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  1. Book ; Online: Determinação urinária das proteínas albumina, ligadas à vitamina D e ao retinol, e de Tamm-Horsfall, em cães com doença renal crônica ; Evaluation of urinary albumin, urinary vitamin D-binding protein, urinary retinol-binding protein, and Tamm-Horsfall in dogs with chronic kidney disease

    Chacar, Fernanda Chicharo

    2015  

    Abstract: A proteína ligada à vitamina D (VDBP) é a principal responsável pelo transporte dos metabólitos da vitamina D e a sua presença na urina pode indicar lesão tubulointersticial, conforme observado em ratos e humanos. A determinação urinária da proteína ... ...

    Author's details Fernanda Chicharo Chacar
    Abstract A proteína ligada à vitamina D (VDBP) é a principal responsável pelo transporte dos metabólitos da vitamina D e a sua presença na urina pode indicar lesão tubulointersticial, conforme observado em ratos e humanos. A determinação urinária da proteína ligada ao retinol (RBP), responsável por carrear o retinol do fígado para os tecidos periféricos, por sua vez, está associada à fibrose intersticial dos rins. A albuminúria pode estar relacionada a lesões glomerulares e/ou tubulares (não reabsorção). A proteína de Tamm-Horsfall (THP) normalmente é observada na urina, sendo sintetizada exclusivamente pelas células epiteliais da alça de Henle e do túbulo contornado distal, entretanto quando não detectada, pode indicar lesão nestes segmentos do néfron e/ou diminuição do número de néfrons. Em cães, há poucos estudos sobre as referidas proteínas na urina, especialmente nos casos de doença renal crônica (DRC). A hipótese deste estudo seria de que a avaliação da razão proteína:creatinina urinária (RPC) em cães com DRC per si não forneceria informações suficientes, pois não identificaria os segmentos dos néfrons comprometidos, mas que a determinação de proteínas específicas, pela análise conjunta da eletroforese e do Western blotting, sinalizariam a presença de lesões glomerulares e/ou tubulares, e que a THP poderia estar ausente ou presente em menor intensidade nos estágios avançados da DRC, indicando lesão tubular distal e/ou perda importante do número de néfrons. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a presença de albumina, VDBP, RBP e THP na urina de cães com DRC, nos estágios 1 ao 4 (IRIS), pela análise conjunta da eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) e Western blotting. O total de 49 cães compuseram os grupos: grupo C clinicamente normal (n= 9), grupo E1 (estágio 1; n=10), grupo E2 (estágio 2; n=10), grupo E3 (estágio 3; n=10) e grupo E4 (estágio 4; n=10). Houve o predomínio de bandas de proteínas de baixo peso molecular (PM <60kDa) em todos os grupos de cães com DRC (E1, E2, E3 e E4), e especificamente para o grupo E4 que apresentava média da RPC de 4,37 e, portanto, esperar-se-ia o predomínio de proteínas de alto PM (PM> 60kDa). Neste grupo, além da imunodetecção da albumina, também foi identificada, em grande intensidade, proteínas de baixo PM (VDBP e RBP). No grupo E3 também foram imunodetectadas a VDBP e RBP, com média da RPC de 1,51 e de 3 a 7 bandas de proteínas de baixo PM. Ainda, a imunodetecção da VDBP e RBP foi constatada nos estágios inicias (E1 e E2) da DRC frente a valores da RPC normais (não proteinúricos), sendo este achado considerado como marcador precoce de lesão renal. A VDBP e RBP não foram identificadas em cães clinicamente normais. A menor intensidade de imunodetecção da THP nos estágios mais avançados pode sugerir mau prognóstico. Conclui-se que o valor da RPC per si não foi capaz de indicar a origem da proteinúria, se glomerular e/ou tubular, sendo necessário, portanto, a análise conjunta da eletroforese (PM) e do Western blotting (albumina, VDBP, RBP e THP) e que, assim, permitiu identificar o segmento do néfron comprometido que acarretou na perda ou na diminuição urinária de proteínas.

    Vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) is the main carrier of the Vitamin D metabolites and its presence in urine is associated with the development of tubulointersticial injury, according to previous studies in rats and humans. Retinol-binding protein (RBP) carries retinol from liver to peripheral tissues, and its urinary detection is also associated with tubulointersticial injury. Albuminuria suggests glomerular lesion, but also may indicate tubular dysfunction (impairment of reabsorption). The presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is expected in the urine of clinically normal people and animals, because it is synthesized exclusively by the epithelial cells of the distal segment of nephron, and when it is not detected it may indicate distal tubular injury and/or massive nephrons loss. However in dogs, there are few studies about these urinary proteins especially in cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hypothesis of the present study was to investigate that not only urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) measurements would be enough to localize properly the injury to a specific nephron site, but also the evaluation of specifics urinary proteins by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting could provide information regarding to the presence of glomerular and/or tubular injury; in addition, less excretion of THP, or its absence in urine, could be associated with advanced stages of CKD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate albumin, VDBP, RBP e THP in the urine of 40 CKD dogs, on stages 1 to 4 (IRIS), by using of electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting. Forty-nine dogs were subdivided into: C group healthy dogs (n= 9), E1 group (stage 1; n=10), E2 group (stage 2; n=10), E3 group (stage 3; n=10) e E4 group (stage 4; n=10). The predominance of low molecular weight proteins (MW <60kDa) was detected in all CKD groups, mainly in E4 group that the mean of UPC was 4.37, and then it would be expected high MW proteins findings (MW >60 kDa). In fact, in E4 group, albumin was immunodetected, however low molecular weight proteins (VDBP and RBP) were also detected and in high intensity. VDBP and RBP were also observed in E3 group (mean UPC = 1.51) and 3 to 7 bands of low molecular weight were detected. In the early stages of CKD (E1 and E2 groups), VDBP and RBP were also identified but UPC values were normal (non-proteinuric), which may suggest the role of these proteins as an early marker of renal injury. VDBP and RBP were not detected in healthy dogs. THP was observed in less intensity in the advanced stages of CDK that may suggest bad prognosis. In conclusion, UPC measurement per se was not able to indicate adequately the injury to a specific nephron site (e.g. glomerular and/or tubular), and therefore the additional information of electrophoresis (MW) and Western blotting (VDBP, RBP and THP) testing could allow the identification of the nephron site injured that caused loss (proteinuria) or decrease in urinary proteins.
    Size 1 Online-Ressource
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database Special collection on veterinary medicine and general parasitology

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  2. Article: Vitamin D Metabolism and Its Role in Mineral and Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease in Humans, Dogs and Cats.

    Chacar, Fernanda C / Kogika, Márcia M / Zafalon, Rafael V A / Brunetto, Marcio A

    Metabolites

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 12

    Abstract: Some differences regarding Vitamin D metabolism are described in dogs and cats in comparison with humans, which may be explained by an evolutionary drive among these species. Similarly, vitamin D is one of the most important regulators of mineral ... ...

    Abstract Some differences regarding Vitamin D metabolism are described in dogs and cats in comparison with humans, which may be explained by an evolutionary drive among these species. Similarly, vitamin D is one of the most important regulators of mineral metabolism in dogs and cats, as well as in humans. Mineral metabolism is intrinsically related to bone metabolism, thus disturbances in vitamin D have been implicated in the development of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) in people, in addition to dogs and cats. Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (RSHPT), which is the most common mineral disorder in later stages of CKD in dogs and cats. Herein, we review the peculiarities of vitamin D metabolism in these species in comparison with humans, and the role of vitamin D disturbances in the development of CKD-MBD among dogs, cats, and people. Comparative studies may offer some evidence to help further research about vitamin D metabolism and bone disorders in CKD.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-04
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2662251-8
    ISSN 2218-1989
    ISSN 2218-1989
    DOI 10.3390/metabo10120499
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Body Composition of Healthy Cats and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease Fed on a Dry Diet Low in Phosphorus with Maintenance Protein.

    Machado, Daniela P / Ruberti, Bruna / Teixeira, Fabio A / Vendramini, Thiago H A / Pfrimer, Karina / Chacar, Fernanda C / Balieiro, Julio C C / Pontieri, Cristiana F F / Brunetto, Marcio A

    Toxins

    2022  Volume 14, Issue 12

    Abstract: The aim was to evaluate the effect of feeding a low-phosphorus and maintenance protein diet in healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with IRIS stages 1 (CKD-1) and 2 (CKD-2). Cats were initially fed a senior diet (30 days) followed by ... ...

    Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effect of feeding a low-phosphorus and maintenance protein diet in healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with IRIS stages 1 (CKD-1) and 2 (CKD-2). Cats were initially fed a senior diet (30 days) followed by the renal diet (60 days). Body composition, body weight (BW), muscle mass score (MMS), and body condition score (BCS) were assessed before (T30) and after renal diet intake (T60). General mixed linear models were used to assess the effects of fixed groups and moments (T30 × T60), as well as their interaction, in addition to the random effects of animals within each group. Unlike healthy cats and cats with CKD-1, cats with CKD-2 had a loss of BW, lower BCS (
    MeSH term(s) Cats ; Animals ; Phosphorus ; Diet/veterinary ; Body Weight ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/veterinary ; Body Composition
    Chemical Substances Phosphorus (27YLU75U4W)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-09
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2518395-3
    ISSN 2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
    ISSN (online) 2072-6651
    ISSN 2072-6651
    DOI 10.3390/toxins14120865
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Total serum magnesium in cats with chronic kidney disease with nephrolithiasis.

    Chacar, Fernanda Chicharo / Kogika, Marcia Mery / Ferreira, Andréa C / Kanayama, Khadine K / Reche, Archivaldo

    Journal of feline medicine and surgery

    2019  Volume 21, Issue 12, Page(s) 1172–1180

    Abstract: Objectives: Magnesium has been 'the forgotten ion' for many years. Over the past decade, however, the role of magnesium in essential physiological functions and several illness conditions have been elucidated. Nevertheless, the investigation of ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Magnesium has been 'the forgotten ion' for many years. Over the past decade, however, the role of magnesium in essential physiological functions and several illness conditions have been elucidated. Nevertheless, the investigation of magnesium in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CKD cats with nephrolithiasis have changes in total serum magnesium concentrations, and whether magnesium disorders may be associated with other electrolyte disturbances, as well as with prognosis. We also aimed to evaluate whether total serum magnesium concentration differs between CKD cats with and without nephrolithiasis.
    Methods: Total serum magnesium concentrations were assessed in 42 cats with CKD with stage 1-4 nephrolithiasis. The correlation between magnesium and other electrolytes, as well as Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, were performed. We also selected 14 control cats with CKD without nephrolithiasis age-matched with 14 cats with CKD with nephrolithiasis.
    Results: Hypermagnesemia was observed in 16/42 (38.1%) and hypomagnesemia in 6/42 (14.3%) cats. Serum magnesium abnormalities were observed in cats of all stages, and marked hypermagnesemia was noted in cats with stage 4 CKD with nephrolithiasis (
    Conclusions and relevance: Cats with CKD with nephrolithiasis have magnesium abnormalities. Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia were associated with an increase in mortality, and thus total serum magnesium abnormalities may be used as prognostic factors in these cases.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cat Diseases/blood ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis ; Cats ; Female ; Magnesium/blood ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/blood ; Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis ; Nephrolithiasis/veterinary ; Prognosis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/blood ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/veterinary ; Water-Electrolyte Balance
    Chemical Substances Magnesium (I38ZP9992A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2049047-1
    ISSN 1532-2750 ; 1098-612X
    ISSN (online) 1532-2750
    ISSN 1098-612X
    DOI 10.1177/1098612X18823588
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: The Role of Vitamin D in Small Animal Bone Metabolism.

    Zafalon, Rafael Vessecchi Amorim / Ruberti, Bruna / Rentas, Mariana Fragoso / Amaral, Andressa Rodrigues / Vendramini, Thiago Henrique Annibale / Chacar, Fernanda Chicharo / Kogika, Marcia Mery / Brunetto, Marcio Antonio

    Metabolites

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 12

    Abstract: Dogs and cats have differences in vitamin D metabolism compared to other mammalian species, as they are unable to perform vitamin D cutaneous synthesis through sun exposure. Therefore, they are dependent on the dietary intake of this nutrient. The ... ...

    Abstract Dogs and cats have differences in vitamin D metabolism compared to other mammalian species, as they are unable to perform vitamin D cutaneous synthesis through sun exposure. Therefore, they are dependent on the dietary intake of this nutrient. The classic functions of vitamin D are to stimulate intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption and regulate bone mineral metabolism. Thus, it is an important nutrient for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. This review highlights the evidence of the direct and indirect actions of vitamin D on bone mineral metabolism, the consequences of nutritional imbalances of this nutrient in small animals, as well as differences in vitamin D metabolism between different size dogs.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2662251-8
    ISSN 2218-1989
    ISSN 2218-1989
    DOI 10.3390/metabo10120496
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein, albumin, vitamin D-binding protein, and retinol-binding protein as early biomarkers of chronic kidney disease in dogs.

    Chacar, Fernanda / Kogika, Márcia / Sanches, Talita R / Caragelasco, Douglas / Martorelli, Cínthia / Rodrigues, Camila / Capcha, Jose Manuel C / Chew, Dennis / Andrade, Lúcia

    Physiological reports

    2017  Volume 5, Issue 11

    Abstract: Proteinuria is a marker and mediator of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In clinical practice, the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C) is of limited usefulness, because it indicates only the magnitude of proteinuria and not the origin of the loss ( ... ...

    Abstract Proteinuria is a marker and mediator of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In clinical practice, the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C) is of limited usefulness, because it indicates only the magnitude of proteinuria and not the origin of the loss (glomerular or tubular). The complete assessment of proteinuria includes quantitative and qualitative evaluations, both of which are required in order to optimize the therapy. In addition to measuring the UP/C, we performed SDS-PAGE and western blotting to determine the expression of albumin, vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), retinol-binding protein (RBP), and Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) in urine samples of 49 dogs: healthy (control) dogs (
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biomarkers/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Proteinuria/urine ; Proteinuria/veterinary ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/urine ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/veterinary ; Retinol-Binding Proteins/urine ; Uromodulin/urine ; Vitamin D-Binding Protein/urine
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers ; Retinol-Binding Proteins ; Uromodulin ; Vitamin D-Binding Protein
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-06-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2724325-4
    ISSN 2051-817X ; 2051-817X
    ISSN (online) 2051-817X
    ISSN 2051-817X
    DOI 10.14814/phy2.13262
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Urinary Fractional Excretion of Phosphorus in Dogs with Spontaneous Chronic Kidney Disease.

    Martorelli, Cínthia Ribas / Kogika, Márcia Mery / Chacar, Fernanda Chicharo / Caragelasco, Douglas Segalla / de Campos Fonseca Pinto, Ana Carolina Brandão / Lorigados, Carla Aparecida Batista / Andrade, Lúcia Conceição

    Veterinary sciences

    2017  Volume 4, Issue 4

    Abstract: The increase of urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus (uFEP) may indicate phosphorus retention before the onset of hyperphosphatemia in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hypothesis of this study is whether uFEP may increase ... ...

    Abstract The increase of urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus (uFEP) may indicate phosphorus retention before the onset of hyperphosphatemia in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hypothesis of this study is whether uFEP may increase during the early stage of CKD as a compensatory mechanism to prevent hyperphosphatemia as well as whether hyperphosphatemia in the late stages is associated with increase or decrease in uFEP in dogs with naturally occurring CKD; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the uFEP in CKD dogs with different stages. Forty-nine CKD dogs were included, and they were divided into stage 1 (serum creatinine < 1.4 mg/dL), stage 2 (serum creatinine 1.5 to 2.0 mg/dL), stage 3 (serum creatinine 2.1 to 5.0 mg/dL) and stage 4 (serum creatinine > 5.0 mg/dL), according to the IRIS staging criteria. The stage 3 was subdivided into stage 3-A (serum creatinine 2.1 to 3.5 mg/dL) and stage 3-B (serum creatinine 3.6 to 5.0 mg/dL). The control group comprised 10 dogs, and uFEP ≤ 40% was considered as normal. A progressive increase in uFEP along the progression of CKD was found. However, similar results of uFEP levels were observed in late CKD, since there were no differences between stages 3 (A, B) and 4. Interestingly, some CKD dogs with stage 4 showed normal or reduced uFEP, besides hyperphosphatemia; conversely, some dogs in early CKD had increased uFEP values and normophosphatemia. Our findings suggest that uFEP may act as a compensatory mechanism to avoid the onset of hyperphosphatemia in early CKD, but not in later stages. uFEP assessment may be considered as an additional tool for the diagnostic and monitoring of phosphate disorders in dogs with CKD, since it may help to identify disturbances of phosphorus balance. More studies are needed to elucidate the role of uFEP in phosphorus homeostasis in dogs with CKD.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-12-14
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2768971-2
    ISSN 2306-7381 ; 2306-7381
    ISSN (online) 2306-7381
    ISSN 2306-7381
    DOI 10.3390/vetsci4040067
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Reversal of acute renal injury after peritoneal dialysis in a dog

    Êmille Gedoz Guiot / Priscylla Tatiana Chalfun Guimarães Okamoto / Fernanda Chicharo Chacar / Paula Gomide / Maria Lúcia Gomes Lourenço / Alessandra Melchert

    Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Vol 37, Iss 2, Pp 153-

    2015  Volume 157

    Abstract: ABSTRACT. Guiot E.G., Guimarães-Okamoto P.T.C., Chacar F.C., Gomide P., Lourenço M.L.G. & Melchert ...

    Abstract ABSTRACT. Guiot E.G., Guimarães-Okamoto P.T.C., Chacar F.C., Gomide P., Lourenço M.L.G. & Melchert A. [Reversal of acute renal injury after peritoneal dialysis in a dog.] Reversão da injúria renal aguda após diálise peritoneal em cão. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(2):153-157, 2015. Departamento de Clínica Cirúrgica de Pequenos Animais, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UnespBotucatu, Distrito de Ribião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brasil. E-mail: tatiana@fmvz.unesp.br Acute renal injury is characterized by a sudden injury in renal parenchyma that causes loss in its excretory, metabolic and endocrine function. The dialysis therapy has been instituted in the small animal clinic aimed at removing metabolic waste and correcting electrolyte disturbances of renal dysfunction. Peritoneal dialysis is a therapy based on the use of the peritoneum as a semipermeable membrane through which there is exchange of solutes and fluid between blood from the peritoneal capillaries and the dialysis solution. We describe a case of acute kidney injury refractory to drug therapy in a canine female mixed-breed, with 13 years old. The patient was presenting anorexia, vomiting, decubitus and anuria, had a history of prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, was azotemic and in metabolic acidosis. Anuria persisted after drug therapy (volume restoration, chemical and osmotic diuresis and renal vasodilation) then starting to peritoneal dialysis (PD). Were performed three cycles of PD, during the second cycle patient left anuria and at the end of the third cycle showed clinical improvement, reduction of azotemia, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. PD has shown satisfactory results, reversing the anuria, reducing azotemia and electrolyte disturbances, thereby providing clinical improvement.
    Keywords Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
    Subject code 616
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Sociedade de Medicina Veterinária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Urinary Fractional Excretion of Phosphorus in Dogs with Spontaneous Chronic Kidney Disease

    Cínthia Ribas Martorelli / Márcia Mery Kogika / Fernanda Chicharo Chacar / Douglas Segalla Caragelasco / Ana Carolina Brandão de Campos Fonseca Pinto / Carla Aparecida Batista Lorigados / Lúcia Conceição Andrade

    Veterinary Sciences, Vol 4, Iss 4, p

    2017  Volume 67

    Abstract: The increase of urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus (uFEP) may indicate phosphorus retention before the onset of hyperphosphatemia in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hypothesis of this study is whether uFEP may increase ... ...

    Abstract The increase of urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus (uFEP) may indicate phosphorus retention before the onset of hyperphosphatemia in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hypothesis of this study is whether uFEP may increase during the early stage of CKD as a compensatory mechanism to prevent hyperphosphatemia as well as whether hyperphosphatemia in the late stages is associated with increase or decrease in uFEP in dogs with naturally occurring CKD; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the uFEP in CKD dogs with different stages. Forty-nine CKD dogs were included, and they were divided into stage 1 (serum creatinine < 1.4 mg/dL), stage 2 (serum creatinine 1.5 to 2.0 mg/dL), stage 3 (serum creatinine 2.1 to 5.0 mg/dL) and stage 4 (serum creatinine > 5.0 mg/dL), according to the IRIS staging criteria. The stage 3 was subdivided into stage 3-A (serum creatinine 2.1 to 3.5 mg/dL) and stage 3-B (serum creatinine 3.6 to 5.0 mg/dL). The control group comprised 10 dogs, and uFEP ≤ 40% was considered as normal. A progressive increase in uFEP along the progression of CKD was found. However, similar results of uFEP levels were observed in late CKD, since there were no differences between stages 3 (A, B) and 4. Interestingly, some CKD dogs with stage 4 showed normal or reduced uFEP, besides hyperphosphatemia; conversely, some dogs in early CKD had increased uFEP values and normophosphatemia. Our findings suggest that uFEP may act as a compensatory mechanism to avoid the onset of hyperphosphatemia in early CKD, but not in later stages. uFEP assessment may be considered as an additional tool for the diagnostic and monitoring of phosphate disorders in dogs with CKD, since it may help to identify disturbances of phosphorus balance. More studies are needed to elucidate the role of uFEP in phosphorus homeostasis in dogs with CKD.
    Keywords canine ; hyperphosphatemia ; hyperparathyroidism ; phosphaturia ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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