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Article ; Online: Spatial Dynamics of the Shore Coverage within the Zone of Influence of the Chambo River, Central Ecuador

Julie Echeverría-Puertas / Magdy Echeverría / Franklin Cargua / Theofilos Toulkeridis

Land, Vol 12, Iss 180, p

2023 Volume 180

Abstract: The predominant aim of the current study was to evaluate the spatial dynamics of the riparian coverage of the area of influence of the Chambo River in the area of the river’s source (middle-high basin), between 2500 and 3000 m.a.s.l. For its execution, ... ...

Abstract	The predominant aim of the current study was to evaluate the spatial dynamics of the riparian coverage of the area of influence of the Chambo River in the area of the river’s source (middle-high basin), between 2500 and 3000 m.a.s.l. For its execution, Landsat 7 images from the year 2000, RapidEye from the year 2009, and Spot 6 from the year 2019 were used in the time range of 2000–2009 and 2009–2019. These were subjected to supervised classification by applying the maximum likelihood algorithm, identifying five classes of soil cover, being pasture, crops, soil-remnants of paramo, forest, and anthropic. The classification results were validated by calculating the precision measures and the kappa index. With the use of cross-tabulation matrices, the gains, losses, and persistence in the two periods studied were identified. There, it was determined that, in the first study period, the soil cover-paramo remnants presented the highest percentage of loss (26.70%), the crop cover the highest percentage of gain (28.91%), and in the second period, the crop class presented the highest percentages of losses (18.94%) and gains (17.29%). The cartographic projection of the area for the year 2030 predicts that the areas anthropic category will increase by 1.27%, that of forest will decrease by 1.19%, that of soil-remnants of paramo will gain 0.79%, and crop and pasture cover will decrease by 0.45% and 0.43%, respectively. The results obtained allow for the transitions between coverages to be attributed to population growth, afforestation, reforestation, deforestation and agricultural activities, volcanic eruptions, land colonization, and expansion of agricultural activity. Complementary studies are recommended that involve livelihoods and water quality, which facilitate the identification of vulnerable areas to propose adaptation, prevention, and/or restoration measures.
Keywords	Chambo River ; Andean riparian area ; spatial dynamics ; land cover ; supervised classification ; cartographic projection ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Potential Solutions for the Water Shortage Using Towers of Fog Collectors in a High Andean Community in Central Ecuador

David Vinicio Carrera-Villacrés / Fabián Rodríguez-Espinosa / Theofilos Toulkeridis

Sustainability, Vol 15, Iss 9237, p

2023 Volume 9237

Abstract: The lack of water is a fundamental issue for survival of peasant communities located at heights above 3200 masl in the Andean highlands, such as in the case of the Galte-Yaguachi community in central Ecuador. The social balance, agricultural development ... ...

Abstract	The lack of water is a fundamental issue for survival of peasant communities located at heights above 3200 masl in the Andean highlands, such as in the case of the Galte-Yaguachi community in central Ecuador. The social balance, agricultural development as well as animal subsistence and finally the economic income is pending on the availability of hydric resources. Therefore, a three-dimensional fog collector system was constructed with Urku Yaku material in order to provide water for the close-by community. Simultaneously, we determined the quality of the collected water per square meter of the mesh, during the period of the highest annual precipitations. The installed nets yielded a gain of at least 2.63 L/m 2 and a minimum of 0.65 L/m 2 per day. The analyzed water quality reflected the suitability for human consumption. As water collection has been successful, an expansion of the proposed system may provide this fundamental good also to other communities with similar characteristics. Fog catcher towers will produce 26,577.84 m 3 /year of water, fulfilling crops’ needs, and the economic analysis proves it is worth the investment, as demonstrated by a benefit cost ratio of 1.90.
Keywords	water supply ; fog collector ; Urku Yaku ; Andes ; Ecuador ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: COVID-19: Pandemic in Ecuador: a health disparities perspective.

Toulkeridis, Theofilos / Seqqat, Rachid / Torres A, Marbel / Ortiz-Prado, Esteban / Debut, Alexis

Revista de salud publica (Bogota, Colombia)

2023 Volume 22, Issue 3, Page(s) 304–308

Abstract: Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic initiated in Ecuador with the patient zero in February 2020 and since more than 40,000 persons have been tested positive to the virus, leaving some 3,500 deceased, while approximately about 10,500 persons above ... ...

Abstract	Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic initiated in Ecuador with the patient zero in February 2020 and since more than 40,000 persons have been tested positive to the virus, leaving some 3,500 deceased, while approximately about 10,500 persons above annual average numbers died within March to May. A strict lockdown was applied by mid-March, which resulted to a severe economic crisis in the country. Although during the lockdown. Objective: Our study postulates, that persons who are most likely to be infected during such secondary wave will be people who have already health issues to which we count besides the known ones, especially those who are already suffer by the distribution of volcanic ashes, as such pyroclastic material is known to affect lunges and thyroids. occurred a notable decrease in the number of new cases, the spread of the infection was already massive, untechnical, political and economic decisions will certainly lead to continuous wave of infections for months. Methods: A descriptive ecological study of information related to COVID-19 infection at a national level using official data from the Minister of Public Health and volcanic ash fall by geographical area in Ecuador. Results: The mortality rate per canton indicated that those with lower attack rates are the ones with highest mortality rate. For instance, Portovelo (21.3/100,000), Playas (18.4/100,000), Santa Rosa (15.8/100,000), Suscal (15.3/100,000) and Penipe (14.3/100,000) reported the highest mortality rate per 100,000 people. The main distribution of such volcanic material is within the central to northern area of the Highlands and Inter-Andean Valley of Ecuador, due to the analysis of some 7394 satellite images of the last 21 years. Conclusions: We conclude that areas with high vulnerabilities are also most susceptible to develop COVID-19. Such areas with their respective populations will be affected above average and shall be protected in particular within the presently starting during possible second wave of infection.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Communicable Disease Control ; Public Health
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-18
Publishing country	Colombia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2060572-9
ISSN	0124-0064
ISSN	0124-0064
DOI	10.15446/rsap.V22n3.88102
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Article ; Online: Assessing Susceptibility to Soil Liquefaction Using the Standard Penetration Test (SPT)—A Case Study from the City of Portoviejo, Coastal Ecuador

Eduardo Ortiz-Hernández / Kervin Chunga / José Luis Pastor / Theofilos Toulkeridis

Land, Vol 11, Iss 463, p

2022 Volume 463

Abstract: The city of Portoviejo in coastal Ecuador was severely affected during the 16 April 2016, Pedernales earthquake (Mw 7.8). Various coseismic liquefaction phenomena occurred, inducing lateral spreading, sand boils, ground subsidence, and sinkholes in soils ...

Abstract	The city of Portoviejo in coastal Ecuador was severely affected during the 16 April 2016, Pedernales earthquake (Mw 7.8). Various coseismic liquefaction phenomena occurred, inducing lateral spreading, sand boils, ground subsidence, and sinkholes in soils with poor geotechnical quality in the alluvial and alluvial–colluvial sedimentary environment. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to collect data from standard penetration tests (SPT) and shear velocity and exploratory trenches and to calculate the liquefaction potential index (LPI) by considering a corresponding seismic hazard scenario with an a max = 0.5 g. From these data, a liquefaction hazard map was constructed for the city of Portoviejo, wherein an Fs of 1.169 was obtained. It was determined that strata at a depth of between 8 and 12 m are potentially liquefiable. Our quantitative results demonstrate that the city of Portoviejo’s urban area has a high probability of liquefaction, whereas the area to the southeast of the city is less sensitive to liquefaction phenomena, due to the presence of older sediments. Our results are in accordance with the environmental effects reported in the aftermath of the 2016 earthquake.
Keywords	standard penetration test ; soil liquefaction ; earthquake hazard ; Pedernales earthquake ; Ecuador ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Contrasting Effects of Air Pollution Assessment in two Areas of the Quito Metropolitan District, Ecuador

Daniel Cornejo-Vásconez / Fabián Rodríguez-Espinosa / Alejandra Guasumba / Theofilos Toulkeridis

La Granja: Revista de Ciencias de la Vida, Vol 36, Iss

2022 Volume 2

Abstract: One of the main factors of air contamination within urban areas is burning gasoline by cars, light trucks and motorcycles. Gasoline burning liberates pollution gases such as Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, Carbon monoxide, benzene, besides others. ... ...

Abstract	One of the main factors of air contamination within urban areas is burning gasoline by cars, light trucks and motorcycles. Gasoline burning liberates pollution gases such as Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, Carbon monoxide, benzene, besides others. Among these, Nitrogen dioxide (NOx) is the one that stands out for the people’s awareness of such contamination. We used the Hedonic Price Method (HPM) in order to determine people’s perception of air quality as a proxy and estimate the effect of gases on the housing market. We selected two areas of Quito Metropolitan District in order to evaluate contamination effects on properties. One with a higher concentration of gases located within the historic district of Quito. The other with better air quality called the Bellavista district. The results of three different models indicated that a reduction of 1 (µg/m3) of NOx would increase an average of 4.54% of the housing market value, which it represents 2,032,326.24 USD in value for sample properties. A decrease of 5 µg/m3 will increase in 22.7% of properties value.
Keywords	Greenhouse gases ; hedonic price ; housing value ; air contamination ; Quito ; Agriculture ; S ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972 ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Soil Liquefaction and Other Seismic-Associated Phenomena in the City of Chone during the 2016 Earthquake of Coastal Ecuador

Eduardo Ortiz-Hernández / Kervin Chunga / Theofilos Toulkeridis / José Luis Pastor

Applied Sciences, Vol 12, Iss 7867, p

2022 Volume 7867

Abstract: The city of Chone, being situated on the Ecuadorian coast, was affected due to the close-by epicenter of the earthquake of 16 April 2016, which reached a magnitude of Mw 7.8. This catastrophic event presented settlements in the ground, sand boils and ... ...

Abstract	The city of Chone, being situated on the Ecuadorian coast, was affected due to the close-by epicenter of the earthquake of 16 April 2016, which reached a magnitude of Mw 7.8. This catastrophic event presented settlements in the ground, sand boils and land subsidence, being the most damaging in a variety of civil works among these several buildings. The main objective of the current study is to select data using the standard penetration test (SPT) for the evaluation of the probability of liquefaction considering a maximum acceleration seismic risk of a max = 0.5 g. With the tabulated information, a liquefaction hazard map was generated for the city of Chone, where a safety factor of 1228 was obtained, determining the potentially liquefiable strata at an approximate depth between 9 and 11 m. Hereby, we were able to demonstrate results that were obtained experimentally through a quantitative analysis, indicating that the urban area of the city of Chone has a high probability of liquefaction, which was supported due to the presence of Holocene-aged soils developed in alluvial deposits, located in an alluvium mid catchment area. This novel research, due to the combination of a variety of used tools in the seismic risk evaluation, provides a relevant contribution to territorial planning and risk management in construction, in addition to the territorial reorganization of the canton as an example for different regions worldwide with similar geodynamics, soil mechanics and seismic vulnerabilities.
Keywords	standard penetration test (SPT) ; soil liquefaction ; Pedernales earthquake ; seismic vulnerability ; Ecuador ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Beeinflusst die räumliche Nähe das Wissen über den Aufbau und die Entstehung von Vulkanen? – Eine empirische Fallstudie an zwei Deutschen Schulen in Ecuador

Karl Heinz Otto / Theofilos Toulkeridis / Dennis Edler

Zeitschrift für Geographiedidaktik, Vol 48, Iss 3, Pp 101-

2020 Volume 118

Abstract: Ecuador ist weltweit das Land mit der größten Dichte an Hochrisikovulkanen. Wirkt sich dies auf das Wissen von Schülerinnen und Schülern über Vulkanismus aus? Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert Teilergebnisse einer umfassenden Gesamtstudie über das Wissen ... ...

Abstract	Ecuador ist weltweit das Land mit der größten Dichte an Hochrisikovulkanen. Wirkt sich dies auf das Wissen von Schülerinnen und Schülern über Vulkanismus aus? Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert Teilergebnisse einer umfassenden Gesamtstudie über das Wissen von Schülerinnen und Schülern aus Ecuador über den Aufbau und die Entstehung von Vulkanen/Vulkanismus. Es wurden Schülerinnen und Schüler der Jahrgangsstufe 6 an den Deutschen Schulen in Quito und Guayaquil befragt, die in der Schule noch keinen Unterricht über Vulkanismus hatten. Zusätzlich wurden auch Daten von Schülerinnen und Schülern der Jahrgangsstufe 12 durch Befragungen erhoben. Die Ergebnisse dieser Teilstudie deuten auf einen Einfluss des Schulstandortes (Nähe zu Hochrisikovulkanen) auf das Wissen über die Entstehung und den Aufbau von Vulkanen/Vulkanismus hin.
Keywords	schülerwissen ; vulkane/vulkanismus ; ecuador ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G
Subject code	370
Language	German
Publishing date	2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Prof. Dr. Péter Bagoly-Simó
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: SHOCK METAMORPHISM IN VOLCANIC ROCK DUE TO THE IMPACT OF THE MIGUIR-CAJAS METEORITE IN 1995 AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR ECUADOR

Theofilos TOULKERIDIS / Richard Caleb ECHEGARAY-AVEIGA / Karen Paola MARTINEZ-MALDONADO

Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, Vol 35, Iss 2, Pp 315-

2021 Volume 321

Abstract: In the past of the earth several asteroids and meteoroids have been impacted, but most of these collisions have been eroded and today there are only sometimes direct and indirect indications, such as massive extinctions of species in the form of fossils, ...

Abstract	In the past of the earth several asteroids and meteoroids have been impacted, but most of these collisions have been eroded and today there are only sometimes direct and indirect indications, such as massive extinctions of species in the form of fossils, layers with content of extraterrestrial material among others. Based on our recent reconnaissance in the field in 2017, we have been able to identify a new impact of a meteorite on volcanic rock of the Miocene Tarqui Formation in central Ecuador. We were able to reveal and reconstruct the corresponding trajectory as well as its impact day being in 1995. Based on known impacts in South America, this is the very first to have been impacted on rocks, which would lead to a clear shock metamorphism. This discovery of the impact on a rock may soon be a major tourist attraction of the country due to its accessibility and importance for being unique in Ecuador and on the continent.
Keywords	meteor impact ; shock metamorphism ; cajas national park ; tourism ; ecuador ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Geography (General) ; G1-922
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Editura Universităţii din Oradea
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Origin of color variations of thin, nano-sized layers of volcanic cinder from the Sierra Negra Volcano of the Galapagos Islands

Alexis Debut / Theofilos Toulkeridis / Andrea V. Vaca / Carlos R. Arroyo

Uniciencia, Vol 35, Iss 2, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 13

Abstract: Volcanic cinder, also known as scoria, is an extrusive igneous rock that forms when gas-rich magmas of basaltic or andesitic composition cool quickly. It is typically dark in color, ranging from black to red depending on its chemical composition. ... ...

Abstract	Volcanic cinder, also known as scoria, is an extrusive igneous rock that forms when gas-rich magmas of basaltic or andesitic composition cool quickly. It is typically dark in color, ranging from black to red depending on its chemical composition. Sometimes fresh cinder samples show a variety of shiny metallic colors on its surface ranging from blue to gold to silver. The origin of these colors has remained unknown up to now. Cinder samples from an eruptive event occurred in October 2005 have been collected in the surroundings of the Sierra Negra volcano in the Galápagos Islands. The samples’ crystallographic structure, chemical composition, and surface morphology have been analyzed using X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) and a field gun emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Based on an extensive physical and chemical analysis, we were able to demonstrate that these colors are due to a light interference phenomenon. These results have a great potential to be used for a wide variety of purposes such as determining the temperature and composition of magma and evaluating volcanic samples for planetary studies.
Keywords	cinder ; galapagos ; optical interference ; nano-sized layers ; crystallization speed ; volcanology ; diffraction ; Science ; Q ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	500
Language	Spanish
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Excess Mortality Data Analysis of COVID-19 Infections and Fatalities in Ecuador

Theofilos Toulkeridis / Esteban Ortiz-Prado / Jamileth Chunga-Moran / Marco Heredia-R / Alexis Debut

Uniciencia, Vol 36, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: The global COVID-19 pandemic has shocked the world. Since the virus gave rise to health problems and often ended in deaths, the count of the contagion and the deceased has been an open issue. Such statistics are vital for every nation and even every city ...

Abstract	The global COVID-19 pandemic has shocked the world. Since the virus gave rise to health problems and often ended in deaths, the count of the contagion and the deceased has been an open issue. Such statistics are vital for every nation and even every city or district and suburb as these numbers decide the level of intervention and the subsequent reduction of its given spread. Worldwide data show a mortality rate of around two percent prior to successful vaccination campaigns. However, Ecuador's statistical data indicate an abnormal amount of excess mortality, which is officially denied in each of the studied countries. These numbers have been projected on a monthly basis and exceed up to 300% of the official COVID-19 deaths. In particular, the average mortality rate in Ecuador, prior to and close to the pandemic, has been about 6083.4±234.6, while in the worst month during the sanitary crisis, deaths piled up to 21,000 people, and only 1180 were recognized as deceased by COVID-19. The reasons are widespread but based on an insufficient financed health sector, political incompetence, lack of leadership, and a long-lasting economic crisis. Therefore, premature endings of confinements or lockdowns have contributed to an accelerated contagion and seem to even counteract the vaccination phase, in middle 2021, shortly before excess mortality ceased completely.
Keywords	covid-19 ; excess mortality ; health crisis ; data analysis ; ecuador ; Science ; Q ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	310
Language	Spanish
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Document type	Article ; Online
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