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Article: Regulatory T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Diagnostics-What Do We Know So Far?

Arneth, Borros

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1

Abstract: Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) through inflammation. MS symptoms become acute if the disease progresses to the relapsing phase.: Aim: This review aimed to evaluate the role ... ...

Abstract	Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) through inflammation. MS symptoms become acute if the disease progresses to the relapsing phase. Aim: This review aimed to evaluate the role played by regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of MS. Methods: This review used scholarly journal articles obtained from PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL with different search parameters such as 'regulatory T cells', 'multiple sclerosis', and 'current knowledge'. The process of searching for articles was limited to those that had publication dates falling between 2010 and 2020. Results: Tregs play a role in the pathogenesis of MS. This conclusion is supported by animal disease models and environmental factors that can underlie Treg alterations in MS. Despite the knowledge of the role played by Tregs in MS pathogenesis, the specific subsets of Tregs involved in MS development remain incompletely understood. Discussion: This review provides an essential link between Tregs and MS activity. Targeting Tregs could be an efficient way to establish new treatment methods for MS management. Conclusion: MS is a complex condition affecting many people worldwide. Research has shown that Tregs can influence MS development and progression. More investigations are needed to understand how Tregs affect the pathogenesis of MS.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2662248-8
ISSN	2075-4426
ISSN	2075-4426
DOI	10.3390/jpm14010029
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Article ; Online: The roles of nucleotide signaling and platelets in inflammation.

Arneth, Borros

Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids

2022 Volume 41, Issue 9, Page(s) 910–941

Abstract: Nucleotides and platelets have been associated with a wide range of activities that affect the host inflammatory response. The main goal of this study is to examine the roles of nucleotide signaling and platelets in inflammation. The study analysis ... ...

Abstract	Nucleotides and platelets have been associated with a wide range of activities that affect the host inflammatory response. The main goal of this study is to examine the roles of nucleotide signaling and platelets in inflammation. The study analysis entailed conducting a systematic search to identify relevant articles in PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. The evidence gathered from the identified articles shows the roles of nucleotides and platelets in inflammation. In the extracellular environment, nucleotides act as signaling molecules that can activate nucleotide receptors to promote inflammation. Inflammation is an essential process through which the innate immune system responds to pathogens, microbes, and damage-associated molecular patterns. Moreover, research evidence shows that the mechanisms through which platelets affect inflammatory responses and regulate hemostasis are the same. The roles of nucleotides and platelets in inflammation have been explored in several studies worldwide. Although platelets and nucleotides have unique structures, both of them influence the host response to pathogens and tumors. Analysis of platelets and nucleotides will offer valuable insight for the development of new treatments for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Blood Platelets/physiology ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Nucleotides ; Signal Transduction
Chemical Substances	Nucleotides
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2008956-9
ISSN	1532-2335 ; 1525-7770
ISSN (online)	1532-2335
ISSN	1525-7770
DOI	10.1080/15257770.2022.2085295
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Zs.A 3870: Show issues

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Article: Neonatal Immune Incompatibilities between Newborn and Mother.

Arneth, Borros

Journal of clinical medicine

2020 Volume 9, Issue 5

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Background
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2662592-1
ISSN	2077-0383
ISSN	2077-0383
DOI	10.3390/jcm9051470
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Article ; Online: Trained innate immunity.

Arneth, Borros

Immunologic research

2021 Volume 69, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–7

Abstract: The innate immune system acts rapidly in an identical and nonspecific way every time the body is exposed to pathogens. As such, it cannot build and maintain immunological memory to help prevent reinfection. Researchers contend that trained immunity is ... ...

Abstract	The innate immune system acts rapidly in an identical and nonspecific way every time the body is exposed to pathogens. As such, it cannot build and maintain immunological memory to help prevent reinfection. Researchers contend that trained immunity is influenced by intracellular metabolic pathways and epigenetic remodeling. The purpose of this review was to explore the topic of trained innate immunity based on the results of relevant previous studies. This systematic review entailed identifying articles related to trained innate immunity. The sources were obtained from PubMed using different search terms that included "trained innate immunity," "trained immunity," "trained," "innate," "immunity," and "immune system." Boolean operators were used to combine terms and phrases. A review of previous study results revealed that little is currently known about the molecular and cellular processes that mediate or induce a trained immune response in animals. However, it is believed that alterations in the phenotypes of cell populations and the numbers of specific cells may play a critical role in mediating the trained immune response. Increasing evidence shows that the protective processes and actions that occur during a secondary infection are not entirely linked to the adaptive immune system. Instead, these events also involve heightened activation of innate immune cells. While trained innate immune cells may have a shorter memory, they assist in the fight against pathogens and provide cross-protection. Identification of the mechanisms and molecules that underlie trained innate immunity has highlighted important features of the human immune response. Such advances continue to open doors for future research on how the body responds to disease-causing pathogens.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological/immunology ; Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Disease Resistance ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Humans ; Immune System/physiology ; Immunity, Innate/physiology ; Immunologic Memory ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	632857-x
ISSN	1559-0755 ; 0257-277X
ISSN (online)	1559-0755
ISSN	0257-277X
DOI	10.1007/s12026-021-09170-y
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Zs.A 1755: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Leftovers of viruses in human physiology.

Arneth, Borros

Brain structure & function

2021 Volume 226, Issue 6, Page(s) 1649–1658

Abstract: Significant advances have been observed in the field of cell biology, with numerous studies exploring the molecular genetic pathways that have contributed to species evolution and disease development. The current study adds to the existing body of ... ...

Abstract	Significant advances have been observed in the field of cell biology, with numerous studies exploring the molecular genetic pathways that have contributed to species evolution and disease development. The current study adds to the existing body of research evidence by reviewing information related to the role of leftover viruses and/or viral remnants in human physiology. To explore leftover viruses, their incorporation, and their roles in human physiology. The study entailed conducting a systematic search in the PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases to locate articles related to the topic of investigation. The search terms included "leftovers," "viruses," "genome sequences," "transposable elements," "immune response," and "evolution." Additional articles were selected from the references of the studies identified in the electronic databases. Evidence showed that both retroviruses and nonretroviruses can be integrated into the human germline via various mechanisms. The role of leftover viruses in human physiology has been explored by studying the activation of human retroviral genes in the human placenta, RNA transfer between neurons through virus-like particles, and RNA transfer through extracellular vesicles. Research evidence suggested that leftover viruses play key roles in human physiology. A more complete understanding of the underlying pathways may provide an avenue for studying human evolution and allow researchers to determine the pathogenesis of some viral infections. Evidence obtained in this review shows that leftover viruses may be incorporated into the human genome. Retroviral genes are critical for the development of different parts of the body, such as the placenta in mammals.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; RNA ; Viruses/genetics
Chemical Substances	RNA (63231-63-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-30
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2273162-3
ISSN	1863-2661 ; 1863-2653
ISSN (online)	1863-2661
ISSN	1863-2653
DOI	10.1007/s00429-021-02306-8
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Article ; Online: Defects in ubiquitination and NETosis and their associations with human diseases.

Arneth, Borros

Pathology

2021 Volume 53, Issue 4, Page(s) 439–445

Abstract: Various autoimmune diseases are associated with defects in protein degradation and NETosis. This review aims to examine defects in ubiquitination and NETosis and their associations with human disease. This study involved a systematic search of electronic ...

Abstract	Various autoimmune diseases are associated with defects in protein degradation and NETosis. This review aims to examine defects in ubiquitination and NETosis and their associations with human disease. This study involved a systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, EBSCO, and LILACS, to locate articles on the relationship between human disease and defects in protein degradation and NETosis. Ubiquitination and NETosis can trigger a cascade of events that affect immune system function and impact the body's ability to fight disease. Ubiquitination is implicated in various disorders, such as Liddle's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders, whereas NETosis has been linked to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis, accelerated atherosclerosis, thrombosis, rheumatoid arthritis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and renal inflammatory complications. Researchers have attempted for years to identify the link between neurodegenerative disease and ubiquitination. Previous studies analysed the relationships between different autoimmune disorders and NETosis and identified various ubiquitin conjugates and NET remnants that trigger disease development and progression. Ubiquitination and NETosis play key roles in the emergence and progression of neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationships between these disorders and biological processes.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/immunology ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis ; Apoptosis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology ; Atherosclerosis/immunology ; Atherosclerosis/pathology ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; Autoimmune Diseases/pathology ; Extracellular Traps ; Humans ; Liddle Syndrome/immunology ; Liddle Syndrome/pathology ; Necrosis ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/immunology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology ; Proteolysis ; Ubiquitinated Proteins ; Ubiquitination/immunology
Chemical Substances	Ubiquitinated Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	7085-3
ISSN	1465-3931 ; 0031-3025
ISSN (online)	1465-3931
ISSN	0031-3025
DOI	10.1016/j.pathol.2020.10.014
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Article ; Online: Multiple Sclerosis and Smoking.

Arneth, Borros

The American journal of medicine

2020 Volume 133, Issue 7, Page(s) 783–788

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, severe neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Nevertheless, the actual cause of MS remains unknown. Smoking has been studied with respect to MS development and progression. The objectives of ... ...

Abstract	Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, severe neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Nevertheless, the actual cause of MS remains unknown. Smoking has been studied with respect to MS development and progression. The objectives of this review were to examine the relationship between smoking and MS and to understand the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the association. PubMed was searched for articles related to the study topic published between 2012 and 2020 using the search terms "multiple sclerosis," "smoking," "risk factors," "cigarettes," and "molecular mechanisms." Studies show a significant relationship between smoking and the risk of MS. Furthermore, smoking has been linked to the progression of MS at the patient and population levels. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be explored in further studies; researchers still disagree on how the relationship between smoking and MS arises in different populations. Evidence from randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and epidemiological studies shows that smokers have a higher risk of developing MS and experiencing related adverse symptoms and complications.
MeSH term(s)	Disease Progression ; Global Health ; Humans ; Morbidity/trends ; Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology ; Multiple Sclerosis/etiology ; Risk Factors ; Smoking/adverse effects
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	80015-6
ISSN	1555-7162 ; 1873-2178 ; 0002-9343 ; 1548-2766
ISSN (online)	1555-7162 ; 1873-2178
ISSN	0002-9343 ; 1548-2766
DOI	10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.008
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Article ; Online: Contributions of T cells in multiple sclerosis: what do we currently know?

Arneth, Borros

Journal of neurology

2020 Volume 268, Issue 12, Page(s) 4587–4593

Abstract: Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by neurologic dysfunction. The symptoms worsen as the disease progresses to the relapsing stage.: Aim: This study aimed to examine the role of T cells in MS ... ...

Abstract	Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by neurologic dysfunction. The symptoms worsen as the disease progresses to the relapsing stage. Aim: This study aimed to examine the role of T cells in MS pathogenesis. Materials and methods: The review was performed based on articles obtained from PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Search terms and phrases, such as "multiple sclerosis," "MS," "T cells," "development," "Dysregulated T cells," and "Effector T cells", were used to identify articles that could help explore the research topic. Results: The pathogenesis of MS is linked to the regulatory, inflammatory, suppressive, and effector roles of T cells. However, the actual roles of specific T cell subsets in MS development are not well understood. Discussion: The study revealed a significant link between MS and T cell activity. Targeting T cells is a potential strategy for the development of new therapies to manage MS. Conclusion: MS is a complex demyelinating condition that affects several million people around the world. Research has revealed that various classes of T cells, including effector T cells and regulatory T cells, influence the development and progression of MS. Further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which specific T cell populations influence MS pathogenesis.
MeSH term(s)	Autoimmune Diseases ; Humans ; Multiple Sclerosis ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	187050-6
ISSN	1432-1459 ; 0340-5354 ; 0012-1037 ; 0939-1517 ; 1619-800X
ISSN (online)	1432-1459
ISSN	0340-5354 ; 0012-1037 ; 0939-1517 ; 1619-800X
DOI	10.1007/s00415-020-10275-x
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Article ; Online: Insulin gene mutations and posttranslational and translocation defects: associations with diabetes.

Arneth, Borros

Endocrine

2020 Volume 70, Issue 3, Page(s) 488–497

Abstract: The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetes is complex and poorly understood. Recent investigations have revealed that insulin gene mutations can lead to the development of specific subtypes of diabetes. This systematic review aimed to explore ... ...

Abstract	The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetes is complex and poorly understood. Recent investigations have revealed that insulin gene mutations can lead to the development of specific subtypes of diabetes. This systematic review aimed to explore the associations of insulin gene mutations and insulin translocation defects with diabetes. This review was generated using articles from PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Search terms and phrases such as "diabetes," "mutations," "insulin," "preproinsulin," "INS gene," "role," "VNTR polymorphisms," and "INS promotor" were used to identify articles relevant to the research topic. The gathered data showed the significant role of insulin gene mutations and insulin translocation defects during diabetes development and progression. Genetic changes can adversely affect the development of various types of diabetes, such as neonatal diabetes mellitus and MIDY. Genetic alterations can affect insulin production, thus compromising the regulation of glucose utilization by tissues. Targeting insulin gene mutations is a potential new avenue for diagnosing and managing diabetes. There are specific subcategories of diabetes, such as MIDY and neonatal diabetes mellitus, caused by insulin gene mutations and defects in posttranslational modification. Further investigations are needed to examine the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of mutation-based biomarkers.
MeSH term(s)	Diabetes Mellitus/genetics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Insulin/genetics ; Mutation ; Translocation, Genetic
Chemical Substances	Insulin
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	1194484-5
ISSN	1559-0100 ; 1355-008X ; 0969-711X
ISSN (online)	1559-0100
ISSN	1355-008X ; 0969-711X
DOI	10.1007/s12020-020-02413-2
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Zs.A 3884: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Pregnancy in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Arneth, Borros M

Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research

2021 Volume 70, Issue 1, Page(s) 14–19

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects ~2.5 million people globally. Women of reproductive age are highly susceptible to this disease. This study aims to explore the association between MS and pregnancy. Articles related to the ... ...

Abstract	Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects ~2.5 million people globally. Women of reproductive age are highly susceptible to this disease. This study aims to explore the association between MS and pregnancy. Articles related to the topic under investigation were identified; the search terms included "pregnancy", "multiple sclerosis", "MS", and "women". Only articles published between 2010 and 2020 were included in the review. This review shows that researchers have attempted to explore the link between pregnancy and MS, and the results from previous studies indicate that pregnancy reduces the risk of MS relapse. However, evidence suggesting that pregnancy can affect the long-term progression of MS is lacking. The research results also indicate that MS does not increase the risk of maternal and fetal complications. MS remains a serious autoimmune disorder that affects many women worldwide. The data gathered during this review indicate that a significant correlation exists between pregnancy and MS relapse rates. The findings presented in this review can aid in the management of MS during pregnancy. Furthermore, these research results provide vital insights that caregivers can use to monitor patients with MS during pregnancy.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Multiple Sclerosis/complications ; Preconception Care ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Recurrence
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1217870-6
ISSN	1708-8267 ; 0009-9279 ; 1081-5589
ISSN (online)	1708-8267
ISSN	0009-9279 ; 1081-5589
DOI	10.1136/jim-2020-001609
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