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Article ; Online: Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA levels and glucocorticoid sensitivity in a cohort of male veterans with and without combat-related PTSD.

Blalock, Zachary N / Wu, Gwyneth W Y / Lindqvist, Daniel / Trumpff, Caroline / Flory, Janine D / Lin, Jue / Reus, Victor I / Rampersaud, Ryan / Hammamieh, Rasha / Gautam, Aarti / Doyle, Francis J / Marmar, Charles R / Jett, Marti / Yehuda, Rachel / Wolkowitz, Owen M / Mellon, Synthia H

Translational psychiatry

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 22

Abstract: Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) is a biomarker of cellular injury or cellular stress and is a potential novel biomarker of psychological stress and of various brain, somatic, and psychiatric disorders. No studies have yet analyzed ccf- ...

Abstract	Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) is a biomarker of cellular injury or cellular stress and is a potential novel biomarker of psychological stress and of various brain, somatic, and psychiatric disorders. No studies have yet analyzed ccf-mtDNA levels in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), despite evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in this condition. In the current study, we compared plasma ccf-mtDNA levels in combat trauma-exposed male veterans with PTSD (n = 111) with those who did not develop PTSD (n = 121) and also investigated the relationship between ccf mt-DNA levels and glucocorticoid sensitivity. In unadjusted analyses, ccf-mtDNA levels did not differ significantly between the PTSD and non-PTSD groups (t = 1.312, p = 0.191, Cohen's d = 0.172). In a sensitivity analysis excluding participants with diabetes and those using antidepressant medication and controlling for age, the PTSD group had lower ccf-mtDNA levels than did the non-PTSD group (F(1, 179) = 5.971, p = 0.016, partial η
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/drug therapy ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/genetics ; Glucocorticoids ; Hydrocortisone ; Veterans ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; Cell-Free Nucleic Acids ; Antidepressive Agents ; Biomarkers ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dexamethasone/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Glucocorticoids ; Hydrocortisone (WI4X0X7BPJ) ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (9002-60-2) ; Cell-Free Nucleic Acids ; Antidepressive Agents ; Biomarkers ; Dexamethasone (7S5I7G3JQL)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2609311-X
ISSN	2158-3188 ; 2158-3188
ISSN (online)	2158-3188
ISSN	2158-3188
DOI	10.1038/s41398-023-02721-x
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Article ; Online: Can We Panelize Seizure?

Roberts, Ruth / Authier, Simon / Mellon, R Daniel / Morton, Michael / Suzuki, Ikuro / Tjalkens, Ronald B / Valentin, Jean-Pierre / Pierson, Jennifer B

Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

2020 Volume 179, Issue 1, Page(s) 3–13

Abstract: Seizure liability remains a significant cause of attrition in drug discovery and development, leading to loss of competitiveness, delays, and increased costs. Current detection methods rely on observations made in in vivo studies intended to support ... ...

Abstract	Seizure liability remains a significant cause of attrition in drug discovery and development, leading to loss of competitiveness, delays, and increased costs. Current detection methods rely on observations made in in vivo studies intended to support clinical trials, such as tremors or other abnormal movements. These signs could be missed or misinterpreted; thus, definitive confirmation of drug-induced seizure requires a follow-up electroencephalogram study. There has been progress in in vivo detection of seizure using automated video systems that record and analyze animal movements. Nonetheless, it would be preferable to have earlier prediction of seizurogenic risk that could be used to eliminate liabilities early in discovery while there are options for medicinal chemists making potential new drugs. Attrition due to cardiac adverse events has benefited from routine early screening; could we reduce attrition due to seizure using a similar approach? Specifically, microelectrode arrays could be used to detect potential seizurogenic signals in stem-cell-derived neurons. In addition, there is clear evidence implicating neuronal voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels, GPCRs and transporters in seizure. Interactions with surrounding glial cells during states of stress or inflammation can also modulate ion channel function in neurons, adding to the challenge of seizure prediction. It is timely to evaluate the opportunity to develop an in vitro assessment of seizure linked to a panel of ion channel assays that predict seizure, with the aim of influencing structure-activity relationship at the design stage and eliminating compounds predicted to be associated with pro-seizurogenic state.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Microelectrodes ; Neurons ; Seizures/chemically induced ; Seizures/diagnosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1420885-4
ISSN	1096-0929 ; 1096-6080
ISSN (online)	1096-0929
ISSN	1096-6080
DOI	10.1093/toxsci/kfaa167
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Article ; Online: Ground penetrating radar observations of the contact between the western delta and the crater floor of Jezero crater, Mars.

Paige, David A / Hamran, Svein-Erik / Amundsen, Hans E F / Berger, Tor / Russell, Patrick / Kakaria, Reva / Mellon, Michael T / Eide, Sigurd / Carter, Lynn M / Casademont, Titus M / Nunes, Daniel C / Shoemaker, Emileigh S / Plettemeier, Dirk / Dypvik, Henning / Holm-Alwmark, Sanna / Horgan, Briony H N

Science advances

2024 Volume 10, Issue 4, Page(s) eadi8339

Abstract: The delta deposits in Jezero crater contain sedimentary records of potentially habitable conditions on Mars. NASA's Perseverance rover is exploring the Jezero western delta with a suite of instruments that include the RIMFAX ground penetrating radar, ... ...

Abstract	The delta deposits in Jezero crater contain sedimentary records of potentially habitable conditions on Mars. NASA's Perseverance rover is exploring the Jezero western delta with a suite of instruments that include the RIMFAX ground penetrating radar, which provides continuous subsurface images that probe up to 20 meters below the rover. As Perseverance traversed across the contact between the Jezero crater floor and the delta, RIMFAX detected a distinct discontinuity in the subsurface layer structure. Below the contact boundary are older crater floor units exhibiting discontinuous inclined layering. Above the contact boundary are younger basal delta units exhibiting regular horizontal layering. At one location, there is a clear unconformity between the crater floor and delta layers, which implies that the crater floor experienced a period of erosion before the deposition of the overlying delta strata. The regularity and horizontality of the basal delta sediments observed in the radar cross sections indicate that they were deposited in a low-energy lake environment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.adi8339
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Article ; Online: Novel Pharmacological Targets for Combat PTSD-Metabolism, Inflammation, The Gut Microbiome, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.

Bersani, F Saverio / Mellon, Synthia H / Lindqvist, Daniel / Kang, Jee In / Rampersaud, Ryan / Somvanshi, Pramod Rajaram / Doyle, Francis J / Hammamieh, Rasha / Jett, Marti / Yehuda, Rachel / Marmar, Charles R / Wolkowitz, Owen M

Military medicine

2020 Volume 185, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 311–318

Abstract: Introduction: Current pharmacological treatments of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have limited efficacy. Although the diagnosis is based on psychopathological criteria, it is frequently accompanied by somatic comorbidities and perhaps " ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Current pharmacological treatments of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have limited efficacy. Although the diagnosis is based on psychopathological criteria, it is frequently accompanied by somatic comorbidities and perhaps "accelerated biological aging," suggesting widespread physical concomitants. Such physiological comorbidities may affect core PTSD symptoms but are rarely the focus of therapeutic trials. Methods: To elucidate the potential involvement of metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in PTSD, we integrate findings and mechanistic models from the DOD-sponsored "Systems Biology of PTSD Study" with previous data on these topics. Results: Data implicate inter-linked dysregulations in metabolism, inflammation, mitochondrial function, and perhaps the gut microbiome in PTSD. Several inadequately tested targets of pharmacological intervention are proposed, including insulin sensitizers, lipid regulators, anti-inflammatories, and mitochondrial biogenesis modulators. Conclusions: Systemic pathologies that are intricately involved in brain functioning and behavior may not only contribute to somatic comorbidities in PTSD, but may represent novel targets for treating core psychiatric symptoms.
MeSH term(s)	Combat Disorders/drug therapy ; Combat Disorders/physiopathology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Humans ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; Metabolism/drug effects ; Metabolism/physiology ; Mitochondria/drug effects ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Pharmacological Phenomena/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	391061-1
ISSN	1930-613X ; 0026-4075
ISSN (online)	1930-613X
ISSN	0026-4075
DOI	10.1093/milmed/usz260
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Article ; Online: Accelerating research on biological aging and mental health: Current challenges and future directions.

Han, Laura K M / Verhoeven, Josine E / Tyrka, Audrey R / Penninx, Brenda W J H / Wolkowitz, Owen M / Månsson, Kristoffer N T / Lindqvist, Daniel / Boks, Marco P / Révész, Dóra / Mellon, Synthia H / Picard, Martin

Psychoneuroendocrinology

2019 Volume 106, Page(s) 293–311

Abstract: Aging is associated with complex biological changes that can be accelerated, slowed, or even temporarily reversed by biological and non-biological factors. This article focuses on the link between biological aging, psychological stressors, and mental ... ...

Abstract	Aging is associated with complex biological changes that can be accelerated, slowed, or even temporarily reversed by biological and non-biological factors. This article focuses on the link between biological aging, psychological stressors, and mental illness. Rather than comprehensively reviewing this rapidly expanding field, we highlight challenges in this area of research and propose potential strategies to accelerate progress in this field. This effort requires the interaction of scientists across disciplines - including biology, psychiatry, psychology, and epidemiology; and across levels of analysis that emphasize different outcome measures - functional capacity, physiological, cellular, and molecular. Dialogues across disciplines and levels of analysis naturally lead to new opportunities for discovery but also to stimulating challenges. Some important challenges consist of 1) establishing the best objective and predictive biological age indicators or combinations of indicators, 2) identifying the basis for inter-individual differences in the rate of biological aging, and 3) examining to what extent interventions can delay, halt or temporarily reverse aging trajectories. Discovering how psychological states influence biological aging, and vice versa, has the potential to create novel and exciting opportunities for healthcare and possibly yield insights into the fundamental mechanisms that drive human aging.
MeSH term(s)	Aging/physiology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/metabolism ; Mental Disorders/physiopathology ; Mental Health ; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology ; Stress, Psychological/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	197636-9
ISSN	1873-3360 ; 0306-4530
ISSN (online)	1873-3360
ISSN	0306-4530
DOI	10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.004
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Article ; Online: Defining safe use of anesthesia in children.

Rappaport, Bob / Mellon, R Daniel / Simone, Arthur / Woodcock, Janet

The New England journal of medicine

2011 Volume 364, Issue 15, Page(s) 1387–1390

MeSH term(s)	Anesthesia/standards ; Anesthetics/adverse effects ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects ; Brain/growth & development ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Models, Animal ; Pediatrics/standards ; Private Sector ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
Chemical Substances	Anesthetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-04-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207154-x
ISSN	1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
ISSN (online)	1533-4406
ISSN	0028-4793
DOI	10.1056/NEJMp1102155
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Article ; Online: Factors influencing adherence among Irish haemodialysis patients.

Mellon, Lisa / Regan, Daniel / Curtis, Ruth

Patient education and counseling

2013 Volume 92, Issue 1, Page(s) 88–93

Abstract: Objective: Adherence to dietary and fluid restrictions among haemodialysis patients with end stage renal failure (ESRD) is a multi-factorial concept. This study seeks to assess the predictive value of demographic and psychological variables in non- ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Adherence to dietary and fluid restrictions among haemodialysis patients with end stage renal failure (ESRD) is a multi-factorial concept. This study seeks to assess the predictive value of demographic and psychological variables in non-adherence. Methods: A multi-centre cross sectional design assessed 50 haemodialysis patients on self reported adherence, attitudes towards dietary restrictions, quality of life, depression and anxiety. Adherence to fluid and dietary restrictions was measured objectively using potassium (K), phosphorus (PO4) and inter-dialytic weight gain (IDWG) parameters. Results: 62% of patients were non-adherent with at least one aspect of the treatment regime. Regression analysis revealed age as significantly associated with adherence, in particular IDWG, with younger patients displaying poorer adherence. Conclusion: Younger patients may experience greater difficulty integrating complex treatment demands into their lifestyles, and non-adherence may be a consequence of the severe lifestyle limitations imposed by the haemodialysis treatment regime. Practice implications: Individualised interventions may be more effective than traditional methods of adherence monitoring in reducing the non-adherent behaviour.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Ireland ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/diet therapy ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/psychology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Compliance/ethnology ; Patient Compliance/psychology ; Quality of Life ; Renal Dialysis/psychology ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
ZDB-ID	605590-4
ISSN	1873-5134 ; 0738-3991
ISSN (online)	1873-5134
ISSN	0738-3991
DOI	10.1016/j.pec.2013.01.023
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Article ; Online: Differential CRE Expression in Lhrh-cre and GnRH-cre Alleles and the Impact on Fertility in Otx2-Flox Mice.

Hoffmann, Hanne M / Larder, Rachel / Lee, Jessica S / Hu, Rachael J / Trang, Crystal / Devries, Brooke M / Clark, Daniel D / Mellon, Pamela L

Neuroendocrinology

2019 Volume 108, Issue 4, Page(s) 328–342

Abstract: There is an increasing trend in studies utilizing cell-specific deletion of genes through conditional gene deletion by CRE recombination. Despite numerous advantages, this strategy also has limitations such as ectopic CRE-expression and germline ... ...

Abstract	There is an increasing trend in studies utilizing cell-specific deletion of genes through conditional gene deletion by CRE recombination. Despite numerous advantages, this strategy also has limitations such as ectopic CRE-expression and germline recombination. Two commonly used gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gnrh)-driven CRE-expressing mice both target GnRH neurons. However, a direct comparison of the cells targeted and their phenotypic outcome have not yet been presented. To compare where recombination takes place, we crossed the Gnrh-cre and Lhrh-cre lines with the Rosa26-LacZ reporter mouse. Lhrh-cre allowed recombination of the Rosa26-LacZ gene in ∼700 cells, which is comparable to the GnRH neuronal population. Surprisingly, there were > 20 times more LacZ expressing cells in the adult Gnrh-cre:Rosa26-LacZ than the Lhrh-cre:Rosa26-LacZ brain. The greatest differences in targeting of the Gnrh-cre and Lhrh-cre lines were found in the septum, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the septohypothalamic area. This difference in cells targeted was present from embryonic day 12. A prior study using the Gnrh-cre to delete the transcription factor Otx2 found fewer GnRH neurons, leading to male and female subfertility. To recapitulate this study, we performed a fertility assay in Otx2:Lhrh-cre mice. We confirmed the requirement for Otx2 in GnRH neuron development, fertility and correct gonadotropin hormone release in Otx2:Lhrh-cre males, but the subfertility was more modest than in Otx2:Gnrh-cre and absent in female Otx2:Lhrh-cre. This suggests that ectopic expression of Gnrh-cre contributes to the reproductive phenotype observed. Finally, the Cre alleles caused germline recombination of the flox allele when transmitted from either parent, generating embryonic lethal knock-out offspring, producing smaller live litters.
MeSH term(s)	Alleles ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism ; Infertility/genetics ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurons/metabolism ; Otx Transcription Factors/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Otx Transcription Factors ; Otx2 protein, mouse ; RNA, Messenger ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (33515-09-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	123303-8
ISSN	1423-0194 ; 0028-3835
ISSN (online)	1423-0194
ISSN	0028-3835
DOI	10.1159/000497791
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Article ; Online: Aberrant development of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and circadian rhythms in mice lacking the homeodomain protein Six6.

Clark, Daniel D / Gorman, Michael R / Hatori, Megumi / Meadows, Jason D / Panda, Satchidananda / Mellon, Pamela L

Journal of biological rhythms

2013 Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–25

Abstract: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus is the central pacemaker for peripheral and organismal circadian rhythms. The development of this hypothalamic structure depends on genetic programs throughout embryogenesis. We have ... ...

Abstract	The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus is the central pacemaker for peripheral and organismal circadian rhythms. The development of this hypothalamic structure depends on genetic programs throughout embryogenesis. We have investigated the role of the homeodomain transcription factor Six6 in the development of the SCN. We first showed that Six6 mRNA has circadian regulation in the mouse SCN. We then characterized the behavioral activity patterns of Six6-null mice under various photoperiod manipulations and stained their hypothalami using SCN-specific markers. Six6-null mice display abnormal patterns of circadian behavior indicative of SCN abnormalities. The ability of light exposure to reset rhythms correlates with the presence or absence of optic nerves, but all Six6-null mice show irregular rhythms. In contrast, wild-type mice with crushed optic nerves maintain regular rhythms regardless of light exposure. Using immunohistochemistry for arginine vasopressin (AVP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and β-galactosidase, we demonstrated the lack of these SCN markers in all Six6-null mice regardless of the presence of optic nerve or partial circadian rhythms. Therefore, Six6 is required for the normal development of the SCN, and the Six6-null mouse can mount independent, although irregular, circadian rhythms despite the apparent absence of a histochemically defined SCN.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arginine Vasopressin/metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Photoperiod ; Skeleton ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology ; Trans-Activators/deficiency ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism ; beta-Galactosidase/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Homeodomain Proteins ; Six6 protein, mouse ; Trans-Activators ; Arginine Vasopressin (113-79-1) ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (37221-79-7) ; beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-02-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	896387-3
ISSN	1552-4531 ; 0748-7304
ISSN (online)	1552-4531
ISSN	0748-7304
DOI	10.1177/0748730412468084
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Article ; Online: Use of anesthetic agents in neonates and young children.

Mellon, R Daniel / Simone, Arthur F / Rappaport, Bob A

Anesthesia and analgesia

2007 Volume 104, Issue 3, Page(s) 509–520

Abstract: Background: Some drugs used for sedation and anesthesia produce histopathologic central nervous system changes in juvenile animal models. These observations have raised concerns regarding the use of these drugs in pediatric patients. We summarized the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Some drugs used for sedation and anesthesia produce histopathologic central nervous system changes in juvenile animal models. These observations have raised concerns regarding the use of these drugs in pediatric patients. We summarized the findings in developing animals and describe the steps that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and others are taking to assess potential risks in pediatric patients. The FDA views this communication as opening a dialog with the anesthesia community to address this issue. Methods: We reviewed the available animal studies literature examining the potential neurotoxic effects of commonly used anesthetic drugs on the developing brain. The search strategy involved crossing the keywords neurotoxic and neuroapoptosis with the following general and specific terms: anesthetic, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), ketamine, midazolam, lorazepam, fentanyl, methadone, morphine, meperidine, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, halothane, enflurane, desflurane, propofol, etomidate, barbiturate, methoxyflurane, and chloral hydrate. We summarized several studies sponsored by the FDA in rats and monkeys, initially examining the potential for ketamine, as a prototypical agent, to induce neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Results: Numerous animal studies in rodents indicate that NMDA receptor antagonists, including ketamine, induce neurodegeneration in the developing brain. The effects of ketamine are dose dependent. The data suggest that limiting exposure limits the potential for neurodegeneration. There is also evidence that other general anesthetics, such as isoflurane, can induce neurodegeneration in rodent models, which may be exacerbated by concurrent administration of midazolam or nitrous oxide. There are very few studies that have examined the potential functional consequences of the neurodegeneration noted in the animal models. However, the studies that have been reported suggest subtle, but prolonged, behavioral changes in rodents. Although the doses and durations of ketamine exposure that resulted in neurodegeneration were slightly larger than those used in the clinical setting, those associated with isoflurane were not. There are insufficient human data to either support or refute the clinical applicability of these findings. Conclusions: Animal studies suggest that neurodegeneration, with possible cognitive sequelae, is a potential long-term risk of anesthetics in neonatal and young pediatric patients. The existing nonclinical data implicate not only NMDA-receptor antagonists, but also drugs that potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid signal transduction, as potentially neurotoxic to the developing brain. The potential for the combination of drugs that have activity at both receptor systems or that can induce more or less neurotoxicity is not clear; however, recent nonclinical data suggest that some combinations may be more neurotoxic than the individual components. The lack of information to date precludes the ability to designate any one anesthetic agent or regimen as safer than any other. Ongoing studies in juvenile animals should provide additional information regarding the risks. The FDA anticipates working with the anesthesia community and pharmaceutical industry to develop strategies for further assessing the safety of anesthetics in neonates and young children, and for providing data to guide clinicians in making the most informed decisions possible when choosing anesthetic regimens for their pediatric patients.
MeSH term(s)	Anesthetics/pharmacology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Nerve Degeneration/chemically induced ; Neurons/metabolism ; Safety ; Signal Transduction ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Anesthetics ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (56-12-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	80032-6
ISSN	1526-7598 ; 0003-2999
ISSN (online)	1526-7598
ISSN	0003-2999
DOI	10.1213/01.ane.0000255729.96438.b0
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