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Article ; Online: The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma.

Wilson, Naomi G / Hernandez-Leyva, Ariel / Schwartz, Drew J / Bacharier, Leonard B / Kau, Andrew L

FEMS microbes

2024 Volume 5, Page(s) xtae010

Abstract: Asthma is a common allergic airway disease that has been associated with the development of the human microbiome early in life. Both the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma risk, but functional alterations in ... ...

Abstract	Asthma is a common allergic airway disease that has been associated with the development of the human microbiome early in life. Both the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma risk, but functional alterations in the gut microbiota of older patients with established asthma remain an important knowledge gap. Here, we performed whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of 95 stool samples from a cross-sectional cohort of 59 healthy and 36 subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma to characterize the metagenomes of gut microbiota in adults and children 6 years and older. Mapping of functional orthologs revealed that asthma contributes to 2.9% of the variation in metagenomic content even when accounting for other important clinical demographics. Differential abundance analysis showed an enrichment of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) metabolism pathways, which have been previously implicated in airway smooth muscle and immune responses in asthma. We also observed increased richness of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in people with asthma. Several differentially abundant ARGs in the asthma cohort encode resistance to macrolide antibiotics, which are often prescribed to patients with asthma. Lastly, we found that ARG and virulence factor (VF) richness in the microbiome were correlated in both cohorts. ARG and VF pairs co-occurred in both cohorts suggesting that virulence and antibiotic resistance traits are coselected and maintained in the fecal microbiota of people with asthma. Overall, our results show functional alterations via LCFA biosynthetic genes and increases in antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiota of subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma and could have implications for asthma management and treatment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2633-6685
ISSN (online)	2633-6685
DOI	10.1093/femsmc/xtae010
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Article ; Online: Surgical strategies in the treatment of MR-negative Cushing's Disease: a systematic review and treatment algorithm.

Yang, Andrew B / Henderson, Fraser / Schwartz, Theodore H

Pituitary

2022 Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 551–562

Abstract: Purpose: Several surgical strategies have been proposed to treat MRI-negative Cushing's Disease. These include tumor removal, if identified, and if a tumor is not identified, resection of varying degrees of the pituitary gland, often guided by inferior ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Several surgical strategies have been proposed to treat MRI-negative Cushing's Disease. These include tumor removal, if identified, and if a tumor is not identified, resection of varying degrees of the pituitary gland, often guided by inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS). The relative risks and benefits of each strategy have never been compared. Methods: This systematic review of the literature included only studies on the results of surgery for MRI-negative patients with Cushing's Disease in which the surgical strategy was clearly described and associated remission and/or hypopituitarism rates detailed for each strategy. Results: We identified 12 studies that met inclusion criteria for remission rates and 5 studies for hypopituitarism rates. We divided cases into 6 resection strategies. Remission and hypopituitarism rates for each strategy were: (1) tumor identified, resect tumor only (68%, 0%); (2) resect tumor and surrounding capsule (85%, 0%); and if the tumor was not identified (3) resect inferior 1/3 of gland (78%, no data); (4) resect 30-50% of gland based on IPSS (68%, 13%); (5) resect > 50% but < 100% of gland (65%, 9%); (6) resect entire gland (66%, 67%). Strategy 3 only contained 9 patients. Conclusion: Remission rates for MRI-negative Cushing's Disease support surgery as a reasonable approach. Results are best if a tumor is found. If a tumor is not identified, one can either remove one-third of the gland guided by IPSS lateralization, or remove both lateral portions along with the inferior portion leaving sufficient central gland to preserve function. Our recommendations are limited by the lack of rigorous and objective data.
MeSH term(s)	Adenoma/pathology ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; Algorithms ; Humans ; Hypopituitarism ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Petrosal Sinus Sampling/methods ; Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/surgery ; Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery
Chemical Substances	Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (9002-60-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	1385151-2
ISSN	1573-7403 ; 1386-341X
ISSN (online)	1573-7403
ISSN	1386-341X
DOI	10.1007/s11102-022-01239-7
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Zs.A 6139: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Beyond synergies: Comment on "Hand synergies: Integration of robotics and neuroscience for understanding the control of biological and artificial hands" by Marco Santello et al.

Schwartz, Andrew B

Physics of life reviews

2016 Volume 17, Page(s) 50–53

MeSH term(s)	Hand ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Neurosciences ; Robotics
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2148883-6
ISSN	1873-1457 ; 1571-0645
ISSN (online)	1873-1457
ISSN	1571-0645
DOI	10.1016/j.plrev.2016.04.004
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Article: The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma.

Wilson, Naomi G / Hernandez-Leyva, Ariel / Schwartz, Drew J / Bacharier, Leonard B / Kau, Andrew L

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2023

Abstract: Asthma is a common allergic airway disease that develops in association with the human microbiome early in life. Both the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma risk, but functional alterations in the gut ... ...

Abstract	Asthma is a common allergic airway disease that develops in association with the human microbiome early in life. Both the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma risk, but functional alterations in the gut microbiota of older patients with established asthma remain an important knowledge gap. Here, we performed whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of 95 stool samples from 59 healthy and 36 subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma to characterize the metagenomes of gut microbiota in children and adults 6 years and older. Mapping of functional orthologs revealed that asthma contributes to 2.9% of the variation in metagenomic content even when accounting for other important clinical demographics. Differential abundance analysis showed an enrichment of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) metabolism pathways which have been previously implicated in airway smooth muscle and immune responses in asthma. We also observed increased richness of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in people with asthma. One differentially abundant ARG was a macrolide resistance marker,
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2023.01.03.522677
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Article ; Online: Activity in Primary Motor Cortex Related to Visual Feedback.

Suway, Steven B / Schwartz, Andrew B

Cell reports

2019 Volume 29, Issue 12, Page(s) 3872–3884.e4

Abstract: Neural modulation in primate motor cortex exhibits complex patterns. We found that modulation during reaching could be separated into discrete temporal epochs. To determine if these epochs are driven by behavioral events, monkeys performed variations of ... ...

Abstract	Neural modulation in primate motor cortex exhibits complex patterns. We found that modulation during reaching could be separated into discrete temporal epochs. To determine if these epochs are driven by behavioral events, monkeys performed variations of a center-out reaching task. Monkeys viewed a computer cursor matched to hand position and a radial target at 1 of 16 locations. In some trials, they performed a visuomotor rotation (the cursor moved at an angle to the hand). After adaptation, encoding changes for single units are temporally structured: adaptation could affect one temporal component of a unit's response but not another. In half the normal and perturbed trials, we removed visual feedback before movement. Adaptation-sensitive firing components toward the end of movement are often weak or absent during reaches without feedback. These results show that temporal structure in motor cortical activity is driven by behavior, with a discrete component related to visual feedback.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Animals ; Feedback, Sensory/physiology ; Hand/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Movement ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2649101-1
ISSN	2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
ISSN (online)	2211-1247
ISSN	2211-1247
DOI	10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.069
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Article ; Online: Movement: How the Brain Communicates with the World.

Schwartz, Andrew B

Cell

2016 Volume 164, Issue 6, Page(s) 1122–1135

Abstract: Voluntary movement is a result of signals transmitted through a communication channel that links the internal world in our minds to the physical world around us. Intention can be considered the desire to effect change on our environment, and this is ... ...

Abstract	Voluntary movement is a result of signals transmitted through a communication channel that links the internal world in our minds to the physical world around us. Intention can be considered the desire to effect change on our environment, and this is contained in the signals from the brain, passed through the nervous system to converge on muscles that generate displacements and forces on our surroundings. The resulting changes in the world act to generate sensations that feed back to the nervous system, closing the control loop. This Perspective discusses the experimental and theoretical underpinnings of current models of movement generation and the way they are modulated by external information. Movement systems embody intentionality and prediction, two factors that are propelling a revolution in engineering. Development of movement models that include the complexities of the external world may allow a better understanding of the neuronal populations regulating these processes, as well as the development of solutions for autonomous vehicles and robots, and neural prostheses for those who are motor impaired.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Feedback, Psychological ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Movement ; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Prostheses and Implants ; Robotics
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	187009-9
ISSN	1097-4172 ; 0092-8674
ISSN (online)	1097-4172
ISSN	0092-8674
DOI	10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.038
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Zs.A 1167: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MG 58: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Stiffness as a control factor for object manipulation.

Kennedy, Scott D / Schwartz, Andrew B

Journal of neurophysiology

2019 Volume 122, Issue 2, Page(s) 707–720

Abstract: During manipulation, force is exerted with the expectation that an object will move in an intended manner. This prediction is a learned coordination between force and movement. Mechanically, impedance is a way to describe this coordination, and object ... ...

Abstract	During manipulation, force is exerted with the expectation that an object will move in an intended manner. This prediction is a learned coordination between force and movement. Mechanically, impedance is a way to describe this coordination, and object interaction could be anticipated by setting impedance before the hand moves the object. This strategy would be especially important at the end of a reach, because feedback is ineffective for rapid force changes. Since mechanical impedance is not subject to the time delays of feedback, it can, if set properly, produce the desired motion on impact. We examined this possibility by instructing subjects to move a handle to a specific target position along a track. The handle was locked in place until the subject exerted enough force to cross a threshold; the handle was then released abruptly to move along the track. We hypothesized that this ballistic release task would encourage subjects to modify impedance in anticipation of the upcoming movement and found that one component of impedance, stiffness, varied in a way that matched the behavioral demands of the task. Analysis suggests that this stiffness was set before the handle moved and governed the subsequent motion. We also found separate components of muscle activity that corresponded to stiffness and to changes in force. Our results show that subjects used a robust and efficient strategy to coordinate force and displacement by modulating muscle activity in a way that was behaviorally relevant in the task.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anticipation, Psychological/physiology ; Arm/physiology ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80161-6
ISSN	1522-1598 ; 0022-3077
ISSN (online)	1522-1598
ISSN	0022-3077
DOI	10.1152/jn.00372.2018
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Uc I Zs.224: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Distributed processing of movement signaling.

Kennedy, Scott D / Schwartz, Andrew B

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2019 Volume 116, Issue 52, Page(s) 26266–26273

Abstract: Basic neurophysiological research with monkeys has shown how neurons in the motor cortex have firing rates tuned to movement direction. This original finding would have been difficult to uncover without the use of a behaving primate paradigm in which ... ...

Abstract	Basic neurophysiological research with monkeys has shown how neurons in the motor cortex have firing rates tuned to movement direction. This original finding would have been difficult to uncover without the use of a behaving primate paradigm in which subjects grasped a handle and moved purposefully to targets in different directions. Subsequent research, again using behaving primate models, extended these findings to continuous drawing and to arm and hand movements encompassing action across multiple joints. This research also led to robust extraction algorithms in which information from neuronal populations is used to decode movement intent. The ability to decode intended movement provided the foundation for neural prosthetics in which brain-controlled interfaces are used by paralyzed human subjects to control computer cursors or high-performance motorized prosthetic arms and hands. This translation of neurophysiological laboratory findings to therapy is a clear example of why using nonhuman primates for basic research is valuable for advancing treatment of neurological disorders. Recent research emphasizes the distribution of intention signaling through neuronal populations and shows how many movement parameters are encoded simultaneously. In addition to direction and velocity, the arm's impedance has now been found to be encoded as well. The ability to decode motion and force from neural populations will make it possible to extend neural prosthetic paradigms to precise interaction with objects, enabling paralyzed individuals to perform many tasks of daily living.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1902296116
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Zs.A 1148: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Characterizing empathy and compassion using computational linguistic analysis.

Yaden, David B / Giorgi, Salvatore / Jordan, Matthew / Buffone, Anneke / Eichstaedt, Johannes C / Schwartz, H Andrew / Ungar, Lyle / Bloom, Paul

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)

2023 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 106–115

Abstract: Many scholars have proposed that feeling what we believe others are feeling-often known as "empathy"-is essential for other-regarding sentiments and plays an important role in our moral lives. Caring for and about others (without necessarily sharing ... ...

Abstract	Many scholars have proposed that feeling what we believe others are feeling-often known as "empathy"-is essential for other-regarding sentiments and plays an important role in our moral lives. Caring for and about others (without necessarily sharing their feelings)-often known as "compassion"-is also frequently discussed as a relevant force for prosocial motivation and action. Here, we explore the relationship between empathy and compassion using the methods of computational linguistics. Analyses of 2,356,916 Facebook posts suggest that individuals (
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Empathy ; Emotions ; Motivation ; Morals ; Linguistics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2102391-8
ISSN	1931-1516 ; 1528-3542
ISSN (online)	1931-1516
ISSN	1528-3542
DOI	10.1037/emo0001205
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Article ; Online: Predicting U.S. county opioid poisoning mortality from multi-modal social media and psychological self-report data.

Giorgi, Salvatore / Yaden, David B / Eichstaedt, Johannes C / Ungar, Lyle H / Schwartz, H Andrew / Kwarteng, Amy / Curtis, Brenda

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 9027

Abstract: Opioid poisoning mortality is a substantial public health crisis in the United States, with opioids involved in approximately 75% of the nearly 1 million drug related deaths since 1999. Research suggests that the epidemic is driven by both over- ... ...

Abstract	Opioid poisoning mortality is a substantial public health crisis in the United States, with opioids involved in approximately 75% of the nearly 1 million drug related deaths since 1999. Research suggests that the epidemic is driven by both over-prescribing and social and psychological determinants such as economic stability, hopelessness, and isolation. Hindering this research is a lack of measurements of these social and psychological constructs at fine-grained spatial and temporal resolutions. To address this issue, we use a multi-modal data set consisting of natural language from Twitter, psychometric self-reports of depression and well-being, and traditional area-based measures of socio-demographics and health-related risk factors. Unlike previous work using social media data, we do not rely on opioid or substance related keywords to track community poisonings. Instead, we leverage a large, open vocabulary of thousands of words in order to fully characterize communities suffering from opioid poisoning, using a sample of 1.5 billion tweets from 6 million U.S. county mapped Twitter users. Results show that Twitter language predicted opioid poisoning mortality better than factors relating to socio-demographics, access to healthcare, physical pain, and psychological well-being. Additionally, risk factors revealed by the Twitter language analysis included negative emotions, discussions of long work hours, and boredom, whereas protective factors included resilience, travel/leisure, and positive emotions, dovetailing with results from the psychometric self-report data. The results show that natural language from public social media can be used as a surveillance tool for both predicting community opioid poisonings and understanding the dynamic social and psychological nature of the epidemic.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Social Media ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Self Report ; Language ; Anxiety
Chemical Substances	Analgesics, Opioid
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-34468-2
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