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Article: A review of survival of pathogenic bacteria in organic waste used in biogas plants.

Sahlström, Leena

2003 Volume 87, Issue 2, Page(s) 161–166

Abstract: Anaerobic digestion is one way of handling biowaste and generating energy in the form of methane (biogas). The digested residue may be used as fertiliser on agricultural land. Biowaste is known to contain pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and other ... ...

Abstract	Anaerobic digestion is one way of handling biowaste and generating energy in the form of methane (biogas). The digested residue may be used as fertiliser on agricultural land. Biowaste is known to contain pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and other microorganisms that may be a health risk for both people and animals. The biosecurity risk associated with using digested residue as fertiliser is hard to assess, but this risk cannot be neglected. It is of greatest importance that the treatment in the biogas plants (BGPs) minimise the survival of pathogens. Temperature is the most important factor when considering the reduction of pathogens in BGP, but there are also other factors involved. Different indicator bacteria are used to evaluate the hygienic treatment, but an indicator that is good enough to give an overall picture has not yet been found.
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture ; Animals ; Bacteria/pathogenicity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Feces ; Fertilizers ; Humans ; Manure ; Methane ; Refuse Disposal ; Risk Assessment ; Salmonella/pathogenicity ; Survival ; Temperature
Chemical Substances	Fertilizers ; Manure ; Methane (OP0UW79H66)
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-04-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1065195-0
ISSN	1873-2976 ; 0960-8524
ISSN (online)	1873-2976
ISSN	0960-8524
DOI	10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00168-2
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Article ; Online: Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters in Preschool Dust and Children's Hand Wipes.

Larsson, Kristin / de Wit, Cynthia A / Sellström, Ulla / Sahlström, Leena / Lindh, Christian H / Berglund, Marika

Environmental science & technology

2018 Volume 52, Issue 8, Page(s) 4878–4888

Abstract: Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust ( n = 100) ... ...

Abstract	Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust ( n = 100) and children's hand wipe samples ( n = 100), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was analyzed in urine ( n = 113). Here we assessed children's exposure via dust, identified predictors for chemicals in dust, and studied correlations between different exposure measures. The most abundant BFRs in dust were decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) found at median levels of 270 and 110 ng/g dust, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the most abundant OPE, found at a median level of 79 000 ng/g dust. For all OPEs and some BFRs, there were significant correlations between the levels in dust and hand wipes. In addition, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in preschool dust was significantly correlated with the corresponding metabolite DPHP in children's urine. The levels of pentaBDEs in dust were higher in older preschools compared with newer, whereas levels of DBDPE were higher in newer preschools. Children's estimated intakes of individual BFRs and OPEs via preschool dust were below available health-based reference values. However, there are uncertainties about the potential health effects of some emerging BFRs and OPEs.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dust ; Environmental Exposure ; Esters ; Flame Retardants ; Humans ; Organophosphates
Chemical Substances	Dust ; Esters ; Flame Retardants ; Organophosphates
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.8b00184
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Article ; Online: Biosecurity on Finnish cattle, pig and sheep farms - results from a questionnaire.

Sahlström, Leena / Virtanen, Terhi / Kyyrö, Jonna / Lyytikäinen, Tapani

Preventive veterinary medicine

2014 Volume 117, Issue 1, Page(s) 59–67

Abstract: Biosecurity is important in order to prevent disease transmission between animals on farms as well as from farm to farm. Personal biosecurity routines such as hand washing and the use of protective clothing and footwear are measures that should be used ... ...

Abstract	Biosecurity is important in order to prevent disease transmission between animals on farms as well as from farm to farm. Personal biosecurity routines such as hand washing and the use of protective clothing and footwear are measures that should be used at all farms. Other measures are for example related to purchasing new animals to the farm. A questionnaire-based survey was undertaken to study the frequency of use of different biosecurity measures on cattle, pig and sheep farms in Finland. Information about which biosecurity measures are in use is needed for contingency planning of emerging diseases or when combating endemic diseases. Knowledge about the level of biosecurity of a farm is also needed in order to assess if and where improvement is needed. Information regarding biosecurity levels may benefit future animal disease risk assessments. A total of 2242 farmers responded to the questionnaire resulting in a response rate of 45%. The implementation frequencies of different biosecurity measures are reported. The results revealed differences between species: large pig farms had a better biosecurity level than small cattle farms. There were also differences between production types such as dairy farming versus beef cattle farming, but these were not as remarkable. Sheep farming in Finland is sparse and the large number of hobby farmers keeps the biosecurity level low on sheep farms. This might represent a risk for the entire sheep farming industry. The Finnish farmers were satisfied with their on-farm biosecurity. Eighty percent of the farmers report that they were satisfied even though the biosecurity level was not particularly high. The implementation of biosecurity measures could be further improved. Even though the disease situation in Finland is good today, one must be prepared for possible epidemics of threatening diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Husbandry/methods ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Cattle Diseases/prevention & control ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Data Collection ; Finland ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology ; Sheep Diseases/prevention & control ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology ; Swine Diseases/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	43399-8
ISSN	1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
ISSN (online)	1873-1716
ISSN	0167-5877
DOI	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.004
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Article: Biosecurity on Finnish cattle, pig and sheep farms – results from a questionnaire

Sahlström, Leena / Jonna Kyyrö / Tapani Lyytikäinen / Terhi Virtanen

Preventive veterinary medicine. 2014 Nov. 01, v. 117, no. 1

2014

Abstract	Biosecurity is important in order to prevent disease transmission between animals on farms as well as from farm to farm. Personal biosecurity routines such as hand washing and the use of protective clothing and footwear are measures that should be used at all farms. Other measures are for example related to purchasing new animals to the farm.A questionnaire-based survey was undertaken to study the frequency of use of different biosecurity measures on cattle, pig and sheep farms in Finland. Information about which biosecurity measures are in use is needed for contingency planning of emerging diseases or when combating endemic diseases. Knowledge about the level of biosecurity of a farm is also needed in order to assess if and where improvement is needed. Information regarding biosecurity levels may benefit future animal disease risk assessments.A total of 2242 farmers responded to the questionnaire resulting in a response rate of 45%. The implementation frequencies of different biosecurity measures are reported. The results revealed differences between species: large pig farms had a better biosecurity level than small cattle farms. There were also differences between production types such as dairy farming versus beef cattle farming, but these were not as remarkable. Sheep farming in Finland is sparse and the large number of hobby farmers keeps the biosecurity level low on sheep farms. This might represent a risk for the entire sheep farming industry.The Finnish farmers were satisfied with their on-farm biosecurity. Eighty percent of the farmers report that they were satisfied even though the biosecurity level was not particularly high. The implementation of biosecurity measures could be further improved. Even though the disease situation in Finland is good today, one must be prepared for possible epidemics of threatening diseases.
Keywords	beef cattle ; biosecurity ; dairy farming ; disease outbreaks ; disease transmission ; emerging diseases ; endemic diseases ; farmers ; farming systems ; hand washing ; livestock and meat industry ; planning ; protective clothing ; purchasing ; questionnaires ; risk ; sheep ; surveys ; swine ; Finland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-1101
Size	p. 59-67.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	43399-8
ISSN	1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
ISSN (online)	1873-1716
ISSN	0167-5877
DOI	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.004
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Article ; Online: Clean-up method for determination of established and emerging brominated flame retardants in dust.

Sahlström, Leena / Sellström, Ulla / de Wit, Cynthia A

Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry

2012 Volume 404, Issue 2, Page(s) 459–466

Abstract: A clean-up method was developed to enable the determination of tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers, isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), (2-ethylhexyl) ... ...

Abstract	A clean-up method was developed to enable the determination of tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers, isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in the same dust sample extract using reasonable amounts of solvents and without dividing the sample. After extraction, the sample was separated on a silica column into three fractions that were subsequently cleaned up individually. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and DBDPE were eluted in Fraction I, TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE in Fraction II, and HBCDs in Fraction III. Fractions I and II were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and Fraction III using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The method gave good recoveries (60-120%), precise results using (13) C-labelled internal standards and was accurate when comparing results to certified values (PBDEs in NIST SRM 2585). The method was applied to dust samples from the Stockholm (Sweden) area. All the emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) studied, except BTBPE, were present in all the samples in quantifiable concentrations, often higher than the PBDEs. BTBPE was quantified in only one sample. It is evident that emerging BFRs are present in Swedish homes, and these compounds should be included in the BFR analyses of indoor environments.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-08
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	201093-8
ISSN	1618-2650 ; 0016-1152 ; 0372-7920
ISSN (online)	1618-2650
ISSN	0016-1152 ; 0372-7920
DOI	10.1007/s00216-012-6160-y
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Article ; Online: Feasibility study of feces for noninvasive biomonitoring of brominated flame retardants in toddlers.

Sahlström, Leena M O / Sellström, Ulla / de Wit, Cynthia A / Lignell, Sanna / Darnerud, Per Ola

Environmental science & technology

2015 Volume 49, Issue 1, Page(s) 606–615

Abstract: This study investigated the feasibility of using feces as a noninvasive matrix to estimate serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in toddlers for biomonitoring purposes. Tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (tri-decaBDEs), isomer- ... ...

Abstract	This study investigated the feasibility of using feces as a noninvasive matrix to estimate serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in toddlers for biomonitoring purposes. Tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (tri-decaBDEs), isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecanes, and 16 emerging BFRs were determined in feces from 22 toddlers (11-15 months of age), and results were compared to previously analyzed matched serum samples. BDE-47, -153, -196, -197, -203, -206, -207, -208, and -209 were detected in the feces creating a matched data set (feces-serum, n = 21). Tetra-octaBDE concentrations were significantly higher (Student's paired comparisons t test, α = 0.05) in serum versus feces with BDE-153 having the highest mean difference between the sample matrices. BDE-209 was found in significantly higher concentrations in feces compared to serum. Significant correlations (Pearson's, α = 0.05) between congener-specific concentrations in feces and serum were found for all BDEs except BDE-197 and -203. The feces-serum associations found can be used to estimate serum concentrations of tetra-decaBDEs from feces concentrations and enable a noninvasive sampling method for biomonitoring BDEs in toddlers.
MeSH term(s)	Child, Preschool ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Feasibility Studies ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Flame Retardants/analysis ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated/analysis ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated/blood ; Infant ; Linear Models ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Reproducibility of Results ; Stereoisomerism
Chemical Substances	Flame Retardants ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/es504708c
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Article ; Online: Estimated intakes of brominated flame retardants via diet and dust compared to internal concentrations in a Swedish mother-toddler cohort.

Sahlström, Leena M O / Sellström, Ulla / de Wit, Cynthia A / Lignell, Sanna / Darnerud, Per Ola

International journal of hygiene and environmental health

2015 Volume 218, Issue 4, Page(s) 422–432

Abstract: Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers (tri-decaBDEs), isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and 14 emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs) were determined in Swedish market basket samples, two pooled breast milk samples and house dust ... ...

Abstract	Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers (tri-decaBDEs), isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and 14 emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs) were determined in Swedish market basket samples, two pooled breast milk samples and house dust collected in homes of first-time mothers. Daily dietary and dust intakes were estimated for the mothers and their toddlers and compared to previously reported levels in serum of both the mothers and toddlers and in feces of the toddlers (n=20). Diet was the main contributor for intake of ΣpentaBDE and α-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) for both mothers and toddlers. For ΣoctaBDE, ΣHBCD and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), dietary intake was more important for mothers while house dust ingestion was more important for toddlers. House dust was the main exposure route for ΣdecaBDE, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) for both mothers and toddlers. Significant correlations (Spearmans, α<0.05) were found between the mothers' BDE serum concentrations and their consumption of meat and fish while no correlations were found between BFR dietary intake and serum or feces concentrations in toddlers. Octa-decaBDE congener concentrations in serum and feces of toddlers were significantly correlated to those in house dust. BDE-207 and -208 concentrations in serum of mothers were significantly correlated with the nonaBDEs in house dust. The correlations between house dust and internal concentrations and comparison of the house dust and dietary contributions to the estimated daily intakes suggest that dust exposure plays a larger role for the octa-decaBDE body burden in toddlers than in their mothers.
MeSH term(s)	Body Burden ; Dust/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/statistics & numerical data ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Flame Retardants/administration & dosage ; Flame Retardants/analysis ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/administration & dosage ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis ; Humans ; Infant ; Mothers ; Sweden
Chemical Substances	Dust ; Flame Retardants ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2009176-X
ISSN	1618-131X ; 1438-4639
ISSN (online)	1618-131X
ISSN	1438-4639
DOI	10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.011
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Article: Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters in Preschool Dust and Children’s Hand Wipes

Larsson, Kristin / Christian H. Lindh / Cynthia A. de Wit / Leena Sahlström / Marika Berglund / Ulla Sellström

Environmental science & technology. 2018 Mar. 23, v. 52, no. 8

2018

Abstract	Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust (n = 100) and children’s hand wipe samples (n = 100), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was analyzed in urine (n = 113). Here we assessed children’s exposure via dust, identified predictors for chemicals in dust, and studied correlations between different exposure measures. The most abundant BFRs in dust were decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) found at median levels of 270 and 110 ng/g dust, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the most abundant OPE, found at a median level of 79 000 ng/g dust. For all OPEs and some BFRs, there were significant correlations between the levels in dust and hand wipes. In addition, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in preschool dust was significantly correlated with the corresponding metabolite DPHP in children’s urine. The levels of pentaBDEs in dust were higher in older preschools compared with newer, whereas levels of DBDPE were higher in newer preschools. Children’s estimated intakes of individual BFRs and OPEs via preschool dust were below available health-based reference values. However, there are uncertainties about the potential health effects of some emerging BFRs and OPEs.
Keywords	biphenyl ; children ; dust ; environmental science ; esters ; ethane ; flame retardants ; metabolites ; normal values ; organophosphorus compounds ; phosphates ; preschools ; toxic substances ; uncertainty ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0323
Size	p. 4878-4888.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.8b00184
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Article ; Online: Brominated flame retardants in matched serum samples from Swedish first-time mothers and their toddlers.

Sahlström, Leena M O / Sellström, Ulla / de Wit, Cynthia A / Lignell, Sanna / Darnerud, Per Ola

Environmental science & technology

2014 Volume 48, Issue 13, Page(s) 7584–7592

Abstract: Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and 21 other flame retardants were determined in matched serum samples from 24 Swedish mothers (Uppsala county) and their toddlers (11-15 months of age). The median concentrations of individual polybrominated diphenyl ... ...

Abstract	Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and 21 other flame retardants were determined in matched serum samples from 24 Swedish mothers (Uppsala county) and their toddlers (11-15 months of age). The median concentrations of individual polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ranged from 0.036 to 0.95 ng/g lipid in mothers and from 0.057 to 1.5 ng/g lipid in toddlers. BDE-209 was detected in all but one sample. BDE-153 was the predominant congener in the mothers while in toddlers, BDE-209 was found in the highest concentrations. The levels of BDE-47, -100, -207, -208, and -209 in toddlers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in their mothers. Dechlorane Plus (anti- and syn-) and α- and β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane were detected in a few (2-4) serum samples from both mothers and toddlers. This study also reports concentrations of α-HBCD and eight emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs) in the standard reference material serum (SRM 1958, NIST). Lack of correlations between the matched serum samples indicate different exposure routes for octa-decaBDEs in mothers versus toddlers. Congener-to-congener correlations within the mother or toddler cohorts suggest diet as an important exposure pathway for tetra-nonaBDEs for mothers, breastfeeding as a predominant exposure pathway for tetra-hexaBDEs, and dust for octa-decaBDEs for toddlers.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Breast Feeding ; Diet ; Dust ; Female ; Flame Retardants/analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/blood ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mothers ; Sweden
Chemical Substances	Dust ; Flame Retardants ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/es501139d
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Article ; Online: Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in Swedish sewage sludge.

Sahlström, Leena / Rehbinder, Verena / Albihn, Ann / Aspan, Anna / Bengtsson, Björn

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica

2009 Volume 51, Page(s) 24

Abstract: Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat in veterinary medicine and human healthcare. Resistance genes can spread from animals, through the food-chain, and back to humans. Sewage sludge may act as the link back from humans to animals. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat in veterinary medicine and human healthcare. Resistance genes can spread from animals, through the food-chain, and back to humans. Sewage sludge may act as the link back from humans to animals. The main aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in treated sewage sludge, in a Swedish waste water treatment plant (WWTP), and to compare VRE isolates from sewage sludge with isolates from humans and chickens. Methods: During a four month long study, sewage sludge was collected weekly and cultured for VRE. The VRE isolates from sewage sludge were analysed and compared to each other and to human and chicken VRE isolates by biochemical typing (PhenePlate), PFGE and antibiograms. Results: Biochemical typing (PhenePlate-FS) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed prevalence of specific VRE strains in sewage sludge for up to 16 weeks. No connection was found between the VRE strains isolated from sludge, chickens and humans, indicating that human VRE did not originate from Swedish chicken. Conclusion: This study demonstrated widespread occurrence of VRE in sewage sludge in the studied WWTP. This implies a risk of antimicrobial resistance being spread to new farms and to the society via the environment if the sewage sludge is used on arable land.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Chickens ; Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Enterococcus/classification ; Enterococcus/drug effects ; Enterococcus/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Sewage/microbiology ; Sweden ; Vancomycin/pharmacology ; Vancomycin Resistance ; Waste Disposal, Fluid
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Sewage ; Vancomycin (6Q205EH1VU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-05-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	40137-7
ISSN	1751-0147 ; 0044-605X
ISSN (online)	1751-0147
ISSN	0044-605X
DOI	10.1186/1751-0147-51-24
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