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Article: Managing yards for mammals: Mammal species richness peaks in the suburbs

Grade, Aaron M. / Warren, Paige S. / Lerman, Susannah B.

Elsevier B.V. Landscape and urban planning. 2022 Apr., v. 220

2022

Abstract: Increased urbanization drives habitat loss, yet residential land-use represents significant habitat potential for mammals and could provide connectivity between patches of green spaces. Diverse mammal communities exist across urban gradients, but it is ... ...

Abstract	Increased urbanization drives habitat loss, yet residential land-use represents significant habitat potential for mammals and could provide connectivity between patches of green spaces. Diverse mammal communities exist across urban gradients, but it is unclear how mammal community composition varies within residential lands. We conducted a camera trapping study in 36 residential yards across an urban gradient to assess the relative contributions of the degree of urbanization in the land-use context versus parcel habitat features, such as vegetation structure, on mammal community diversity and composition. We hypothesized that land-use context would more strongly influence mammal community metrics than parcel features, and that there would be species-specific differences in response. We detected 14 non-domesticated mammal species and found that species richness peaked in the suburbs and tapered off at the rural and urban ends of the gradient in accordance with patterns seen in other taxonomic groups, yet rarely quantified in mammals. Large-bodied interior forest species were associated with rural sites, urban-dwelling species were associated with urban sites, and suburban sites had an overlap of species types. Although composition of mammal species in residential yards appears to be strongly related to land-use context, which is often outside of residents’ control, management of parcel habitat features such as retention of large mature trees may facilitate connectivity between patches of habitat across urbanizing landscapes. Informed residential yard management remains an important tool for urban wildlife management in an era of global change.
Keywords	cameras ; community structure ; forests ; global change ; habitat destruction ; habitats ; land use ; landscapes ; mammals ; species richness ; urbanization ; vegetation structure ; wildlife management
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-04
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	742504-1
ISSN	1872-6062 ; 0169-2046
ISSN (online)	1872-6062
ISSN	0169-2046
DOI	10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104337
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Evaluating the use of semi-structured crowdsourced data to quantify inequitable access to urban biodiversity: A case study with eBird.

Grade, Aaron M / Chan, Nathan W / Gajbhiye, Prashikdivya / Perkins, Deja J / Warren, Paige S

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 11, Page(s) e0277223

Abstract: Credibly estimating social-ecological relationships requires data with broad coverage and fine geographic resolutions that are not typically available from standard ecological surveys. Open and unstructured data from crowdsourced platforms offer an ... ...

Abstract	Credibly estimating social-ecological relationships requires data with broad coverage and fine geographic resolutions that are not typically available from standard ecological surveys. Open and unstructured data from crowdsourced platforms offer an opportunity for collecting large quantities of user-submitted ecological data. However, the representativeness of the areas sampled by these data portals is not well known. We investigate how data availability in eBird, one of the largest and most popular crowdsourced science platforms, correlates with race and income of census tracts in two cities: Boston, MA and Phoenix, AZ. We find that checklist submissions vary greatly across census tracts, with similar patterns within both metropolitan regions. In particular, census tracts with high income and high proportions of white residents are most likely to be represented in the data in both cities, which indicates selection bias in eBird coverage. Our results illustrate the non-representativeness of eBird data, and they also raise deeper questions about the validity of statistical inferences regarding disparities that can be drawn from such datasets. We discuss these challenges and illustrate how sample selection problems in unstructured or semi-structured crowdsourced data can lead to spurious conclusions regarding the relationships between race, income, and access to urban bird biodiversity. While crowdsourced data are indispensable and complementary to more traditional approaches for collecting ecological data, we conclude that unstructured or semi-structured data may not be well-suited for all lines of inquiry, particularly those requiring consistent data coverage, and should thus be handled with appropriate care.
MeSH term(s)	Crowdsourcing ; Biodiversity ; Cities ; Social Environment ; Boston
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0277223
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effect of the Extended Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma on the Screening Performance of the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Chest Decision Instrument.

Grade, Madeline M / Ehlers, Paul F / Kornblith, Aaron E / Mower, William R / Raja, Ali S / Schleifer, Jessica / Liteplo, Andrew / Rodriguez, Robert M

Annals of emergency medicine

2023 Volume 81, Issue 4, Page(s) 495–500

Abstract: Study objective: Developed to decrease unnecessary thoracic computed tomography use in adult blunt trauma patients, the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) Chest clinical decision instrument does not include the extended Focused ... ...

Abstract	Study objective: Developed to decrease unnecessary thoracic computed tomography use in adult blunt trauma patients, the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) Chest clinical decision instrument does not include the extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (eFAST). We assessed whether eFAST improves the NEXUS Chest clinical decision instrument's diagnostic performance and may replace the chest radiograph (CXR) as a predictor variable. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of prospective data from 8 Level I trauma centers from 2011-2014. We compared performance of modified clinical decision instruments that (1) added eFAST as a predictor (eFAST-added clinical decision instrument), and (2) replaced CXR with eFAST (eFAST-replaced clinical decision instrument), in screening for blunt thoracic injuries. Results: One thousand nine hundred fifty-seven patients had documented computed tomography, CXR, clinical NEXUS criteria, and adequate eFAST; 624 (31.9%) patients had blunt thoracic injuries, and 126 (6.4%) had major injuries. Compared to the NEXUS Chest clinical decision instrument, the eFAST-added clinical decision instrument demonstrated unchanged screening performance for major injury (sensitivity 0.98 [0.94 to 1.00], specificity 0.28 [0.26 to 0.30]) or any injury (sensitivity 0.97 [0.95 to 0.98], specificity 0.21 [0.19 to 0.23]). The eFAST-replaced clinical decision instrument demonstrated unchanged sensitivity for major injury (sensitivity 0.93 [0.87 to 0.97], specificity 0.31 [0.29 to 0.34]) and decreased sensitivity for any injury (0.93 [0.91 to 0.951] versus 0.97 [0.953 to 0.98]). Conclusion: In our secondary analysis, adding eFAST as a predictor variable did not improve the diagnostic screening performance of the original NEXUS Chest clinical decision instrument; eFAST cannot replace the CXR criterion of the NEXUS Chest clinical decision instrument.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thoracic Injuries/diagnostic imaging ; Radiography, Thoracic/methods ; Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnostic imaging
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	603080-4
ISSN	1097-6760 ; 0196-0644
ISSN (online)	1097-6760
ISSN	0196-0644
DOI	10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.09.027
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Perilous choices

Aaron M. Grade / Susannah B. Lerman / Paige S. Warren

Ecosphere, Vol 12, Iss 7, Pp n/a-n/a (2021)

landscapes of fear for adult birds reduces nestling condition across an urban gradient

2021

Abstract: Abstract Predator fear effects influence reproductive outcomes in many species. In non‐urban systems, passerines often respond to predator cues by reducing parental investment, resulting in smaller and lighter nestlings. Since trophic interactions in ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Predator fear effects influence reproductive outcomes in many species. In non‐urban systems, passerines often respond to predator cues by reducing parental investment, resulting in smaller and lighter nestlings. Since trophic interactions in urban areas are highly altered, it is unclear how passerines respond to fear effects in human‐altered landscapes. Nestlings of passerines in urban areas also tend to be smaller and lighter than their rural counterparts and are often exposed to high densities of potential predators yet experience lower per capita predation—the predation paradox. We suggest fear effects in urban habitats could be a significant mechanism influencing nestling condition in birds, despite lowered predation rates. We manipulated exposure of nesting birds to adult‐consuming predator risk in residential yards across a gradient of urbanization to determine the relative influence of urbanization and fear on nestling condition. We found nestlings had reduced mass in nests exposed to predator playbacks as well as in more urban areas. Despite lower per capita predation rates in urban areas, fear effects from increased predator densities may influence passerine fitness through reduced nestling condition. As urban development expands, biodiversity conservation hinges on a deeper mechanistic understanding of how urbanization affects reproductive outcomes.
Keywords	behavior ; birds ; fear effects ; house wren ; non‐lethal effects ; Troglodytes aedon ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Perilous choices: landscapes of fear for adult birds reduces nestling condition across an urban gradient

Grade, Aaron M. / Lerman, Susannah B. / Warren, Paige S.

Ecosphere. 2021 July, v. 12, no. 7

2021

Abstract: Predator fear effects influence reproductive outcomes in many species. In non‐urban systems, passerines often respond to predator cues by reducing parental investment, resulting in smaller and lighter nestlings. Since trophic interactions in urban areas ... ...

Abstract	Predator fear effects influence reproductive outcomes in many species. In non‐urban systems, passerines often respond to predator cues by reducing parental investment, resulting in smaller and lighter nestlings. Since trophic interactions in urban areas are highly altered, it is unclear how passerines respond to fear effects in human‐altered landscapes. Nestlings of passerines in urban areas also tend to be smaller and lighter than their rural counterparts and are often exposed to high densities of potential predators yet experience lower per capita predation—the predation paradox. We suggest fear effects in urban habitats could be a significant mechanism influencing nestling condition in birds, despite lowered predation rates. We manipulated exposure of nesting birds to adult‐consuming predator risk in residential yards across a gradient of urbanization to determine the relative influence of urbanization and fear on nestling condition. We found nestlings had reduced mass in nests exposed to predator playbacks as well as in more urban areas. Despite lower per capita predation rates in urban areas, fear effects from increased predator densities may influence passerine fitness through reduced nestling condition. As urban development expands, biodiversity conservation hinges on a deeper mechanistic understanding of how urbanization affects reproductive outcomes.
Keywords	Passeriformes ; adults ; biodiversity conservation ; fearfulness ; predation ; risk ; urbanization
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2572257-8
ISSN	2150-8925
ISSN	2150-8925
DOI	10.1002/ecs2.3665
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: When the birds go unheard: highway noise disrupts information transfer between bird species.

Grade, Aaron M / Sieving, Kathryn E

Biology letters

2016 Volume 12, Issue 4

Abstract: Highway infrastructure and accompanying vehicle noise is associated with decreased wildlife populations in adjacent habitats. Noise masking of animal communication is an oft-cited potential mechanism underlying species loss in sound-polluted habitats. ... ...

Abstract	Highway infrastructure and accompanying vehicle noise is associated with decreased wildlife populations in adjacent habitats. Noise masking of animal communication is an oft-cited potential mechanism underlying species loss in sound-polluted habitats. This study documents the disruption of between-species information transfer by anthropogenic noise. Titmice and chickadees broadcast specific calls to alert kin of predator threats, and sympatric vertebrates eavesdrop on these alarm calls to avoid predators. We tested if tufted titmouse alarm call eavesdropping by northern cardinals is disrupted by road noise. We broadcast recorded alarm calls to cardinals in natural areas near and far from highways. Cardinals reliably produced predator avoidance responses in quiet trials, but all birds in noisy areas failed to respond, demonstrating that highway noise is loud enough to disrupt this type of survival-related information via masking or cognitive distraction. Birds in family Paridae are abundant, highly social and vocal residents of woodlands across the Holarctic whose alarm calls are used by many species to mediate predation risks. Our work suggests that communication network disruption is likely to be widespread, and could help explain the pattern of reduced biodiversity near roadways.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Communication ; Animals ; Noise/adverse effects ; Passeriformes/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Sound ; Vocalization, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2135022-X
ISSN	1744-957X ; 1744-9561
ISSN (online)	1744-957X
ISSN	1744-9561
DOI	10.1098/rsbl.2016.0113
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Zs.A 1364 -Letters-: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article: Is “Pishing” Tantamount to Mobbing? Black-Capped Chickadees Respond Similarly to Human Pishing and Conspecific Mobbing Calls in Rural and Suburban Forests

Kerstens, Mark / Grade, Aaron M / Warren, Paige S

Northeastern naturalist. 2019 Aug. 12, v. 26, no. 3

2019

Abstract: Poecile atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) mobbing calls elicit mobbing events in which birds drive away a predator. Human birders simulate these calls by “pishing” (vocalizing mobbing calls) to coerce birds into view. We investigated whether pishing ... ...

Abstract	Poecile atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) mobbing calls elicit mobbing events in which birds drive away a predator. Human birders simulate these calls by “pishing” (vocalizing mobbing calls) to coerce birds into view. We investigated whether pishing is as salient as natural mobbing calls, and whether birds respond differently in suburban forest fragments than in intact forests. Using experimental playbacks, we broadcast mobbing calls and pishing calls in suburban forest patches and intact forests and measured Chickadee response. We found that Chickadees had significantly stronger responses to mobbing calls than to alarm calls used as a positive control, but pishing call response was not significantly different than mobbing or control alarm call responses. We also saw no difference in number of Chickadees responding between suburban fragments and intact forests, but we did see a difference in areas with denser vegetation. These findings show that pishing may be less urgent than Chickadee mobbing calls but may still contribute to stress and energetic demands on birds.
Keywords	antipredatory behavior ; birds ; forests ; habitat fragmentation ; humans ; Poecile atricapillus ; vocalization
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0812
Size	p. 580-592.
Publishing place	Humboldt Field Research Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2117206-7
ISSN	1938-5307 ; 1092-6194
ISSN (online)	1938-5307
ISSN	1092-6194
DOI	10.1656/045.026.0311
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The rectal cancer microRNAome--microRNA expression in rectal cancer and matched normal mucosa.

Gaedcke, Jochen / Grade, Marian / Camps, Jordi / Søkilde, Rolf / Kaczkowski, Bogumil / Schetter, Aaron J / Difilippantonio, Michael J / Harris, Curtis C / Ghadimi, B Michael / Møller, Søren / Beissbarth, Tim / Ried, Thomas / Litman, Thomas

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research

2012 Volume 18, Issue 18, Page(s) 4919–4930

Abstract: Purpose: miRNAs play a prominent role in a variety of physiologic and pathologic biologic processes, including cancer. For rectal cancers, only limited data are available on miRNA expression profiles, whereas the underlying genomic and transcriptomic ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: miRNAs play a prominent role in a variety of physiologic and pathologic biologic processes, including cancer. For rectal cancers, only limited data are available on miRNA expression profiles, whereas the underlying genomic and transcriptomic aberrations have been firmly established. We therefore, aimed to comprehensively map the miRNA expression patterns of this disease. Experimental design: Tumor biopsies and corresponding matched mucosa samples were prospectively collected from 57 patients with locally advanced rectal cancers. Total RNA was extracted, and tumor and mucosa miRNA expression profiles were subsequently established for all patients. The expression of selected miRNAs was validated using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Forty-nine miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed (log(2)-fold difference >0.5 and P < 0.001) between rectal cancer and normal rectal mucosa. The predicted targets for these miRNAs were enriched for the following pathways: Wnt, TGF-beta, mTOR, insulin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and ErbB signaling. Thirteen of these 49 miRNAs seem to be rectal cancer-specific, and have not been previously reported for colon cancers: miR-492, miR-542-5p, miR-584, miR-483-5p, miR-144, miR-2110, miR-652, miR-375, miR-147b, miR-148a, miR-190, miR-26a/b, and miR-338-3p. Of clinical impact, miR-135b expression correlated significantly with disease-free and cancer-specific survival in an independent multicenter cohort of 116 patients. Conclusion: This comprehensive analysis of the rectal cancer miRNAome uncovered novel miRNAs and pathways associated with rectal cancer. This information contributes to a detailed view of this disease. Moreover, the identification and validation of miR-135b may help to identify novel molecular targets and pathways for therapeutic exploitation.
MeSH term(s)	Cluster Analysis ; Colonic Neoplasms/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms/genetics ; Rectal Neoplasms/mortality ; Rectal Neoplasms/pathology ; Rectum/metabolism ; Rectum/pathology ; Reproducibility of Results
Chemical Substances	MIRN135 microRNA, human ; MicroRNAs
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-07-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1225457-5
ISSN	1557-3265 ; 1078-0432
ISSN (online)	1557-3265
ISSN	1078-0432
DOI	10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0016
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Managing yards for mammals: Mammal species richness peaks in the suburbs

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Article ; Online: Evaluating the use of semi-structured crowdsourced data to quantify inequitable access to urban biodiversity: A case study with eBird.

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Article ; Online: Effect of the Extended Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma on the Screening Performance of the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Chest Decision Instrument.

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Article ; Online: Perilous choices

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Article: Perilous choices: landscapes of fear for adult birds reduces nestling condition across an urban gradient

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Article ; Online: When the birds go unheard: highway noise disrupts information transfer between bird species.

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Article: Is “Pishing” Tantamount to Mobbing? Black-Capped Chickadees Respond Similarly to Human Pishing and Conspecific Mobbing Calls in Rural and Suburban Forests

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Article ; Online: The rectal cancer microRNAome--microRNA expression in rectal cancer and matched normal mucosa.

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