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Article ; Online: Eruptive Sebaceous Hyperplasia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Steinmetz, Carsten Z / Getz, Amanda / Schaffer, Andras / Richardson, Stephen K

HCA healthcare journal of medicine

2023 Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) 315–319

Abstract: Introduction: Eruptive sebaceous hyperplasia (ESH) is a benign process characterized by the acute onset and rapid proliferation of sebaceous glands, typically on the face. Although historically attributed to cyclosporine therapy, the preponderance of ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Eruptive sebaceous hyperplasia (ESH) is a benign process characterized by the acute onset and rapid proliferation of sebaceous glands, typically on the face. Although historically attributed to cyclosporine therapy, the preponderance of reports over the past 2 decades suggests a more complex etiology. There is increasing thought a combination of multiple medications as well as a genetic component contribute to ESH's clinical presentation. Despite these theories, the exact cause of ESH in immunosuppressive therapy is poorly understood. Case presentation: To our knowledge, we report the third case of ESH arising in multimodality immunosuppressive therapy, consisting of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone, affecting a renal transplant patient. Our patient began cyclosporine monotherapy at an early age but did not see eruption of lesions until years later after following a multimodal therapy. Conclusion: We discuss the association of ESH with other medical conditions and treatments. We hope this case sheds light on a possible complication of multimodal immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplant patients. This will allow patients and providers to be better informed of the pros and cons of different treatment options for immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplant patients.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ISSN	2689-0216
ISSN (online)	2689-0216
DOI	10.36518/2689-0216.1524
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Article ; Online: Structure of the Hexadecane Rotator Phase: Combination of X-ray Spectra and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Burrows, Stephen A / Lin, E Emily / Cholakova, Diana / Richardson, Sam / Smoukov, Stoyan K

The journal of physical chemistry. B

2023 Volume 127, Issue 36, Page(s) 7772–7784

Abstract: Rotator phases are rotationally disordered plastic crystals, some of which can form upon freezing of alkane at alkane-water interfaces. Existing X-ray diffraction studies show only partial unit cell information for rotator phases of some alkanes. This ... ...

Abstract	Rotator phases are rotationally disordered plastic crystals, some of which can form upon freezing of alkane at alkane-water interfaces. Existing X-ray diffraction studies show only partial unit cell information for rotator phases of some alkanes. This includes the rotator phase of
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5207
ISSN (online)	1520-5207
DOI	10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02027
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Article ; Online: Higher-order evidence.

Cole, Stephen R / Shook-Sa, Bonnie E / Zivich, Paul N / Edwards, Jessie K / Richardson, David B / Hudgens, Michael G

European journal of epidemiology

2024 Volume 39, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–11

Abstract: Higher-order evidence is evidence about evidence. Epidemiologic examples of higher-order evidence include the settings where the study data constitute first-order evidence and estimates of misclassification comprise the second-order evidence (e.g., ... ...

Abstract	Higher-order evidence is evidence about evidence. Epidemiologic examples of higher-order evidence include the settings where the study data constitute first-order evidence and estimates of misclassification comprise the second-order evidence (e.g., sensitivity, specificity) of a binary exposure or outcome collected in the main study. While sampling variability in higher-order evidence is typically acknowledged, higher-order evidence is often assumed to be free of measurement error (e.g., gold standard measures). Here we provide two examples, each with multiple scenarios where second-order evidence is imperfectly measured, and this measurement error can either amplify or attenuate standard corrections to first-order evidence. We propose a way to account for such imperfections that requires third-order evidence. Further illustrations and exploration of how higher-order evidence impacts results of epidemiologic studies is warranted.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Bias ; Sensitivity and Specificity
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632614-6
ISSN	1573-7284 ; 0393-2990
ISSN (online)	1573-7284
ISSN	0393-2990
DOI	10.1007/s10654-023-01062-9
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Article ; Online: Decreased Susceptibility of Marginal Odds Ratios to Finite-sample Bias.

Ross, Rachael K / Cole, Stephen R / Richardson, David B

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

2021 Volume 32, Issue 5, Page(s) 648–652

Abstract: Parameters representing adjusted treatment effects may be defined marginally or conditionally on covariates. The choice between a marginal or covariate-conditional parameter should be driven by the study question. However, an unappreciated benefit of ... ...

Abstract	Parameters representing adjusted treatment effects may be defined marginally or conditionally on covariates. The choice between a marginal or covariate-conditional parameter should be driven by the study question. However, an unappreciated benefit of marginal estimators is a reduction in susceptibility to finite-sample bias relative to the unpenalized maximum likelihood estimator of the covariate-conditional odds ratio (OR). Using simulation, we compare the finite-sample bias of different marginal and conditional estimators of the OR. We simulated a logistic model to have 15 events per parameter and two events per parameter. We estimated the covariate-conditional OR by maximum likelihood with and without Firth's penalization. We used three estimators of the marginal OR: g-computation, inverse probability of treatment weighting, and augmented inverse probability of treatment weighting. At 15 events per parameter, as expected, all estimators were effectively unbiased. At two events per parameter, the unpenalized covariate-conditional estimator was notably biased but penalized covariate-conditional and marginal estimators exhibited minimal bias.
MeSH term(s)	Bias ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Probability
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1053263-8
ISSN	1531-5487 ; 1044-3983
ISSN (online)	1531-5487
ISSN	1044-3983
DOI	10.1097/EDE.0000000000001370
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Article ; Online: Nonmalignant respiratory disease mortality in male Colorado Plateau uranium miners, 1960-2016.

Kelly-Reif, Kaitlin / Bertke, Stephen / Daniels, Robert D / Richardson, David B / Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K

American journal of industrial medicine

2022 Volume 65, Issue 10, Page(s) 773–782

Abstract: Background: To evaluate trends of nonmalignant respiratory disease (NMRD) mortality among US underground uranium miners on the Colorado Plateau, and to estimate the exposure-response association between cumulative radon progeny exposure and NMRD subtype ...

Abstract	Background: To evaluate trends of nonmalignant respiratory disease (NMRD) mortality among US underground uranium miners on the Colorado Plateau, and to estimate the exposure-response association between cumulative radon progeny exposure and NMRD subtype mortality. Methods: Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and excess relative rates per 100 working level months (excess relative rate [ERR]/100 WLM) were estimated in a cohort of 4021 male underground uranium miners who were followed from 1960 through 2016. Results: We observed elevated SMRs for all NMRD subtypes. Silicosis had the largest SMR (n = 52, SMR = 41.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.9, 54.3), followed by other pneumoconiosis (n = 49, SMR = 39.6; 95% CI: 29.6, 52.3) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (n = 64, SMR = 4.77; 95% CI 3.67, 6.09). SMRs for silicosis increased with duration of employment; SMRs for IPF increased with duration of employment and calendar period. There was a positive association between cumulative radon exposure and silicosis with evidence of modification by smoking (ERR/100 WLM Conclusions: Uranium mining workers had excess NMRD mortality compared with the general population; this excess persisted throughout follow-up. Exposure-response analyses indicated a positive association between radon exposure and IPF and silicosis, but these analyses have limitations due to outcome misclassification and missing information on occupational co-exposures such as silica dust.
MeSH term(s)	Colorado/epidemiology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Male ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced ; Occupational Diseases/etiology ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects ; Radon/adverse effects ; Respiration Disorders ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; Silicosis/etiology ; Uranium/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Uranium (4OC371KSTK) ; Radon (Q74S4N8N1G)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604538-8
ISSN	1097-0274 ; 0271-3586
ISSN (online)	1097-0274
ISSN	0271-3586
DOI	10.1002/ajim.23419
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Article ; Online: A Bespoke Instrumental Variable Approach to Correction for Exposure Measurement Error.

Richardson, David B / Keil, Alexander P / Edwards, Jessie K / Cole, Stephen R / Tchetgen Tchetgen, Eric J

American journal of epidemiology

2022 Volume 191, Issue 11, Page(s) 1954–1961

Abstract: A covariate-adjusted estimate of an exposure-outcome association may be biased if the exposure variable suffers measurement error. We propose an approach to correct for exposure measurement error in a covariate-adjusted estimate of the association ... ...

Abstract	A covariate-adjusted estimate of an exposure-outcome association may be biased if the exposure variable suffers measurement error. We propose an approach to correct for exposure measurement error in a covariate-adjusted estimate of the association between a continuous exposure variable and outcome of interest. Our proposed approach requires data for a reference population in which the exposure was a priori set to some known level (e.g., 0, and is therefore unexposed); however, our approach does not require an exposure validation study or replicate measures of exposure, which are typically needed when addressing bias due to exposure measurement error. A key condition for this method, which we refer to as "partial population exchangeability," requires that the association between a measured covariate and outcome in the reference population equals the association between that covariate and outcome in the target population in the absence of exposure. We illustrate the approach using simulations and an example.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Bias ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwac133
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Article: Genetic Evidence for Protective Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Against Alzheimer Disease But Not Other Neurodegenerative Diseases in European Populations.

Ryan, David K / Karhunen, Ville / Su, Bowen / Traylor, Matthew / Richardson, Tom G / Burgess, Stephen / Tzoulaki, Ioanna / Gill, Dipender

Neurology. Genetics

2022 Volume 8, Issue 5, Page(s) e200014

Abstract: Background and objectives: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a commonly prescribed class of medication used to treat heart failure, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. However, previous observational studies have shown conflicting ...

Abstract	Background and objectives: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a commonly prescribed class of medication used to treat heart failure, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. However, previous observational studies have shown conflicting directions of associations between ACE inhibitors and risk of Alzheimer disease. Genetic evidence has supported a protective effect of cerebral ACE against Alzheimer disease (AD). However, it is unclear whether this effect is mediated through blood pressure and extends to other neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: We performed genetic colocalization investigating an effect of cortical Results: There was genetic evidence supporting a protective effect of cortical Discussion: Genetic evidence supports protective effects of cerebral ACE expression on AD, but not other neurodegenerative outcomes in people of European ancestry. Further work is required to investigate whether therapeutic inhibition of ACE increases risk of Alzheimer disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2818607-2
ISSN	2376-7839
ISSN	2376-7839
DOI	10.1212/NXG.0000000000200014
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Article ; Online: Reducing Bias Due to Exposure Measurement Error Using Disease Risk Scores.

Richardson, David B / Keil, Alexander P / Cole, Stephen R / Edwards, Jessie K

American journal of epidemiology

2020 Volume 190, Issue 4, Page(s) 621–629

Abstract: Suppose that an investigator wants to estimate an association between a continuous exposure variable and an outcome, adjusting for a set of confounders. If the exposure variable suffers classical measurement error, in which the measured exposures are ... ...

Abstract	Suppose that an investigator wants to estimate an association between a continuous exposure variable and an outcome, adjusting for a set of confounders. If the exposure variable suffers classical measurement error, in which the measured exposures are distributed with independent error around the true exposure, then an estimate of the covariate-adjusted exposure-outcome association may be biased. We propose an approach to estimate a marginal exposure-outcome association in the setting of classical exposure measurement error using a disease score-based approach to standardization to the exposed sample. First, we show that the proposed marginal estimate of the exposure-outcome association will suffer less bias due to classical measurement error than the covariate-conditional estimate of association when the covariates are predictors of exposure. Second, we show that if an exposure validation study is available with which to assess exposure measurement error, then the proposed marginal estimate of the exposure-outcome association can be corrected for measurement error more efficiently than the covariate-conditional estimate of association. We illustrate both of these points using simulations and an empirical example using data from the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia (California, 1989-2001).
MeSH term(s)	Bias ; Computer Simulation ; Disease Susceptibility/epidemiology ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Risk Assessment/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwaa208
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Article ; Online: Testing of drugs using human feto-maternal interface organ-on-chips provide insights into pharmacokinetics and efficacy.

Richardson, Lauren S / K Kammala, Ananth / Costantine, Maged M / Fortunato, Stephen J / Radnaa, Enkhtuya / Kim, Sungjin / Taylor, Robert N / Han, Arum / Menon, Ramkumar

Lab on a chip

2022 Volume 22, Issue 23, Page(s) 4574–4592

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Objectives
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Cytokines ; Polyesters
Chemical Substances	Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Cytokines ; Polyesters
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2056646-3
ISSN	1473-0189 ; 1473-0197
ISSN (online)	1473-0189
ISSN	1473-0197
DOI	10.1039/d2lc00691j
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Article ; Online: Cancer mortality after low dose exposure to ionising radiation in workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS): cohort study.

Richardson, David B / Leuraud, Klervi / Laurier, Dominique / Gillies, Michael / Haylock, Richard / Kelly-Reif, Kaitlin / Bertke, Stephen / Daniels, Robert D / Thierry-Chef, Isabelle / Moissonnier, Monika / Kesminiene, Ausrele / Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

2023 Volume 382, Page(s) e074520

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effect of protracted low dose, low dose rate exposure to ionising radiation on the risk of cancer.: Design: Multinational cohort study.: Setting: Cohorts of workers in the nuclear industry in France, the UK, and the US ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To evaluate the effect of protracted low dose, low dose rate exposure to ionising radiation on the risk of cancer. Design: Multinational cohort study. Setting: Cohorts of workers in the nuclear industry in France, the UK, and the US included in a major update to the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS). Participants: 309 932 workers with individual monitoring data for external exposure to ionising radiation and a total follow-up of 10.7 million person years. Main outcome measures: Estimates of excess relative rate per gray (Gy) of radiation dose for mortality from cancer. Results: The study included 103 553 deaths, of which 28 089 were due to solid cancers. The estimated rate of mortality due to solid cancer increased with cumulative dose by 52% (90% confidence interval 27% to 77%) per Gy, lagged by 10 years. Restricting the analysis to the low cumulative dose range (0-100 mGy) approximately doubled the estimate of association (and increased the width of its confidence interval), as did restricting the analysis to workers hired in the more recent years of operations when estimates of occupational external penetrating radiation dose were recorded more accurately. Exclusion of deaths from lung cancer and pleural cancer had a modest effect on the estimated magnitude of association, providing indirect evidence that the association was not substantially confounded by smoking or occupational exposure to asbestos. Conclusions: This major update to INWORKS provides a direct estimate of the association between protracted low dose exposure to ionising radiation and solid cancer mortality based on some of the world's most informative cohorts of radiation workers. The summary estimate of excess relative rate solid cancer mortality per Gy is larger than estimates currently informing radiation protection, and some evidence suggests a steeper slope for the dose-response association in the low dose range than over the full dose range. These results can help to strengthen radiation protection, especially for low dose exposures that are of primary interest in contemporary medical, occupational, and environmental settings.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Cohort Studies ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Industry ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects ; Occupational Diseases ; Radiation Exposure/adverse effects
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362901-3
ISSN	1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
ISSN (online)	1756-1833
ISSN	0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
DOI	10.1136/bmj-2022-074520
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