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  1. Article ; Online: Contamination fear and attention bias variability early in the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Clarke, Patrick J F / Szeremeta, Elise / Van Bockstaele, Bram / Notebaert, Lies / Meeten, Frances / Todd, Jemma

    Behaviour research and therapy

    2024  Volume 175, Page(s) 104497

    Abstract: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a dramatic increase in the salience and importance of information relating to both the risk of infection, and factors that could mitigate against such risk. This is likely to have contributed to elevated ... ...

    Abstract The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a dramatic increase in the salience and importance of information relating to both the risk of infection, and factors that could mitigate against such risk. This is likely to have contributed to elevated contamination fear concerns in the general population. Biased attention for contamination-related information has been proposed as a potential mechanism underlying contamination fear, though evidence regarding the presence of such biased attention has been inconsistent. A possible reason for this is that contamination fear may be characterised by variability in attention bias that has not yet been examined. The current study examined the potential association between attention bias variability for both contamination-related and mitigation-related stimuli, and contamination fear during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. A final sample of 315 participants completed measures of attention bias and contamination fear. The measure of average attention bias for contamination-related stimuli and mitigation-related stimuli was not associated with contamination fear (r = 0.055 and r = 0.051, p > 0.10), though both attention bias variability measures did show a small but statistically significant relationship with contamination fear (r = 0.133, p < 0.05; r = 0.147, p < 0.01). These attention bias variability measures also accounted for significant additional variance in contamination fear above the average attention bias measure (and controlling for response time variability). These findings provide initial evidence for the association between attention bias variability and contamination fear, underscoring a potential target for cognitive bias interventions for clinical contamination fear.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Attentional Bias/physiology ; Pandemics ; Fear/psychology ; Reaction Time
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 211997-3
    ISSN 1873-622X ; 0005-7967
    ISSN (online) 1873-622X
    ISSN 0005-7967
    DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104497
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  2. Article ; Online: Implicit beliefs and automatic associations in smoking.

    Tibboel, Helen / Van Bockstaele, Bram / Spruyt, Adriaan / Franken, Ingmar

    Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry

    2023  Volume 83, Page(s) 101925

    Abstract: Background and objectives: Dual process models of addiction suggest that controlled, goal-directed processes prevent drug-use, whereas impulsive, stimulus-driven processes promote drug-use. The most frequently used measure of automatic smoking-related ... ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: Dual process models of addiction suggest that controlled, goal-directed processes prevent drug-use, whereas impulsive, stimulus-driven processes promote drug-use. The most frequently used measure of automatic smoking-related processes, the implicit association test (IAT), has yielded mixed results. We examine the validity of two alternative implicit measures: 1) the affect misattribution procedure (AMP), a measure of automatic evaluations, and 2) the relational responding task (RRT), a measure of implicit beliefs.
    Methods: Smokers and non-smokers performed smoking-related versions of the AMP and the RRT and filled in questionnaires for smoking dependence. Smokers participated in two sessions: once after they just smoked, and once after being deprived for 10 h. Smokers also kept a smoking diary for a week after the second session.
    Results: We found significant differences between smokers and non-smokers on the RRT, t (86) = 2.86, p = .007, d = 0.61, and on the AMP, F (1, 85) = 6.22, p = .015,
    Limitations: Possibly, our manipulation was not strong enough to affect the motivational state of participants in a way that it changed their implicit cognitions. Future research should examine the sensitivity of implicit measures to (motivational) context.
    Conclusions: We found limited evidence for the validity of the smoking-AMP and the smoking-RRT, highlighting the need for a critical view on implicit measures.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Smoking ; Cognition ; Motivation ; Behavior, Addictive ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-13
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 280250-8
    ISSN 1873-7943 ; 0005-7916
    ISSN (online) 1873-7943
    ISSN 0005-7916
    DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101925
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  3. Article ; Online: Reliability and convergence of approach/avoidance bias assessment tasks in the food consumption domain.

    Basanovic, Julian / Dondzilo, Laura / Rudaizky, Daniel / Van Bockstaele, Bram

    Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

    2022  Volume 76, Issue 5, Page(s) 968–978

    Abstract: Theories of motivation posit that people will more readily approach positive or appetitive stimuli, and there has been growing interest in the relationship between biases in approach and avoidance behaviours for food cues and food craving and consumption ...

    Abstract Theories of motivation posit that people will more readily approach positive or appetitive stimuli, and there has been growing interest in the relationship between biases in approach and avoidance behaviours for food cues and food craving and consumption behaviour. Two paradigms commonly employed by research to investigate this relationship are the approach-avoidance task (AAT) and the stimulus-response compatibility task (SRCT). However, it is yet to be determined whether the measures yielded by these tasks reflect the same processes operating in the food craving and consumption domain. The present study examined the internal reliability and convergence of AAT and SRCT paradigms in their assessment of biased approach to unhealthy compared with healthy food stimuli, and whether the measures yielded by the AAT and SRCT paradigms demonstrated associations with individual differences in food craving and eating behaviour. One hundred twenty-one participants completed an SRCT, an AAT using an arm movement response mode, and an AAT using a key-press response mode. The measures yielded comparable and acceptable levels of internal consistency, but convergence between the different task bias scores was modest or absent, and only approach bias as measured with the AAT task using an arm movement response mode was associated with self-report measures of eating behaviour and trait food craving. Thus, tasks did not converge strongly enough to be considered equivalent measures of approach/avoidance biases, and the AAT task using an arm movement response seems uniquely suited to detect approach biases argued to characterise maladaptive eating behaviour and craving.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Food ; Craving ; Cues ; Bias
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 219170-2
    ISSN 1747-0226 ; 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
    ISSN (online) 1747-0226
    ISSN 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
    DOI 10.1177/17470218221108270
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  4. Article ; Online: For there is nothing either good or bad: a study of the mediating effect of interpretation bias on the association between mindfulness and reduced post-traumatic stress vulnerability.

    Deen, Hannah / Notebaert, Lies / Van Bockstaele, Bram / Clarke, Patrick J F / Todd, Jemma

    BMC psychiatry

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 329

    Abstract: Background: Despite increasing interest in the association between mindfulness and reduced trauma vulnerability, and the use of mindfulness in the latest interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), few studies have examined the mechanisms ... ...

    Abstract Background: Despite increasing interest in the association between mindfulness and reduced trauma vulnerability, and the use of mindfulness in the latest interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), few studies have examined the mechanisms through which mindfulness may influence post-trauma psychopathology. The present study aimed to determine whether negative interpretation bias, the tendency to interpret ambiguous information as negative or threatening rather than positive or safe, mediates the association between higher levels of trait mindfulness and lower levels of PTSD symptoms. Negative interpretation bias was examined due to prior evidence indicating it is associated with being less mindful and post trauma psychopathology.
    Methods: The study examined 133 undergraduate students who reported exposure to one or more potentially traumatic events in their lifetime. Participants completed self-report measures of trait mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire - Short Form; FFMQ-SF) and PTSD symptoms (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian version; PCL-C) as well an interpretation bias task that assessed the degree to which participants interpreted a range of everyday hypothetical scenarios to be threatening to their physical and/or psychological wellbeing.
    Results: Results of a mediation analysis indicated a significant negative direct effect of trait mindfulness on PTSD symptomatology (p < .001). There was no evidence that negative interpretation bias mediated this relationship [BCa CI [-0.04, 0.03)], nor was it associated with trait mindfulness (p = .90) and PTSD symptomatology (p = .37).
    Conclusions: The results of the current study provide further evidence of the link between trait mindfulness and reduced post-trauma psychopathology while providing no support for the role of negative interpretation bias in this relationship.
    MeSH term(s) Bias ; Humans ; Mindfulness ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2050438-X
    ISSN 1471-244X ; 1471-244X
    ISSN (online) 1471-244X
    ISSN 1471-244X
    DOI 10.1186/s12888-022-03950-y
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  5. Article ; Online: Gamification of cognitive bias modification for interpretations in anxiety increases training engagement and enjoyment.

    Salemink, Elske / de Jong, Suzanne R C / Notebaert, Lies / MacLeod, Colin / Van Bockstaele, Bram

    Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry

    2022  Volume 76, Page(s) 101727

    Abstract: Background and objectives: Interpretation bias plays a crucial role in anxiety. To test the causal role and potential clinical benefits, training procedures were developed to experimentally change interpretation bias. However, these procedures are ... ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: Interpretation bias plays a crucial role in anxiety. To test the causal role and potential clinical benefits, training procedures were developed to experimentally change interpretation bias. However, these procedures are monotonous and plain, which could negatively affect motivation and adherence. The aim of this study was to make the interpretation training more engaging and enjoyable, without compromising its effectiveness, through gamification.
    Methods: The training was gamified by including extrinsically and intrinsically motivating elements such as points, scores, time-pressure, fun and adaptive elements (training at an individually challenging level). A 2 (Type: Gamified vs. Standard) x 2 (Training Valence: Positive vs. Placebo) between-subjects design was used with random allocation of 79 above-average anxious individuals. Post-training, we assessed the liking and recommendation of the training task, interpretation bias (Recognition task and the Scrambled Sentence Task) and anxiety.
    Results: Participants experienced the gamified training tasks as more engaging and enjoyable than the standard tasks, although it was not recommend more to fellow-students. Both positive training conditions (gamified and standard) were successful in eliciting a positive interpretation bias when assessed with the Recognition task, while only the standard positive training impacted on interpretations when assessed with the Scrambled Sentence Task. No differential effects were observed on anxiety.
    Limitations: The study involved only a single-session training and participants were selected for high trait (and not social) anxiety.
    Conclusions: The gamified training was evaluated more positively by the participants, while maintaining the effectiveness of eliciting positive interpretations when assessed with the Recognition task. This suggests that gamification might be a promising new approach.
    MeSH term(s) Anxiety/psychology ; Anxiety Disorders ; Cognition ; Gamification ; Humans ; Pleasure
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-07
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 280250-8
    ISSN 1873-7943 ; 0005-7916
    ISSN (online) 1873-7943
    ISSN 0005-7916
    DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101727
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  6. Article ; Online: Assessing anxiety-linked impairment in attentional control without eye-tracking: The masked-target antisaccade task.

    Basanovic, Julian / Todd, Jemma / van Bockstaele, Bram / Notebaert, Lies / Meeten, Frances / Clarke, Patrick J F

    Behavior research methods

    2022  Volume 55, Issue 1, Page(s) 135–142

    Abstract: Contemporary cognitive theories of anxiety and attention processing propose that heightened levels of anxiety vulnerability are associated with a decreasing ability to inhibit the allocation of attention towards task-irrelevant information. Existing ... ...

    Abstract Contemporary cognitive theories of anxiety and attention processing propose that heightened levels of anxiety vulnerability are associated with a decreasing ability to inhibit the allocation of attention towards task-irrelevant information. Existing performance-based research has most often used eye-movement assessment variants of the antisaccade paradigm to demonstrate such effects. Critically, however, eye-movement assessment methods are limited by expense, the need for expert training in administration, and limited mobility and scalability. These barriers have likely led to researchers' use of suboptimal methods of assessing the relationship between attentional control and anxiety vulnerability. The present study examined the capacity for a non-eye-movement-based variant of the antisaccade task, the masked-target antisaccade task (Guitton et al., 1985), to detect anxiety-linked differences in attentional control. Participants (N = 342) completed an assessment of anxiety vulnerability and performed the masked-target antisaccade task in an online assessment session. Greater levels of anxiety vulnerability predicted poorer performance on the task, consistent with findings observed from eye-movement methods and with cognitive theories of anxiety and attention processing. Results also revealed the task to have high internal reliability. Our findings indicate that the masked-target antisaccade task provides a psychometrically reliable, low-cost, mobile, and scalable assessment of anxiety-linked differences in attentional control.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Eye-Tracking Technology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Saccades ; Anxiety/psychology ; Attention
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 231560-9
    ISSN 1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    ISSN (online) 1554-3528
    ISSN 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    DOI 10.3758/s13428-022-01800-z
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  7. Article ; Online: The social learning of threat and safety in the family: Parent-to-child transmission of social fears via verbal information.

    Aktar, Evin / Nimphy, Cosima A / van Bockstaele, Bram / Pérez-Edgar, Koraly

    Developmental psychobiology

    2022  Volume 64, Issue 3, Page(s) e22257

    Abstract: Parental verbal threat (vs. safety) information regarding the social world may impact a child's fear responses, evident in subjective, behavioral, cognitive, and physiological indices of fear. In this study, primary caregivers provided standardized ... ...

    Abstract Parental verbal threat (vs. safety) information regarding the social world may impact a child's fear responses, evident in subjective, behavioral, cognitive, and physiological indices of fear. In this study, primary caregivers provided standardized verbal threat or safety information to their child (N = 68, M = 5.27 years; 34 girls) regarding two strangers in the lab. Following this manipulation, children reported fear beliefs for each stranger. Physiological and behavioral reactions were recorded as children engaged with the two strangers (who were blind to their characterization) in a social interaction task. Child attention to the strangers was measured in a visual search task. Parents also reported their own, and their child's, social anxiety symptoms. Children reported more fear for the stranger paired with threat information, but no significant differences were found in observed child fear, attention, or heart rate. Higher social anxiety symptoms on the side of the parents and the children exacerbated the effect of parental verbal threat on observed fear. Our findings reveal a causal influence of parental verbal threat information only for child-reported fear and highlight the need to further refine the conditions under which acquired fear beliefs persist and generalize to behavior/physiology or get overruled by nonaversive real-life encounters.
    MeSH term(s) Fear/psychology ; Female ; Heart Rate/physiology ; Humans ; Parents/psychology ; Social Learning
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 4107-5
    ISSN 1098-2302 ; 0012-1630
    ISSN (online) 1098-2302
    ISSN 0012-1630
    DOI 10.1002/dev.22257
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  8. Article ; Online: Dual processes in fear and anxiety: no effects of cognitive load on the predictive value of implicit measures.

    Van Bockstaele, Bram / Tibboel, Helen / Larsen, Helle / Wiers, Reinout W / Bögels, Susan M / Salemink, Elske

    Cognition & emotion

    2021  Volume 35, Issue 5, Page(s) 859–873

    Abstract: Dual process models posit that combinations of impulsive and reflective processes drive behaviour, and that the capacity to engage in effortful cognitive processing moderates the relation between measures of impulsive or reflective processes and actual ... ...

    Abstract Dual process models posit that combinations of impulsive and reflective processes drive behaviour, and that the capacity to engage in effortful cognitive processing moderates the relation between measures of impulsive or reflective processes and actual behaviour. When cognitive resources are low, impulsive processes are more likely to drive behaviour, while when cognitive resources are high, reflective processes will drive behaviour. In our current study, we directly addressed this hypothesis by comparing the capacity of implicit and explicit measures to predict fear and anxiety, either with or without additional cognitive load. In Experiment 1 (
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anxiety ; Cognition ; Fear ; Humans ; Phobic Disorders ; Spiders
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639123-0
    ISSN 1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
    ISSN (online) 1464-0600
    ISSN 0269-9931
    DOI 10.1080/02699931.2021.1898935
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  9. Article ; Online: Conflicting rewards: effects of task goals on attention for alcohol cues.

    Godara, Malvika / Van Bockstaele, Bram / Wiers, Reinout W

    Cognition & emotion

    2019  Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 643–655

    Abstract: Research has shown that temporary task goals capture more attention than negative, threatening cues, even in anxious individuals. In the current study, we investigated whether temporary task goals would also capture more attention than alcohol-related ... ...

    Abstract Research has shown that temporary task goals capture more attention than negative, threatening cues, even in anxious individuals. In the current study, we investigated whether temporary task goals would also capture more attention than alcohol-related cues. In Experiment 1, 59 hazardous drinkers performed both a modified dot-probe and a flanker task in which temporary goal- and alcohol-relevant stimuli were presented together. Results of the dot-probe task confirmed an attentional bias towards goal-relevant stimuli in the presence of alcohol cues. This effect was absent in a modified flanker task, although there was a general slowing when the targets appeared on top of goal-relevant stimuli, suggesting that goal-related backgrounds captured more attention than alcohol backgrounds. In Experiment 2, we replicated the dot-probe procedure in 29 hazardous drinkers who had been exposed to a prime dose of alcohol prior to performing the task. Our findings indicate that temporary goal stimuli are more salient than alcohol cues, which might lead the way to novel clinical applications.
    MeSH term(s) Attentional Bias/drug effects ; Cues ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Female ; Goals ; Humans ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time ; Reward ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639123-0
    ISSN 1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
    ISSN (online) 1464-0600
    ISSN 0269-9931
    DOI 10.1080/02699931.2019.1664996
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  10. Article ; Online: The relation between early behavioural inhibition and later social anxiety, independent of attentional biases to threat.

    Van Bockstaele, Bram / Aktar, Evin / Majdandžić, Mirjana / Pérez-Edgar, Koraly / Bögels, Susan M

    Cognition & emotion

    2021  Volume 35, Issue 7, Page(s) 1431–1439

    Abstract: Early behavioural inhibition, a temperamental characteristic defined by fearful, overly-sensitive, avoidant, or withdrawn reactions to the unknown, is a predictor of later social anxiety. However, not all behaviourally inhibited children develop anxiety ... ...

    Abstract Early behavioural inhibition, a temperamental characteristic defined by fearful, overly-sensitive, avoidant, or withdrawn reactions to the unknown, is a predictor of later social anxiety. However, not all behaviourally inhibited children develop anxiety problems, and attentional bias to threat has been proposed to moderate the relation between behavioural inhibition and anxiety. The current study aimed to further specify the relation between early behavioural inhibition and later social anxiety by testing this potentially moderating role of childhood attentional bias to threat. Behavioural inhibition was assessed during toddlerhood (age 2.5 years) using laboratory observations of children's behaviours in response to unknown objects and situations. When children were 7.5 years old, attentional bias was measured in 86 children (46 girls) using both a visual probe task and a visual search task with angry and happy faces. Child social anxiety was measured using questionnaires completed by the child and both parents, and clinical interviews conducted with both parents. Our results showed that while early behavioural inhibition was related to later social anxiety, there was no evidence for a moderation of this relation by attentional bias, suggesting that the relation between early fearful temperament and later social anxiety holds across children, independent of their attentional biases.
    MeSH term(s) Anxiety ; Attention ; Attentional Bias ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Fear ; Female ; Humans ; Inhibition, Psychological
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639123-0
    ISSN 1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
    ISSN (online) 1464-0600
    ISSN 0269-9931
    DOI 10.1080/02699931.2021.1963682
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