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  1. Article: Study fails to establish diagnostic substitution as a factor in increased rate of autism.

    Blaxill, Mark F

    Pharmacotherapy

    2004  Volume 24, Issue 6, Page(s) 812–3; author reply 813–5

    MeSH term(s) Autistic Disorder/diagnosis ; Autistic Disorder/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis ; Developmental Disabilities/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 603158-4
    ISSN 1875-9114 ; 0277-0008
    ISSN (online) 1875-9114
    ISSN 0277-0008
    DOI 10.1592/phco.24.8.812.36060
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 1738: Show issues Location:
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    Zs.MO 585: Show issues

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  2. Article: Concerns continue over mercury and autism.

    Blaxill, Mark F

    American journal of preventive medicine

    2004  Volume 26, Issue 1, Page(s) 91; reply 91–2

    MeSH term(s) Autistic Disorder/chemically induced ; Autistic Disorder/epidemiology ; Autistic Disorder/etiology ; California ; Denmark/epidemiology ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Mercury/adverse effects ; Mercury Poisoning/complications ; National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.) Health and Medicine Division ; Sweden/epidemiology ; United States
    Chemical Substances Mercury (FXS1BY2PGL)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-03-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 632646-8
    ISSN 1873-2607 ; 0749-3797
    ISSN (online) 1873-2607
    ISSN 0749-3797
    DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.10.019
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: What's going on? The question of time trends in autism.

    Blaxill, Mark F

    Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)

    2004  Volume 119, Issue 6, Page(s) 536–551

    Abstract: Increases in the reported prevalence of autism and autistic spectrum disorders in recent years have fueled concern over possible environmental causes. The author reviews the available survey literature and finds evidence of large increases in prevalence ... ...

    Abstract Increases in the reported prevalence of autism and autistic spectrum disorders in recent years have fueled concern over possible environmental causes. The author reviews the available survey literature and finds evidence of large increases in prevalence in both the United States and the United Kingdom that cannot be explained by changes in diagnostic criteria or improvements in case ascertainment. Incomplete ascertainment of autism cases in young child populations is the largest source of predictable bias in prevalence surveys; however, this bias has, if anything, worked against the detection of an upward trend in recent surveys. Comparison of autism rates by year of birth for specific geographies provides the strongest basis for trend assessment. Such comparisons show large recent increases in rates of autism and autistic spectrum disorders in both the U.S. and the U.K. Reported rates of autism in the United States increased from < 3 per 10,000 children in the 1970s to > 30 per 10,000 children in the 1990s, a 10-fold increase. In the United Kingdom, autism rates rose from < 10 per 10,000 in the 1980s to roughly 30 per 10,000 in the 1990s. Reported rates for the full spectrum of autistic disorders rose from the 5 to 10 per 10,000 range to the 50 to 80 per 10,000 range in the two countries. A precautionary approach suggests that the rising incidence of autism should be a matter of urgent public concern.
    MeSH term(s) Autistic Disorder/diagnosis ; Autistic Disorder/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Prevalence ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Review
    ZDB-ID 120953-x
    ISSN 1468-2877 ; 0033-3549
    ISSN (online) 1468-2877
    ISSN 0033-3549
    DOI 10.1016/j.phr.2004.09.003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.MO 479: Show issues

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  4. Article ; Online: Any changes in prevalence of autism must be determined.

    Blaxill, Mark F

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2001  Volume 324, Issue 7332, Page(s) 296

    MeSH term(s) Autistic Disorder/epidemiology ; Autistic Disorder/etiology ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Humans ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/adverse effects ; Prevalence ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
    Language English
    Publishing date 2001-02-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj.324.7332.296a
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Thimerosal and autism? A plausible hypothesis that should not be dismissed.

    Blaxill, Mark F / Redwood, Lyn / Bernard, Sallie

    Medical hypotheses

    2004  Volume 62, Issue 5, Page(s) 788–794

    Abstract: The autism-mercury hypothesis first described by Bernard et al. has generated much interest and controversy. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) reviewed the connection between mercury-containing vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. ... ...

    Abstract The autism-mercury hypothesis first described by Bernard et al. has generated much interest and controversy. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) reviewed the connection between mercury-containing vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. They concluded that the hypothesis was biologically plausible but that there was insufficient evidence to accept or reject a causal connection and recommended a comprehensive research program. Without citing new experimental evidence, a number of observers have offered opinions on the subject, some of which reject the IOM's conclusions. In a recent review, Nelson and Bauman argue that a link between the preservative thimerosal, the source of the mercury in childhood vaccines, is improbable. In their defense of thimerosal, these authors take a narrow view of the original hypothesis, provide no new evidence, and rely on selective citations and flawed reasoning. We provide evidence here to refute the Nelson and Bauman critique and to defend the autism-mercury hypothesis.
    MeSH term(s) Autistic Disorder/epidemiology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Comorbidity ; Evidence-Based Medicine/methods ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mercury Poisoning, Nervous System/epidemiology ; Models, Neurological ; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/poisoning ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Risk Factors ; Thimerosal/poisoning
    Chemical Substances Preservatives, Pharmaceutical ; Thimerosal (2225PI3MOV)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 193145-3
    ISSN 1532-2777 ; 0306-9877
    ISSN (online) 1532-2777
    ISSN 0306-9877
    DOI 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.11.033
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 1132: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article: Commentary: Blaxill, Baskin, and Spitzer on Croen et al. (2002), the changing prevalence of autism in California.

    Blaxill, Mark F / Baskin, David S / Spitzer, Walter O

    Journal of autism and developmental disorders

    2003  Volume 33, Issue 2, Page(s) 223–6; discussion 227–9

    MeSH term(s) Autistic Disorder/classification ; Autistic Disorder/diagnosis ; Autistic Disorder/epidemiology ; Bias ; California/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Data Collection/statistics & numerical data ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intellectual Disability/classification ; Intellectual Disability/diagnosis ; Intellectual Disability/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-07-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 391999-7
    ISSN 1573-3432 ; 0162-3257
    ISSN (online) 1573-3432
    ISSN 0162-3257
    DOI 10.1023/a:1022912115365
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 765: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article: Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children.

    Holmes, Amy S / Blaxill, Mark F / Haley, Boyd E

    International journal of toxicology

    2003  Volume 22, Issue 4, Page(s) 277–285

    Abstract: Reported rates of autism have increased sharply in the United States and the United Kingdom. One possible factor underlying these increases is increased exposure to mercury through thimerosal-containing vaccines, but vaccine exposures need to be ... ...

    Abstract Reported rates of autism have increased sharply in the United States and the United Kingdom. One possible factor underlying these increases is increased exposure to mercury through thimerosal-containing vaccines, but vaccine exposures need to be evaluated in the context of cumulative exposures during gestation and early infancy. Differential rates of postnatal mercury elimination may explain why similar gestational and infant exposures produce variable neurological effects. First baby haircut samples were obtained from 94 children diagnosed with autism using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM IV) criteria and 45 age- and gender-matched controls. Information on diet, dental amalgam fillings, vaccine history, Rho D immunoglobulin administration, and autism symptom severity was collected through a maternal survey questionnaire and clinical observation. Hair mercury levels in the autistic group were 0.47 ppm versus 3.63 ppm in controls, a significant difference. The mothers in the autistic group had significantly higher levels of mercury exposure through Rho D immunoglobulin injections and amalgam fillings than control mothers. Within the autistic group, hair mercury levels varied significantly across mildly, moderately, and severely autistic children, with mean group levels of 0.79, 0.46, and 0.21 ppm, respectively. Hair mercury levels among controls were significantly correlated with the number of the mothers' amalgam fillings and their fish consumption as well as exposure to mercury through childhood vaccines, correlations that were absent in the autistic group. Hair excretion patterns among autistic infants were significantly reduced relative to control. These data cast doubt on the efficacy of traditional hair analysis as a measure of total mercury exposure in a subset of the population. In light of the biological plausibility of mercury's role in neurodevelopmental disorders, the present study provides further insight into one possible mechanism by which early mercury exposures could increase the risk of autism.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Autistic Disorder/metabolism ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Hair/chemistry ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mercury/analysis ; Mercury/pharmacokinetics ; Sex Factors
    Chemical Substances Mercury (FXS1BY2PGL)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1379845-5
    ISSN 1091-5818
    ISSN 1091-5818
    DOI 10.1080/10915810305120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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