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Article ; Online: Spatially restricted inhibition of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsolateral striatum encourages behavioral exploration.

Amaya, Kenneth A / Smith, Kyle S

2021 Volume 53, Issue 8, Page(s) 2567–2579

Abstract: When pursuing desirable outcomes, one must make the decision between exploring possible actions to obtain those outcomes and exploiting known strategies to maximize efficiency. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) has been extensively studied with respect to ... ...

Abstract	When pursuing desirable outcomes, one must make the decision between exploring possible actions to obtain those outcomes and exploiting known strategies to maximize efficiency. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) has been extensively studied with respect to how actions can develop into habits and has also been implicated as an area involved in governing exploitative behavior. Surprisingly, prior work has shown that DLS cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are not involved in the canonical habit formation function ascribed to the DLS but are instead modulators of behavioral flexibility after initial learning. To further probe this, we evaluated the role of DLS ChIs in behavioral exploration during a brief instrumental training experiment. Through designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in ChAT-Cre rats, ChIs in the DLS were inhibited during specific phases of the experiment: instrumental training, free-reward delivery, at both times, or never. Without ChI activity during instrumental training, animals biased their responding toward an "optimal" strategy while continuing to work efficiently. This effect was observed again when contingencies were removed as animals with ChIs offline during that phase, regardless of ChI inhibition previously, decreased responding more than animals with ChIs intact. These findings build upon a growing body of literature implicating ChIs in the striatum as gate-keepers of behavioral flexibility and exploration.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cholinergic Agents ; Corpus Striatum ; Habits ; Interneurons ; Neostriatum ; Rats
Chemical Substances	Cholinergic Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-14
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.15117
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Zs.A 2548: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Nucleus accumbens core acetylcholine receptors modulate the balance of flexible and inflexible cue-directed motivation.

Townsend, Erica S / Amaya, Kenneth A / Smedley, Elizabeth B / Smith, Kyle S

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 13375

Abstract: Sign-tracking is a conditioned response where animals interact with reward-predictive cues due to the cues having motivational value, or incentive salience. The nucleus accumbens core (NAc) has been implicated in mediating the sign-tracking response. ... ...

Abstract	Sign-tracking is a conditioned response where animals interact with reward-predictive cues due to the cues having motivational value, or incentive salience. The nucleus accumbens core (NAc) has been implicated in mediating the sign-tracking response. Additionally, acetylcholine (ACh) transmission throughout the striatum has been attributed to both incentive motivation and behavioral flexibility. Here, we demonstrate a role for NAc ACh receptors in the flexibility of sign-tracking. Sign-tracking animals were exposed to an omission contingency, in which vigorous sign-tracking was punished by reward omission. Animals rapidly adjusted their behavior, but they maintained sign-tracking in a less vigorous manner that did not cancel reward. Within this context of sign-tracking being persistent yet flexible in structure, blockade of NAc nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) led to a persistence in the initial sign-tracking response during omission followed by a period of change in the makeup of sign-tracking, whereas blockade of muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) oppositely enhanced the omission-related development of the new sign-tracking behaviors. Later, once omission learning had occurred, nAChR blockade uniquely led to reduced sign-tracking and elevated reward-directed behaviors instead. These results indicate that NAc ACh receptors have opposing roles in maintaining learned patterns of sign-tracking, with nAChRs having a special involvement in regulating the structure of the sign-tracking response.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Motivation ; Cues ; Nucleus Accumbens ; Learning ; Receptors, Nicotinic
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Nicotinic
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-40439-4
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Article ; Online: Results of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients on Chronic Psychotropic Medications.

Smith, Nolan S / Abhari, Sarag / Smith, Langan S / Altman, Kyle M / Yakkanti, Madhusudhan R / Malkani, Arthur L

The Journal of arthroplasty

2024

Abstract: Background: Psychotropic medications are commonly used to treat several mental health conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of psychotropic medications in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with respect to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Psychotropic medications are commonly used to treat several mental health conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of psychotropic medications in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with respect to postoperative opioid use, complications, patient-reported outcome measures, and satisfaction. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 514 consecutive patients undergoing primary TKA. There were 120 patients (23.3%) who were excluded due to preoperative opioid usage. The remaining 394 patients had a minimum 1-year follow-up. Of those, 133 (34%) were on psychotropic medications preoperatively and were compared to the remaining 261 (66%) patients who were not on psychotropics. Clinical data, satisfaction, Knee Society (KS) scores, Western Ontario McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Index Score, Forgotten Joint Scores, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement, postoperative opioid medication usage, and complications were compared. Results: The study cohort (psychotropic medications) had significantly lower postoperative KS Function, KS Knee, Forgotten Joint Scores, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement, Western Ontario McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Index Score compared to the control group. The study group had a lower overall satisfaction score (Likert scale 1 to 5) and a lower percentage of patients either satisfied or very satisfied (4.55 versus 4.79, P < .001; 92.0 versus 97.24%, P = .03, respectively). Postoperative opioid usage was significantly greater in the study group at both 6.4 weeks (range, 4 to 8) and 12-month follow-up (52.76 versus 13.33%, P < .001; 5.51 versus 0.39%, P = .002, respectively). There were no differences in complications and revisions between the groups. Conclusions: Patients on psychotropic medications should be educated on the risk of increased opioid consumption, diminished satisfaction, and patient-reported outcome measures following primary TKA. Given the large number of patients on psychotropic medications undergoing TKA, additional studies are needed to further improve clinical outcomes in this group.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632770-9
ISSN	1532-8406 ; 0883-5403
ISSN (online)	1532-8406
ISSN	0883-5403
DOI	10.1016/j.arth.2024.02.037
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Zs.A 2134: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Muscle specific declines in oxygen saturation during acute ambulation with hands-free and conventional mobility devices.

Bradley, Adam P / Roehl, Alexis S / Smith, Joseph / McGrath, Ryan / Hackney, Kyle J

Frontiers in sports and active living

2023 Volume 5, Page(s) 1210880

Abstract: Disuse is associated with reduced muscle oxygen saturation ( ... ...

Abstract	Disuse is associated with reduced muscle oxygen saturation (SmO
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2624-9367
ISSN (online)	2624-9367
DOI	10.3389/fspor.2023.1210880
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Article ; Online: Comparative genomics and phylogenomic investigation of the class Geoglossomycetes provide insights into ecological specialization and the systematics of Pezizomycotina.

Melie, Tina / Pirro, Stacy / Miller, Andrew N / Smith, Stacey D / Schutz, Kyle S / Quandt, C Alisha

Mycologia

2023 Volume 115, Issue 4, Page(s) 499–512

Abstract: Despite their global presence and ubiquity, members of the class Geoglossomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) are understudied systematically and ecologically. These fungi have long been presumed saprobic due to their occurrence in or near leaf litter ... ...

Abstract	Despite their global presence and ubiquity, members of the class Geoglossomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) are understudied systematically and ecologically. These fungi have long been presumed saprobic due to their occurrence in or near leaf litter and soils. Additionally, they lack an apparent association with other organisms, reinforcing this perception. However, observations of sporocarps near ericaceous shrubs have given rise to an alternative hypothesis that members of Geoglossomycetes may form ericoid mycorrhizae or ectomycorrhizae. This claim, however, has yet to be confirmed via microscopy or amplicon-based studies examining root communities. As a result, our current understanding of their ecology is based on cursory observations. This study presents a comparative analysis of genomic signatures related to ecological niche to investigate the hypothesis of an ericoid mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal ecology in the class. We compared the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) and secondary metabolite contents of six newly sequenced Geoglossomycetes genomes with those of fungi representing specific ecologies across Pezizomycotina. Our analysis reveals CAZyme and secondary metabolite content patterns consistent with ectomycorrhizal (EcM) members of Pezizomycotina. Specifically, we found a reduction in CAZyme-encoding genes and secondary metabolite clusters that suggests a mutualistic ecology. Our work includes the broadest taxon sampling for a phylogenomic study of Pezizomycotina to date. It represents the first functional genomic and genome-scale phylogenetic study of the class Geoglossomycetes and improves the foundational knowledge of the ecology and evolution of these understudied fungi.
MeSH term(s)	Phylogeny ; Ascomycota/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Mycorrhizae/genetics ; Genomics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	281335-x
ISSN	1557-2536 ; 0027-5514
ISSN (online)	1557-2536
ISSN	0027-5514
DOI	10.1080/00275514.2023.2186743
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Zs.A 1291: Show issues

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Article: The changing food environment and neighborhood prevalence of type 2 diabetes.

Zick, Cathleen D / Curtis, David S / Meeks, Huong / Smith, Ken R / Brown, Barbara B / Kole, Kyle / Kowaleski-Jones, Lori

SSM - population health

2023 Volume 21, Page(s) 101338

Abstract: In this ecological study, we used longitudinal data to assess if changes in neighborhood food environments were associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence, controlling for a host of neighborhood characteristics and spatial error ... ...

Abstract	In this ecological study, we used longitudinal data to assess if changes in neighborhood food environments were associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence, controlling for a host of neighborhood characteristics and spatial error correlation. We found that the population-adjusted prevalence of fast-food and pizza restaurants, grocery stores, and full-service restaurants along with changes in their numbers from 1990 to 2010 were associated with 2015 T2DM prevalence. The results suggested that neighborhoods where fast-food restaurants have increased and neighborhoods where full-service restaurants have decreased over time may be especially important targets for educational campaigns or other public health-related T2DM interventions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-8273
ISSN	2352-8273
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101338
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Article ; Online: Agreement in extreme precipitation exposure assessment is modified by race and social vulnerability.

Aune, Kyle T / Zaitchik, Benjamin F / Curriero, Frank C / Davis, Meghan F / Smith, Genee S

Frontiers in epidemiology

2023 Volume 3, Page(s) 1128501

Abstract: ... United States over the 1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals period and evaluate the association between ...

Abstract	Epidemiologic investigations of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) often rely on observations from the nearest weather station to represent individuals' exposures, and due to structural factors that determine the siting of weather stations, levels of measurement error and misclassification bias may differ by race, class, and other measures of social vulnerability. Gridded climate datasets provide higher spatial resolution that may improve measurement error and misclassification bias. However, similarities in the ability to identify EPEs among these types of datasets have not been explored. In this study, we characterize the overall and temporal patterns of agreement among three commonly used meteorological data sources in their identification of EPEs in all census tracts and counties in the conterminous United States over the 1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals period and evaluate the association between sociodemographic characteristics with agreement in EPE identification. Daily precipitation measurements from weather stations in the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) and gridded precipitation estimates from the Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) and the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) were compared in their ability to identify EPEs defined as the top 1% of precipitation events or daily precipitation >1 inch. Agreement among these datasets is fair to moderate from 1991 to 2020. There are spatial and temporal differences in the levels of agreement between ground stations and gridded climate datasets in their detection of EPEs in the United States from 1991 to 2020. Spatial variation in agreement is most strongly related to a location's proximity to the nearest ground station, with areas furthest from a ground station demonstrating the lowest levels of agreement. These areas have lower socioeconomic status, a higher proportion of Native American population, and higher social vulnerability index scores. The addition of ground stations in these areas may increase agreement, and future studies intending to use these or similar data sources should be aware of the limitations, biases, and potential for differential misclassification of exposure to EPEs. Most importantly, vulnerable populations should be engaged to determine their priorities for enhanced surveillance of climate-based threats so that community-identified needs are met by any future improvements in data quality.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2674-1199
ISSN (online)	2674-1199
DOI	10.3389/fepid.2023.1128501
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Task history dictates how the dorsolateral striatum controls action strategy and vigor.

Crego, Adam C G / Amaya, Kenneth A / Palmer, Jensen A / Smith, Kyle S

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2023

Abstract: The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is linked to the learning and honing of action routines. However, the DLS is also important for performing behaviors that have been successful in the past. The learning function can be thought of as prospective, helping to ...

Abstract	The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is linked to the learning and honing of action routines. However, the DLS is also important for performing behaviors that have been successful in the past. The learning function can be thought of as prospective, helping to plan ongoing actions to be efficient and often optimal. The performance function is more retrospective, helping the animal continue to behave in a way that had worked previously. How the DLS manages this all is curious. What happens when a learned behavior becomes sub-optimal due to environment changes. In this case, the prospective function of the DLS would cause animals to (adaptively) learn and plan more optimal actions. In contrast, the retrospective function would cause animals to (maladaptively) favor the old behavior. Here we find that, during a change in learned task rules, DLS inhibition causes animals to adjust less rapidly to the new task (and to behave less vigorously) in a 'maladaptive' way. Yet, when the task is changed back to the initially learned rules, DLS inhibition instead causes a rapid and vigorous adjustment of behavior in an 'adaptive' way. These results show that inhibiting the DLS biases behavior towards initially acquired strategies, implying a more retrospective outlook in action selection when the DLS is offline. Thus, an active DLS could encourage planning and learning action routines more prospectively. Moreover, the DLS control over behavior can appear to be either advantageous/flexible or disadvantageous/inflexible depending on task context, and its control over vigor can change depending on task context. Significant statement: Basal ganglia networks aid behavioral learning (a prospective planning function) but also favor the use of old behaviors (a retrospective performance function), making it unclear what happens when learned behaviors become suboptimal. Here we inhibit the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) as animals encounter a change in task rules, and again when they shift back to those learned task rules. DLS inhibition reduces adjustment to new task rules (and reduces behavioral vigor), but it increases adjustment back to the initially learned task rules later (and increases vigor). Thus, in both cases, DLS inhibition favored the use of the initially learned behavioral strategy, which could appear either maladaptive or adaptive. We suggest that the DLS might promote a prospective orientation of action control.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2023.01.11.523640
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Article ; Online: Extreme Precipitation Events and Infectious Disease Risk

Kyle T. Aune / Meghan F. Davis / Genee S. Smith

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 165, p

A Scoping Review and Framework for Infectious Respiratory Viruses

2022 Volume 165

Abstract: Extreme precipitation events (EPE) change the natural and built environments and alter human behavior in ways that facilitate infectious disease transmission. EPEs are expected with high confidence to increase in frequency and are thus of great public ... ...

Abstract	Extreme precipitation events (EPE) change the natural and built environments and alter human behavior in ways that facilitate infectious disease transmission. EPEs are expected with high confidence to increase in frequency and are thus of great public health importance. This scoping review seeks to summarize the mechanisms and severity of impacts of EPEs on infectious diseases, to provide a conceptual framework for the influence of EPEs on infectious respiratory diseases, and to define areas of future study currently lacking in this field. The effects of EPEs are well-studied with respect to enteric, vector-borne, and allergic illness where they are shown to moderately increase risk of illness, but not well-understood in relation to infectious respiratory illness. We propose a framework for a similar influence of EPEs on infectious respiratory viruses through several plausible pathways: decreased UV radiation, increased ambient relative humidity, and changes to human behavior (increased time indoors and use of heating and cooling systems). However, limited work has evaluated meteorologic risk factors for infectious respiratory diseases. Future research is needed to evaluate the effects of EPEs on infectious respiratory diseases using individual-level case surveillance, fine spatial scales, and lag periods suited to the incubation periods of the disease under study, as well as a full characterization of susceptible, vulnerable, and sensitive population characteristics.
Keywords	climate change ; rain ; extreme weather ; influenza ; RSV ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Reproductive Microbiomes in Domestic Livestock: Insights Utilizing 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Community Sequencing.

Poole, Rebecca K / Soffa, Dallas R / McAnally, Brooke E / Smith, Molly S / Hickman-Brown, Kyle J / Stockland, Erin L

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2023 Volume 13, Issue 3

Abstract: Advancements in 16S rRNA gene amplicon community sequencing have vastly expanded our understanding of the reproductive microbiome and its role in fertility. In humans, ...

Abstract	Advancements in 16S rRNA gene amplicon community sequencing have vastly expanded our understanding of the reproductive microbiome and its role in fertility. In humans,
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-31
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani13030485
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