, Australia: A qualitative study across four healthcare settings.

McGuinness, Sarah L / Josphin, Johnson / Eades, Owen / Clifford, Sharon / Fisher, Jane / Kirkman, Maggie / Russell, Grant / Hodgson, Carol L / Kelsall, Helen L / Lane, Riki / Skouteris, Helen / Smith, Karen L / Leder, Karin

Frontiers in public health

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) 965664

Abstract: Objective: Organizational responses that support healthcare workers (HCWs) and mitigate health risks are necessary to offset the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to understand how HCWs and key personnel working in healthcare settings in ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Organizational responses that support healthcare workers (HCWs) and mitigate health risks are necessary to offset the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to understand how HCWs and key personnel working in healthcare settings in Melbourne, Australia perceived their employing organizations' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: In this qualitative study, conducted May-July 2021 as part of the longitudinal Coronavirus in Victorian Healthcare and Aged Care Workers (COVIC-HA) study, we purposively sampled and interviewed HCWs and key personnel from healthcare organizations across hospital, ambulance, aged care and primary care (general practice) settings. We also examined HCWs' free-text responses to a question about organizational resources and/or supports from the COVIC-HA Study's baseline survey. We thematically analyzed data using an iterative process. Results: We analyzed data from interviews with 28 HCWs and 21 key personnel and free-text responses from 365 HCWs, yielding three major themes: Conclusions: This study provides in-depth insights into the challenges and successes of organizational responses across four healthcare settings in the uncertain environment of a pandemic. Future efforts to mitigate the impact of acute stressors on HCWs should include a strong focus on bidirectional communication, effective and realistic strategies to strengthen and sustain the healthcare workforce, and greater investment in flexible and meaningful psychological support and wellbeing initiatives for HCWs.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Victoria
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2022.965664
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Article ; Online: Healthy weight, health behaviours and quality of life among Aboriginal children living in regional Victoria.

Australian and New Zealand journal of public health

2022 Volume 46, Issue 5, Page(s) 595–603

Abstract: Objective: To report the prevalence of healthy weight and related behaviours among Victorian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and explore associations between these factors and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).: Methods: Analysis of cross- ...

Abstract	Objective: To report the prevalence of healthy weight and related behaviours among Victorian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and explore associations between these factors and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: Analysis of cross-sectional data from two cluster randomised controlled trials using logistic and linear mixed models. The sample included Aboriginal (n=303) and non-Aboriginal (n=3,026) children aged 8-13 years. Results: More than two-thirds of Aboriginal children met guidelines for fruit (75.9%), sweetened drinks (66.7%), sleep (73.1%), screen time (67.7%) and objectively measured physical activity (83.6%); and 79.1% reported consuming take-away foods less than once per week. Aboriginal children were more likely to meet vegetable consumption guidelines (OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.93), but less likely to have a healthy weight (OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.52, 0.85) than non-Aboriginal children. Mean HRQoL scores were significantly higher among non-Aboriginal children and both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children meeting health guidelines. Conclusions: Most Aboriginal children in this study met guidelines for fruit, physical activity, screen time and sleep, and those meeting these guidelines had significantly higher HRQoL. Implications for public health: Promoting nutrition, physical activity and sleep is likely to benefit all children. Aboriginal community-controlled organisations can use these data to design culturally-specific programs that may improve disparities in healthy weight and HRQoL.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Exercise ; Health Behavior ; Health Status ; Humans ; Quality of Life ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-19
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1323548-5
ISSN	1753-6405 ; 1326-0200
ISSN (online)	1753-6405
ISSN	1326-0200
DOI	10.1111/1753-6405.13271
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Article ; Online: Genomics-informed responses in the elimination of COVID-19 in Victoria, Australia: an observational, genomic epidemiological study.

Lane, Courtney R / Sherry, Norelle L / Porter, Ashleigh F / Duchene, Sebastian / Horan, Kristy / Andersson, Patiyan / Wilmot, Mathilda / Turner, Annabelle / Dougall, Sally / Johnson, Sandra A / Sait, Michelle / Gonçalves da Silva, Anders / Ballard, Susan A / Hoang, Tuyet / Stinear, Timothy P / Caly, Leon / Sintchenko, Vitali / Graham, Rikki / McMahon, Jamie /

Smith, David / Leong, Lex Ex / Meumann, Ella M / Cooley, Louise / Schwessinger, Benjamin / Rawlinson, William / van Hal, Sebastiaan J / Stephens, Nicola / Catton, Mike / Looker, Clare / Crouch, Simon / Sutton, Brett / Alpren, Charles / Williamson, Deborah A / Seemann, Torsten / Howden, Benjamin P

The Lancet. Public health

2021 Volume 6, Issue 8, Page(s) e547–e556

Abstract: ... observed in the state of Victoria in June, 2020. We aim to describe the genomic findings that located ... epidemiological study, we did genomic sequencing of all laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 diagnosed in Victoria ... suggested they arose from a single importation event and diversified within Victoria. To identify ...

Abstract	Background: A cornerstone of Australia's ability to control COVID-19 has been effective border control with an extensive supervised quarantine programme. However, a rapid recrudescence of COVID-19 was observed in the state of Victoria in June, 2020. We aim to describe the genomic findings that located the source of this second wave and show the role of genomic epidemiology in the successful elimination of COVID-19 for a second time in Australia. Methods: In this observational, genomic epidemiological study, we did genomic sequencing of all laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 diagnosed in Victoria, Australia between Jan 25, 2020, and Jan 31, 2021. We did phylogenetic analyses, genomic cluster discovery, and integrated results with epidemiological data (detailed information on demographics, risk factors, and exposure) collected via interview by the Victorian Government Department of Health. Genomic transmission networks were used to group multiple genomic clusters when epidemiological and genomic data suggested they arose from a single importation event and diversified within Victoria. To identify transmission of emergent lineages between Victoria and other states or territories in Australia, all publicly available SARS-CoV-2 sequences uploaded before Feb 11, 2021, were obtained from the national sequence sharing programme AusTrakka, and epidemiological data were obtained from the submitting laboratories. We did phylodynamic analyses to estimate the growth rate, doubling time, and number of days from the first local infection to the collection of the first sequenced genome for the dominant local cluster, and compared our growth estimates to previously published estimates from a similar growth phase of lineage B.1.1.7 (also known as the Alpha variant) in the UK. Findings: Between Jan 25, 2020, and Jan 31, 2021, there were 20 451 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Victoria, Australia, of which 15 431 were submitted for sequencing, and 11 711 met all quality control metrics and were included in our analysis. We identified 595 genomic clusters, with a median of five cases per cluster (IQR 2-11). Overall, samples from 11 503 (98·2%) of 11 711 cases clustered with another sample in Victoria, either within a genomic cluster or transmission network. Genomic analysis revealed that 10 426 cases, including 10 416 (98·4%) of 10 584 locally acquired cases, diagnosed during the second wave (between June and October, 2020) were derived from a single incursion from hotel quarantine, with the outbreak lineage (transmission network G, lineage D.2) rapidly detected in other Australian states and territories. Phylodynamic analyses indicated that the epidemic growth rate of the outbreak lineage in Victoria during the initial growth phase (samples collected between June 4 and July 9, 2020; 47·4 putative transmission events, per branch, per year [1/years; 95% credible interval 26·0-85·0]), was similar to that of other reported variants, such as B.1.1.7 in the UK (mean approximately 71·5 1/years). Strict interventions were implemented, and the outbreak lineage has not been detected in Australia since Oct 29, 2020. Subsequent cases represented independent international or interstate introductions, with limited local spread. Interpretation: Our study highlights how rapid escalation of clonal outbreaks can occur from a single incursion. However, strict quarantine measures and decisive public health responses to emergent cases are effective, even with high epidemic growth rates. Real-time genomic surveillance can alter the way in which public health agencies view and respond to COVID-19 outbreaks. Funding: The Victorian Government, the National Health and Medical Research Council Australia, and the Medical Research Future Fund.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Genomics ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Victoria/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2468-2667
ISSN (online)	2468-2667
DOI	10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00133-X
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Article ; Online: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1 Isolated from Domestic Pigeons in Victoria, Australia 2011.

Shan, Songhua / Bruce, Kerri / Stevens, Vittoria / Wong, Frank Y K / Wang, Jianning / Johnson, Dayna / Middleton, Deborah / O'Riley, Kim / McCullough, Sam / Williams, David T / Bergfeld, Jemma

Viruses

2021 Volume 13, Issue 3

Abstract: Significant mortalities of racing pigeons occurred in Australia in late 2011 associated with a pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PPMV-1) infection. The causative agent, designated APMV-1/pigeon/Australia/3/2011 (P/Aus/3/11), was isolated from diagnostic ... ...

Abstract	Significant mortalities of racing pigeons occurred in Australia in late 2011 associated with a pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PPMV-1) infection. The causative agent, designated APMV-1/pigeon/Australia/3/2011 (P/Aus/3/11), was isolated from diagnostic specimens in specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated eggs and was identified by a Newcastle Disease virus (NDV)-specific RT-PCR and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using reference polyclonal antiserum specific for NDV. The P/Aus/3/11 strain was further classified as PPMV-1 using the HI test and monoclonal antibody 617/161 by HI and phylogenetic analysis of the fusion gene sequence. The isolate P/Aus/3/11 had a slow haemagglutin-elution rate and was inactivated within 45 min at 56 °C. Cross HI tests generated an R value of 0.25, indicating a significant antigenic difference between P/Aus/3/11 and NDV V4 isolates. The mean death time (MDT) of SPF eggs infected with the P/Aus/3/11 isolate was 89.2 hr, characteristic of a mesogenic pathotype, consistent with other PPMV-1 strains. The plaque size of the P/Aus/3/11 isolate on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells was smaller than those of mesogenic and velogenic NDV reference strains, indicating a lower virulence phenotype in vitro and challenge of six-week-old SPF chickens did not induce clinical signs. However, sequence analysis of the fusion protein cleavage site demonstrated an
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Avulavirus/classification ; Avulavirus/genetics ; Avulavirus/isolation & purification ; Avulavirus/pathogenicity ; Chickens/virology ; Columbidae/virology ; Genome, Viral ; Genotype ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Phylogeny ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Victoria ; Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics ; Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology ; Virulence ; Zygote/virology
Chemical Substances	Viral Fusion Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v13030429
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