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Article ; Online: Gains to cooperation drive the evolution of egalitarianism.

Hooper, Paul L / Kaplan, Hillard S / Jaeggi, Adrian V

Nature human behaviour

2021 Volume 5, Issue 7, Page(s) 847–856

Abstract: What conditions favour egalitarianism, that is, muted hierarchies with relatively equal distributions of resources? Here, we combine the hawk-dove and prisoner's dilemma games to model the effects of economic defensibility, costs of competition and gains ...

Abstract	What conditions favour egalitarianism, that is, muted hierarchies with relatively equal distributions of resources? Here, we combine the hawk-dove and prisoner's dilemma games to model the effects of economic defensibility, costs of competition and gains from cooperation on egalitarianism, operationalized as the absence of hawks. We show that a 'leveller' strategy, which punishes hawkishness in the hawk-dove game with defection in the prisoner's dilemma, can be evolutionarily stable provided that the gains from cooperation are high relative to the benefits of hawkishness. Under these conditions, rare mutant levellers select for hawks that acquiesce to punishment by playing dove. If these 'acquiescent hawks' become common, levellers outperform hawks and establish a new egalitarian equilibrium. An analysis of human foraging groups corroborates these results, as groups with a greater reliance on cooperation are more egalitarian. Cooperation fosters greater equality when individuals can withhold its benefits from would-be dominant individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Cooperative Behavior ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Prisoner Dilemma ; Social Dominance ; Social Evolution
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2397-3374
ISSN (online)	2397-3374
DOI	10.1038/s41562-021-01059-y
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Article ; Online: Correction to: 'Repercussions of patrilocal residence on mothers' social support networks among Tsimane forager-farmers' (2022) by Seabright

Seabright, Edmond / Alami, Sarah / Kraft, Thomas S / Davis, Helen / Caldwell, Ann E / Hooper, Paul / McAllister, Lisa / Mulville, Sarah / Veile, Amanda / von Rueden, Christopher / Trumble, Benjamin / Stieglitz, Jonathan / Gurven, Michael / Kaplan, Hillard

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2023 Volume 378, Issue 1875, Page(s) 20220537

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2022.0537
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Article: The Evolution of Human Life Expectancy and Intelligence in Hunter-Gatherer Economies.

Robson, Arthur J / Kaplan, Hillard S

The American economic review

2017 Volume 93, Issue 1, Page(s) 150–169

Abstract: The economics of hunting and gathering must have driven the biological evolution of human characteristics, since hunter-gatherer societies prevailed for the two million years of human history. These societies feature huge intergenerational resource flows, ...

Abstract	The economics of hunting and gathering must have driven the biological evolution of human characteristics, since hunter-gatherer societies prevailed for the two million years of human history. These societies feature huge intergenerational resource flows, suggesting that these resource flows should replace fertility as the key demographic consideration. It is then theoretically expected that life expectancy and brain size would increase simultaneously, as apparently occurred during our evolutionary history. The brain here is considered as a direct form of bodily investment, but also crucially as facilitating further indirect investment by means of learning-by-doing.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Learning ; Life Expectancy ; Organ Size ; Primates ; Selection, Genetic
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2009979-4
ISSN	1944-7981 ; 0002-8282
ISSN (online)	1944-7981
ISSN	0002-8282
DOI	10.1257/000282803321455205
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Article ; Online: Status competition, inequality, and fertility: implications for the demographic transition.

Shenk, Mary K / Kaplan, Hillard S / Hooper, Paul L

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2018 Volume 371, Issue 1692, Page(s) 20150150

Abstract: The role that social status plays in small-scale societies suggests that status may be important for understanding the evolution of human fertility decisions, and for understanding how such decisions play out in modern contexts. This paper explores ... ...

Abstract	The role that social status plays in small-scale societies suggests that status may be important for understanding the evolution of human fertility decisions, and for understanding how such decisions play out in modern contexts. This paper explores whether modelling competition for status--in the sense of relative rank within a society--can help shed light on fertility decline and the demographic transition. We develop a model of how levels of inequality and status competition affect optimal investment by parents in the embodied capital (health, strength, and skills) and social status of offspring, focusing on feedbacks between individual decisions and socio-ecological conditions. We find that conditions similar to those in demographic transition societies yield increased investment in both embodied capital and social status, generating substantial decreases in fertility, particularly under conditions of high inequality and intense status competition. We suggest that a complete explanation for both fertility variation in small-scale societies and modern fertility decline will take into account the effects of status competition and inequality.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Evolution ; Economics ; Fertility ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Social Behavior ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Introductory Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2015.0150
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Article ; Online: Experimental tests of the tolerated theft and risk-reduction theories of resource exchange.

Kaplan, Hillard S / Schniter, Eric / Smith, Vernon L / Wilson, Bart J

Nature human behaviour

2018 Volume 2, Issue 6, Page(s) 383–388

Abstract: Here we report the results of an experiment that tests the reciprocal risk ... ...

Abstract	Here we report the results of an experiment that tests the reciprocal risk reduction
MeSH term(s)	Competitive Behavior ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Social Behavior ; Theft ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2397-3374
ISSN (online)	2397-3374
DOI	10.1038/s41562-018-0356-x
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Article ; Online: Multi-system physiological dysregulation and ageing in a subsistence population.

Kraft, Thomas S / Stieglitz, Jonathan / Trumble, Benjamin C / Garcia, Angela R / Kaplan, Hillard / Gurven, Michael

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2020 Volume 375, Issue 1811, Page(s) 20190610

Abstract: Humans have the longest post-reproductive lifespans and lowest rates of actuarial ageing among primates. Understanding the links between slow actuarial ageing and physiological change is critical for improving the human 'healthspan'. Physiological ... ...

Abstract	Humans have the longest post-reproductive lifespans and lowest rates of actuarial ageing among primates. Understanding the links between slow actuarial ageing and physiological change is critical for improving the human 'healthspan'. Physiological dysregulation may be a key feature of ageing in industrialized populations with high burdens of chronic 'diseases of civilization', but little is known about age trajectories of physiological condition in subsistence populations with limited access to public health infrastructure. To better characterize human physiological dysregulation, we examined age trajectories of 40 biomarkers spanning the immune (
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Bolivia ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Indians, South American ; Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Characteristics ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2019.0610
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Article ; Online: Apolipoprotein-

Trumble, Benjamin C / Charifson, Mia / Kraft, Tom / Garcia, Angela R / Cummings, Daniel K / Hooper, Paul / Lea, Amanda J / Eid Rodriguez, Daniel / Koebele, Stephanie V / Buetow, Kenneth / Beheim, Bret / Minocher, Riana / Gutierrez, Maguin / Thomas, Gregory S / Gatz, Margaret / Stieglitz, Jonathan / Finch, Caleb E / Kaplan, Hillard / Gurven, Michael

Science advances

2023 Volume 9, Issue 32, Page(s) eade9797

Abstract: In many populations, the ... ...

Abstract	In many populations, the a
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Female ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Aging ; Apolipoproteins ; Fertility/genetics ; Alleles ; Genotype ; Risk Factors
Chemical Substances	Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.ade9797
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Article ; Online: Paternal provisioning results from ecological change.

Alger, Ingela / Hooper, Paul L / Cox, Donald / Stieglitz, Jonathan / Kaplan, Hillard S

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2020 Volume 117, Issue 20, Page(s) 10746–10754

Abstract: Paternal provisioning among humans is puzzling because it is rare among primates and absent in nonhuman apes and because emergent provisioning would have been subject to paternity theft. A provisioning "dad" loses fitness at the hands of nonprovisioning, ...

Abstract	Paternal provisioning among humans is puzzling because it is rare among primates and absent in nonhuman apes and because emergent provisioning would have been subject to paternity theft. A provisioning "dad" loses fitness at the hands of nonprovisioning, mate-seeking "cads." Recent models require exacting interplay between male provisioning and female choice to overcome this social dilemma. We instead posit that ecological change favored widespread improvements in male provisioning incentives, and we show theoretically how social obstacles to male provisioning can be overcome. Greater availability of energetically rich, difficult-to-acquire foods enhances female-male and male-male complementarities, thus altering the fitness of dads versus cads. We identify a tipping point where gains from provisioning overcome costs from paternity uncertainty and the dad strategy becomes viable. Stable polymorphic states are possible, meaning that dads need not necessarily eliminate cads. Our simulations suggest that with sufficient complementarities, dads can emerge even in the face of high paternity uncertainty. Our theoretical focus on ecological change as a primary factor affecting the trade-off between male mating and parenting effort suggests different possibilities for using paleo-climatic, archaeological, and genomic evidence to establish the timing of and conditions associated with emergence of paternal provisioning in the hominin lineage.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Paternal Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1917166117
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Article ; Online: Poor Oral Health Is Associated With Inflammation, Aortic Valve Calcification, and Brain Volume Among Forager-Farmers.

The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences

2024 Volume 79, Issue 5

Abstract: Poor oral health is associated with cardiovascular disease and dementia. Potential pathways include sepsis from oral bacteria, systemic inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies. However, in post-industrialized populations, links between oral health and ...

Abstract	Poor oral health is associated with cardiovascular disease and dementia. Potential pathways include sepsis from oral bacteria, systemic inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies. However, in post-industrialized populations, links between oral health and chronic disease may be confounded because the lower socioeconomic exposome (poor diet, pollution, and low physical activity) often entails insufficient dental care. We assessed tooth loss, caries, and damaged teeth, in relation to cardiovascular and brain aging among the Tsimane, a subsistence population living a relatively traditional forager-horticulturalist lifestyle with poor dental health, but minimal cardiovascular disease and dementia. Dental health was assessed by a physician in 739 participants aged 40-92 years with cardiac and brain health measured by chest computed tomography (CT; n = 728) and brain CT (n = 605). A subset of 356 individuals aged 60+ were also assessed for dementia and mild cognitive impairment (n = 33 impaired). Tooth loss was highly prevalent, with 2.2 teeth lost per decade and a 2-fold greater loss in women. The number of teeth with exposed pulp was associated with higher inflammation, as measured by cytokine levels and white blood cell counts, and lower body mass index. Coronary artery calcium and thoracic aortic calcium were not associated with tooth loss or damaged teeth. However, aortic valve calcification and brain tissue loss were higher in those who had more teeth with exposed pulp. Overall, these results suggest that dental health is associated with indicators of chronic diseases in the absence of typical confounds, even in a population with low cardiovascular and dementia risk factors.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Male ; Aged ; Oral Health ; Middle Aged ; Calcinosis/diagnostic imaging ; Aortic Valve/pathology ; Aortic Valve/diagnostic imaging ; Aged, 80 and over ; Inflammation ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/pathology ; Adult ; Tooth Loss/epidemiology ; Dementia/epidemiology ; Dementia/etiology ; Dementia/diagnostic imaging ; Aortic Valve Stenosis/diagnostic imaging ; Aortic Valve Stenosis/epidemiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Organ Size
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1223643-3
ISSN	1758-535X ; 1079-5006
ISSN (online)	1758-535X
ISSN	1079-5006
DOI	10.1093/gerona/glae013
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Article ; Online: Metapopulation dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a small-scale Amazonian society.

Kraft, Thomas S / Seabright, Edmond / Alami, Sarah / Jenness, Samuel M / Hooper, Paul / Beheim, Bret / Davis, Helen / Cummings, Daniel K / Rodriguez, Daniel Eid / Cayuba, Maguin Gutierrez / Miner, Emily / de Lamballerie, Xavier / Inchauste, Lucia / Priet, Stéphane / Trumble, Benjamin C / Stieglitz, Jonathan / Kaplan, Hillard / Gurven, Michael D

PLoS biology

2023 Volume 21, Issue 8, Page(s) e3002108

Abstract: The severity of infectious disease outbreaks is governed by patterns of human contact, which vary by geography, social organization, mobility, access to technology and healthcare, economic development, and culture. Whereas globalized societies and urban ... ...

Abstract	The severity of infectious disease outbreaks is governed by patterns of human contact, which vary by geography, social organization, mobility, access to technology and healthcare, economic development, and culture. Whereas globalized societies and urban centers exhibit characteristics that can heighten vulnerability to pandemics, small-scale subsistence societies occupying remote, rural areas may be buffered. Accordingly, voluntary collective isolation has been proposed as one strategy to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 and other pandemics on small-scale Indigenous populations with minimal access to healthcare infrastructure. To assess the vulnerability of such populations and the viability of interventions such as voluntary collective isolation, we simulate and analyze the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection among Amazonian forager-horticulturalists in Bolivia using a stochastic network metapopulation model parameterized with high-resolution empirical data on population structure, mobility, and contact networks. Our model suggests that relative isolation offers little protection at the population level (expected approximately 80% cumulative incidence), and more remote communities are not conferred protection via greater distance from outside sources of infection, due to common features of small-scale societies that promote rapid disease transmission such as high rates of travel and dense social networks. Neighborhood density, central household location in villages, and household size greatly increase the individual risk of infection. Simulated interventions further demonstrate that without implausibly high levels of centralized control, collective isolation is unlikely to be effective, especially if it is difficult to restrict visitation between communities as well as travel to outside areas. Finally, comparison of model results to empirical COVID-19 outcomes measured via seroassay suggest that our theoretical model is successful at predicting outbreak severity at both the population and community levels. Taken together, these findings suggest that the social organization and relative isolation from urban centers of many rural Indigenous communities offer little protection from pandemics and that standard control measures, including vaccination, are required to counteract effects of tight-knit social structures characteristic of small-scale populations.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; Geography ; Indigenous Peoples ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.3002108
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