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Article ; Online: Developmental aspects of spinal cord and limb regeneration.

Chernoff, Ellen A G / Stocum, David L

2023 Volume 37, Issue 2, Page(s) 133–147

Abstract: The ability of birds and mammals to regenerate tissues is limited. By contrast, urodele amphibians can regenerate a variety of injured tissues such as intestine, cardiac muscle, lens and neural retina, as well as entire structures such as limbs, tail and ...

Abstract	The ability of birds and mammals to regenerate tissues is limited. By contrast, urodele amphibians can regenerate a variety of injured tissues such as intestine, cardiac muscle, lens and neural retina, as well as entire structures such as limbs, tail and lower jaw. This regenerative capacity is associated with the ability to form masses of mesenchyme cells (blastemas) that differentiate into the missing tissues or parts. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie blastema formation in urodeles will provide valuable tools with which to achieve the goal of stimulating regeneration in mammalian tissues that do not naturally regenerate. Here we discuss an example of tissue regeneration (spinal cord) and an example of epimorphic appendage regeneration (limb) in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum, emphasizing analysis of the processes that produce the regeneration blastema and of the tissue interactions and blastemal products that contribute to the regeneration-promoting environment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-06
Publishing country	Japan
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	280433-5
ISSN	1440-169X ; 0012-1592
ISSN (online)	1440-169X
ISSN	0012-1592
DOI	10.1046/j.1440-169X.1995.t01-1-00002.x
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Article: Musashi and Plasticity of

Chernoff, Ellen A G / Sato, Kazuna / Salfity, Hai V N / Sarria, Deborah A / Belecky-Adams, Teri

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

2018 Volume 12, Page(s) 45

Abstract: The differentiated state of spinal cord ependymal cells in regeneration-competent amphibians varies between a constitutively active state in what is essentially a developing organism, the tadpole of the ... ...

Abstract	The differentiated state of spinal cord ependymal cells in regeneration-competent amphibians varies between a constitutively active state in what is essentially a developing organism, the tadpole of the frog
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452963-1
ISSN	1662-5102
ISSN	1662-5102
DOI	10.3389/fncel.2018.00045
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Article ; Online: Meningeal Foam Cells and Ependymal Cells in Axolotl Spinal Cord Regeneration.

Enos, Nathaniel / Takenaka, Hidehito / Scott, Sarah / Salfity, Hai V N / Kirk, Maia / Egar, Margaret W / Sarria, Deborah A / Slayback-Barry, Denise / Belecky-Adams, Teri / Chernoff, Ellen A G

Frontiers in immunology

2019 Volume 10, Page(s) 2558

Abstract: A previously unreported population of foam cells (foamy macrophages) accumulates in the invasive fibrotic meninges during gap regeneration of transected adult Axolotl spinal cord ( ... ...

Abstract	A previously unreported population of foam cells (foamy macrophages) accumulates in the invasive fibrotic meninges during gap regeneration of transected adult Axolotl spinal cord (salamander
MeSH term(s)	Ambystoma mexicanum/immunology ; Ambystoma mexicanum/metabolism ; Animals ; Cathepsin K/immunology ; Ependyma/cytology ; Ependyma/immunology ; Female ; Foam Cells/immunology ; Male ; Meninges/cytology ; Meninges/immunology ; Myelin Sheath/metabolism ; Spinal Cord/immunology ; Spinal Cord Regeneration/immunology
Chemical Substances	Cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2019.02558
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Article: The short toes mutation of the axolotl.

Sato, Kazuna / Chernoff, Ellen A G

Development, growth & differentiation

2007 Volume 49, Issue 6, Page(s) 469–478

Abstract: The axolotl mutant strain, short toes (s/s), can regenerate spinal cord and tail, but not limbs. This makes s/s potentially very useful for limb regeneration studies. This mutant merits a new examination that integrates the original description of the ... ...

Abstract	The axolotl mutant strain, short toes (s/s), can regenerate spinal cord and tail, but not limbs. This makes s/s potentially very useful for limb regeneration studies. This mutant merits a new examination that integrates the original description of the mutant, existing experimental studies, new data and current thinking about stem cells and regeneration. There are still major gaps in information about this mutant; the gene(s) causing the defects has not yet been discovered, and even the histological description is incomplete, especially regarding muscle abnormalities. In the short toes limb, MyHC (myosin heavy chain)-1, MyHC-2b and pax7 are down-regulated. In particular, all three MyHC genes and pax7 are highly expressed in the normal limb, but almost lost in the s/s limb. MyHC genes are one of the main components of skeletal muscle, and Pax7 is the skeletal muscle satellite cell marker. Histological experiments confirm that severe s/s has lost most skeletal muscle and myosin. These results suggest that skeletal muscle, which includes satellite cells, could play an important role in axolotl limb regeneration.
MeSH term(s)	Ambystoma ; Animals ; Extremities/embryology ; Limb Deformities, Congenital/embryology ; Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics ; Mutation
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-08
Publishing country	Japan
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	280433-5
ISSN	1440-169X ; 0012-1592
ISSN (online)	1440-169X
ISSN	0012-1592
DOI	10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00950.x
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Article ; Online: Meckelin 3 is necessary for photoreceptor outer segment development in rat Meckel syndrome.

Tiwari, Sarika / Hudson, Scott / Gattone, Vincent H / Miller, Caroline / Chernoff, Ellen A G / Belecky-Adams, Teri L

PloS one

2013 Volume 8, Issue 3, Page(s) e59306

Abstract: Ciliopathies lead to multiorgan pathologies that include renal cysts, deafness, obesity and retinal degeneration. Retinal photoreceptors have connecting cilia joining the inner and outer segment that are responsible for transport of molecules to develop ... ...

Abstract	Ciliopathies lead to multiorgan pathologies that include renal cysts, deafness, obesity and retinal degeneration. Retinal photoreceptors have connecting cilia joining the inner and outer segment that are responsible for transport of molecules to develop and maintain the outer segment process. The present study evaluated meckelin (MKS3) expression during outer segment genesis and determined the consequences of mutant meckelin on photoreceptor development and survival in Wistar polycystic kidney disease Wpk/Wpk rat using immunohistochemistry, analysis of cell death and electron microscopy. MKS3 was ubiquitously expressed throughout the retina at postnatal day 10 (P10) and P21. However, in the mature retina, MKS3 expression was restricted to photoreceptors and the retinal ganglion cell layer. At P10, both the wild type and homozygous Wpk mutant retina had all retinal cell types. In contrast, by P21, cells expressing rod- and cone-specific markers were fewer in number and expression of opsins appeared to be abnormally localized to the cell body. Cell death analyses were consistent with the disappearance of photoreceptor-specific markers and showed that the cells were undergoing caspase-dependent cell death. By electron microscopy, P10 photoreceptors showed rudimentary outer segments with an axoneme, but did not develop outer segment discs that were clearly present in the wild type counterpart. At p21 the mutant outer segments appeared much the same as the P10 mutant outer segments with only a short axoneme, while the wild-type controls had developed outer segments with many well-organized discs. We conclude that MKS3 is not important for formation of connecting cilium and rudimentary outer segments, but is critical for the maturation of outer segment processes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cilia/metabolism ; Cilia/ultrastructure ; Ciliary Motility Disorders/metabolism ; Encephalocele/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Polycystic Kidney Diseases/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Retina/metabolism ; Retina/ultrastructure ; Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Carrier Proteins ; Ift20 protein, rat ; Membrane Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0059306
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Article: The short toes mutation of the axolotl

Sato, Kazuna / Chernoff, Ellen A.G

Development, growth & differentiation. 2007 Aug., v. 49, no. 6

2007

Abstract	The axolotl mutant strain, short toes (s/s), can regenerate spinal cord and tail, but not limbs. This makes s/s potentially very useful for limb regeneration studies. This mutant merits a new examination that integrates the original description of the mutant, existing experimental studies, new data and current thinking about stem cells and regeneration. There are still major gaps in information about this mutant; the gene(s) causing the defects has not yet been discovered, and even the histological description is incomplete, especially regarding muscle abnormalities. In the short toes limb, MyHC (myosin heavy chain)-1, MyHC-2b and pax7 are down-regulated. In particular, all three MyHC genes and pax7 are highly expressed in the normal limb, but almost lost in the s/s limb. MyHC genes are one of the main components of skeletal muscle, and Pax7 is the skeletal muscle satellite cell marker. Histological experiments confirm that severe s/s has lost most skeletal muscle and myosin. These results suggest that skeletal muscle, which includes satellite cells, could play an important role in axolotl limb regeneration.
Language	English
Dates of publication	2007-08
Size	p. 469-478.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Asia
Publishing place	Melbourne, Australia
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	280433-5
ISSN	0012-1592
ISSN	0012-1592
DOI	10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00950.x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Meckelin 3 is necessary for photoreceptor outer segment development in rat Meckel syndrome.

Sarika Tiwari / Scott Hudson / Vincent H Gattone / Caroline Miller / Ellen A G Chernoff / Teri L Belecky-Adams

PLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 3, p e

2013 Volume 59306

Abstract	Ciliopathies lead to multiorgan pathologies that include renal cysts, deafness, obesity and retinal degeneration. Retinal photoreceptors have connecting cilia joining the inner and outer segment that are responsible for transport of molecules to develop and maintain the outer segment process. The present study evaluated meckelin (MKS3) expression during outer segment genesis and determined the consequences of mutant meckelin on photoreceptor development and survival in Wistar polycystic kidney disease Wpk/Wpk rat using immunohistochemistry, analysis of cell death and electron microscopy. MKS3 was ubiquitously expressed throughout the retina at postnatal day 10 (P10) and P21. However, in the mature retina, MKS3 expression was restricted to photoreceptors and the retinal ganglion cell layer. At P10, both the wild type and homozygous Wpk mutant retina had all retinal cell types. In contrast, by P21, cells expressing rod- and cone-specific markers were fewer in number and expression of opsins appeared to be abnormally localized to the cell body. Cell death analyses were consistent with the disappearance of photoreceptor-specific markers and showed that the cells were undergoing caspase-dependent cell death. By electron microscopy, P10 photoreceptors showed rudimentary outer segments with an axoneme, but did not develop outer segment discs that were clearly present in the wild type counterpart. At p21 the mutant outer segments appeared much the same as the P10 mutant outer segments with only a short axoneme, while the wild-type controls had developed outer segments with many well-organized discs. We conclude that MKS3 is not important for formation of connecting cilium and rudimentary outer segments, but is critical for the maturation of outer segment processes.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Expression patterns of chick Musashi-1 in the developing nervous system.

Wilson, Jonathan M / Sato, Kazuna / Chernoff, Ellen A G / Belecky-Adams, Teri L

Gene expression patterns : GEP

2007 Volume 7, Issue 7, Page(s) 817–825

Abstract: Vertebrate homologues of musashi have recently been referred to as neural stem cell markers because of their expression patterns and RNA-binding interactions. In the context of the notch signaling pathway, Musashi-1 (Msi-1) is a regulator of neural cell ... ...

Abstract	Vertebrate homologues of musashi have recently been referred to as neural stem cell markers because of their expression patterns and RNA-binding interactions. In the context of the notch signaling pathway, Musashi-1 (Msi-1) is a regulator of neural cell generation, cooperating with notch to maintain mitosis. In an effort to identify definitive stem cell markers of the neural retina, a portion of the Msi-1 cDNA was cloned, and the expression of Msi-1 in the chick eye was analyzed. Using an Msi-1-specific antibody and RNA probe, we show that expression of Msi-1 in the early neural tube is consistent with neural stem identity. In the neural retina, expression starts shortly before embryonic day 3 (E3) and continues up to and including E18. A BrdU incorporation assay shows Msi-1 to be found in both proliferating and differentiating cells of E5 neural retina. At E8 (when proliferation is complete in the fundus of the retina) and E18 (mature retina) Msi-1 expression was found in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) as well as in a subpopulation of differentiated cells, including photoreceptors and ganglion cells.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Chick Embryo ; Computational Biology ; Eye/embryology ; Eye Proteins/biosynthesis ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis ; Nervous System/embryology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Receptors, Notch/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/biosynthesis ; Retina/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/metabolism ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	Eye Proteins ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Receptors, Notch ; Repressor Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2058346-1
ISSN	1872-7298 ; 1567-133X
ISSN (online)	1872-7298
ISSN	1567-133X
DOI	10.1016/j.modgep.2007.04.001
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Article: Spinal cord regeneration: intrinsic properties and emerging mechanisms.

Chernoff, Ellen A G / Sato, Kazuna / Corn, Angela / Karcavich, Rachel E

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

2002 Volume 13, Issue 5, Page(s) 361–368

Abstract: Injured spinal cord regenerates in adult fish and urodele amphibians, young tadpoles of anuran amphibians, lizard tails, embryonic birds and mammals, and in adults of at least some strains of mice. The extent of this regeneration is described with ... ...

Abstract	Injured spinal cord regenerates in adult fish and urodele amphibians, young tadpoles of anuran amphibians, lizard tails, embryonic birds and mammals, and in adults of at least some strains of mice. The extent of this regeneration is described with respect to axonal regrowth, neurogenesis, glial responses, and maintenance of an 'embryonic' environment. The regeneration process in amphibian spinal cord demonstrates that gap replacement and caudal regeneration share some properties with developing spinal cord. This review considers the extent to which intrinsically regenerating spinal cord demonstrates neural stem cell behavior and to what extent anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral patterning might be involved.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Nerve Regeneration/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Spinal Cord/cytology ; Spinal Cord/physiology ; Stem Cells/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2002-09-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	1312473-0
ISSN	1096-3634 ; 1084-9521
ISSN (online)	1096-3634
ISSN	1084-9521
DOI	10.1016/s1084952102000927
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Article: Extending the table of stages of normal development of the axolotl: limb development.

Nye, Holly L D / Cameron, Jo Ann / Chernoff, Ellen A G / Stocum, David L

Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists

2003 Volume 226, Issue 3, Page(s) 555–560

Abstract: The existing table of stages of the normal development of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) ends just after hatching. At this time, the forelimbs are small buds. In this study, we extend the staging series through completion of development of the ... ...

Abstract	The existing table of stages of the normal development of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) ends just after hatching. At this time, the forelimbs are small buds. In this study, we extend the staging series through completion of development of the forelimbs and hindlimbs.
MeSH term(s)	Ambystoma mexicanum/embryology ; Animals ; Bone and Bones/embryology ; Cartilage/embryology ; Extremities/embryology ; Limb Buds/embryology
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1102541-4
ISSN	1097-0177 ; 1058-8388
ISSN (online)	1097-0177
ISSN	1058-8388
DOI	10.1002/dvdy.10237
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