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Article: The Inclusive Behavioral Immune System.

Shakhar, Keren

2019 Volume 10, Page(s) 1004

Abstract: Although living in social groups offers many advantages, it comes at a cost of increased transmissible disease. ... ...

Abstract	Although living in social groups offers many advantages, it comes at a cost of increased transmissible disease. The
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01004
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Article ; Online: Why Do We Feel Sick When Infected--Can Altruism Play a Role?

Shakhar, Keren / Shakhar, Guy

PLoS biology

2015 Volume 13, Issue 10, Page(s) e1002276

Abstract: When we contract an infection, we typically feel sick and behave accordingly. Symptoms of sickness behavior (SB) include anorexia, hypersomnia, depression, and reduced social interactions. SB affects species spanning from arthropods to vertebrates, is ... ...

Abstract	When we contract an infection, we typically feel sick and behave accordingly. Symptoms of sickness behavior (SB) include anorexia, hypersomnia, depression, and reduced social interactions. SB affects species spanning from arthropods to vertebrates, is triggered nonspecifically by viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and is orchestrated by a complex network of cytokines and neuroendocrine pathways; clearly, it has been naturally selected. Nonetheless, SB seems evolutionarily costly: it promotes starvation and predation and reduces reproductive opportunities. How could SB persist? Former explanations focused on individual fitness, invoking improved resistance to pathogens. Could prevention of disease transmission, propagating in populations through kin selection, also contribute to SB?
MeSH term(s)	Altruism ; Animals ; Attitude to Health ; Biological Evolution ; Cost of Illness ; Humans ; Illness Behavior ; Infection Control ; Infections/immunology ; Infections/physiopathology ; Infections/transmission ; Models, Biological ; Sick Role
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-10-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.1002276
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Article ; Online: Why Do We Feel Sick When Infected--Can Altruism Play a Role?

Keren Shakhar / Guy Shakhar

PLoS Biology, Vol 13, Iss 10, p e

2015 Volume 1002276

Abstract	When we contract an infection, we typically feel sick and behave accordingly. Symptoms of sickness behavior (SB) include anorexia, hypersomnia, depression, and reduced social interactions. SB affects species spanning from arthropods to vertebrates, is triggered nonspecifically by viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and is orchestrated by a complex network of cytokines and neuroendocrine pathways; clearly, it has been naturally selected. Nonetheless, SB seems evolutionarily costly: it promotes starvation and predation and reduces reproductive opportunities. How could SB persist? Former explanations focused on individual fitness, invoking improved resistance to pathogens. Could prevention of disease transmission, propagating in populations through kin selection, also contribute to SB?
Keywords	Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Orienting response elicitation by personally significant information under subliminal stimulus presentation: demonstration using the concealed information test.

Maoz, Keren / Breska, Assaf / Ben-Shakhar, Gershon

Psychophysiology

2012 Volume 49, Issue 12, Page(s) 1610–1617

Abstract: Considerable evidence suggests that subliminal information can trigger cognitive and neural processes. Here, we examined whether elicitation of orienting response by personally significant (PS) verbal information requires conscious awareness of the input. ...

Abstract	Considerable evidence suggests that subliminal information can trigger cognitive and neural processes. Here, we examined whether elicitation of orienting response by personally significant (PS) verbal information requires conscious awareness of the input. Subjects were exposed to the Concealed Information Test (CIT), in which autonomic responses for autobiographical items are typically larger than for control items. These items were presented subliminally using two different masking protocols: single or multiple presentation of the masked item. An objective test was used to verify unawareness to the stimuli. As predicted, PS items elicited significantly stronger skin conductance responses than the control items in both exposure conditions. The results extend previous findings showing that autonomic responses can be elicited following subliminal exposure to aversive information, and also may have implications on the applied usage of the CIT.
MeSH term(s)	Arousal/physiology ; Awareness/physiology ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Subliminal Stimulation ; Unconscious (Psychology) ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209486-1
ISSN	1540-5958 ; 0048-5772
ISSN (online)	1540-5958
ISSN	0048-5772
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01470.x
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Article ; Online: Interstimulus intervals for skin conductance response measurement.

Breska, Assaf / Maoz, Keren / Ben-Shakhar, Gershon

Psychophysiology

2011 Volume 48, Issue 4, Page(s) 437–440

Abstract: This study examined, using the Concealed Information paradigm, whether interstimulus intervals (ISI) typically used for electrodermal measurement can be shortened. An ISI ranging from 16 s to 24 s (with a mean of 20 s) was compared with an ISI shortened ... ...

Abstract	This study examined, using the Concealed Information paradigm, whether interstimulus intervals (ISI) typically used for electrodermal measurement can be shortened. An ISI ranging from 16 s to 24 s (with a mean of 20 s) was compared with an ISI shortened by 50% using a within-participants design. It was demonstrated that this shortening had no effect on the differential skin conductance responses to the personally significant details and nearly identical detection efficiency was observed under the 2 ISIs. However, overall responses were attenuated with the shorter ISI. The implications of these results for various types of studies, using skin conductance responses, were discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response/physiology ; Humans ; Lie Detection/psychology ; Male ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209486-1
ISSN	1540-5958 ; 0048-5772
ISSN (online)	1540-5958
ISSN	0048-5772
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01084.x
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Article: Heightened risk of breast cancer following pregnancy: could lasting systemic immune alterations contribute?

Shakhar, Keren / Valdimarsdottir, Heiddis B / Bovbjerg, Dana H

Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology

2007 Volume 16, Issue 6, Page(s) 1082–1086

Abstract: The protective effect of having a first full-term pregnancy (FFTP) at a younger age on women's lifetime risk of breast cancer is well known. Less appreciated is the increased risk seen in the years immediately following pregnancy. This adverse effect is ... ...

Abstract	The protective effect of having a first full-term pregnancy (FFTP) at a younger age on women's lifetime risk of breast cancer is well known. Less appreciated is the increased risk seen in the years immediately following pregnancy. This adverse effect is more pronounced and more prolonged in women with later age at FFTP. The mechanisms responsible for this increased risk are still poorly understood. In the present paper, we put forward the hypothesis that the marked peripheral immune changes induced by pregnancy may account for these effects. We highlight immune changes that characterize the unique immune state of pregnancy (a combination of cellular immunosuppression and enhanced inflammatory response), note the resemblance of these changes to cancer escape mechanisms, and discuss why such immune changes may be critical for the development of breast cancer following pregnancy. We further support this idea by initial findings from our own laboratory that the age at FFTP is negatively related to natural killer cell cytotoxicity many years later and propose possible models for the kinetics of the immune changes during and following pregnancy. The effect of age at FFTP on the immune function is currently understudied. Its potential relevance to the development of breast cancer stresses the need for further research.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Breast Neoplasms/etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation/immunology ; Models, Immunological ; Pregnancy/immunology ; Reproductive History ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1153420-5
ISSN	1055-9965
ISSN	1055-9965
DOI	10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0014
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Article ; Online: Personally-significant information affects performance only within the focus of attention: a direct manipulation of attention.

Breska, Assaf / Israel, Moran / Maoz, Keren / Cohen, Asher / Ben-Shakhar, Gershon

Attention, perception & psychophysics

2011 Volume 73, Issue 6, Page(s) 1754–1767

Abstract: It has been suggested that personally significant (PS) information interferes with performance only when presented within the focus of attention. However, this claim was never tested by a systematic manipulation of attention, but only by using ... ...

Abstract	It has been suggested that personally significant (PS) information interferes with performance only when presented within the focus of attention. However, this claim was never tested by a systematic manipulation of attention, but only by using correlative measures of its locus. We addressed this issue in two experiments, utilizing a cued visual search paradigm that allowed us to directly manipulate attention and to measure behavioral and physiological responses. One of the stimuli in the search display had a higher luminance value (i.e., was cued), and, orthogonally, one of the stimuli could be a PS or neutral name. When the cue did not predict target location, PS distractors mildly interfered with task performance, regardless of the cue's location. However, when the cue predicted target location, responses were facilitated for cued targets, indicating that attention was shifted to the cue. Importantly, PS distractors interfered with task performance and elicited enhanced orienting responses only when they were cued. This implies that PS information affects performance only when presented within but not outside the focus of attention.
MeSH term(s)	Arousal ; Attention ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Cues ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Humans ; Luminescence ; Male ; Orientation ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Reaction Time ; Recognition (Psychology) ; Semantics ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-011-0134-6
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Article: High NK cell activity in recurrent miscarriage: what are we really measuring?

Shakhar, Keren / Rosenne, Ella / Loewenthal, Ron / Shakhar, Guy / Carp, Howard / Ben-Eliyahu, Shamgar

Human reproduction (Oxford, England)

2006 Volume 21, Issue 9, Page(s) 2421–2425

Abstract: Background: Several studies have shown that women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage (RM) have increased numbers and activity of peripheral blood NK cells and that elevated levels of these cells predict subsequent miscarriages in women with RM. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Several studies have shown that women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage (RM) have increased numbers and activity of peripheral blood NK cells and that elevated levels of these cells predict subsequent miscarriages in women with RM. Because catecholamines rapidly mobilize NK cells into the circulation, such increases may not reflect a steady state of overactive immunity but may result from a transient increase in the number of NK cells because of the stress associated with blood withdrawal. Methods: Blood was drawn from 22 controls and 38 RM patients immediately after vein cannulation, and again 20 min later. The percentage of NK cells within lymphocytes, their concentration per microlitre of blood and their activity were assessed. Results: All three indices of NK cells did not change in the controls across the two samples. However, women with RM had elevated levels in all three NK indices in the first blood sample, but these levels declined to values similar to those seen in the controls. This decline was mainly observed in primary aborters whose NK activity was highest in the first blood withdrawal. Accordingly, there was a high correlation between the magnitude of the decline and the initial NK cell indices in women with RM. The change in activity highly correlated with the change in the concentration of NK cells. Conclusion: The increased NK number and activity previously observed in RM patients may result from a transient stress response at the time of blood withdrawal. Patients with primary RM may be characterized by exaggerated acute stress responses in other circumstances.
MeSH term(s)	Abortion, Habitual/blood ; Abortion, Habitual/diagnosis ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Adult ; Blood/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Female ; Hematologic Tests/methods ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Killer Cells, Natural/cytology ; Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism ; Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632776-x
ISSN	1460-2350 ; 0268-1161 ; 1477-741X
ISSN (online)	1460-2350
ISSN	0268-1161 ; 1477-741X
DOI	10.1093/humrep/del131
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Article: Sleep, fatigue, and NK cell activity in healthy volunteers: significant relationships revealed by within subject analyses.

Shakhar, Keren / Valdimarsdottir, Heiddis B / Guevarra, Josephine S / Bovbjerg, Dana H

Brain, behavior, and immunity

2007 Volume 21, Issue 2, Page(s) 180–184

Abstract: Poor sleep is thought to compromise health partially through its effect on immune function. Although experimental studies have shown that sleep deprivation reduces natural killer cell activity (NKCA) within individuals, cross-sectional studies of ... ...

Abstract	Poor sleep is thought to compromise health partially through its effect on immune function. Although experimental studies have shown that sleep deprivation reduces natural killer cell activity (NKCA) within individuals, cross-sectional studies of individuals in ordinary life have often failed to find such a relationship. The current study compared cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to explore the association between sleep and NKCA. The relationship between NKCA and fatigue was also studied since individuals who are highly fatigued due to various clinical conditions often exhibit reduced NKCA. In the present study, fatigue and amount of sleep were assessed by self-report, and NKCA was assessed in peripheral blood samples collected from each of 45 healthy women at two time points approximately one month apart. Using cross-sectional analysis for each of the two sessions, sleep was related to NKCA only in the second session. Fatigue was not related to NKCA at either session. A within-subject design, however, revealed that an increase in the amount of sleep and decrease in levels of fatigue were related to an increase in NKCA. The current findings suggest that NKCA varies with amount of sleep or fatigue within an individual, and that this relationship may often be masked by large interpersonal differences in cross-sectional studies.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Fatigue/immunology ; Fatigue/physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Longitudinal Studies ; Middle Aged ; Patient Selection ; Reference Values ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sleep/immunology ; Sleep/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	639219-2
ISSN	0889-1591
ISSN	0889-1591
DOI	10.1016/j.bbi.2006.06.002
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Article: Suppression of natural killer cell activity and promotion of tumor metastasis by ketamine, thiopental, and halothane, but not by propofol: mediating mechanisms and prophylactic measures.

Melamed, Rivka / Bar-Yosef, Shahar / Shakhar, Guy / Shakhar, Keren / Ben-Eliyahu, Shamgar

Anesthesia and analgesia

2001 Volume 97, Issue 5, Page(s) 1331–1339

Abstract: Unlabelled: Postoperative immunosuppression is partly ascribed to anesthesia and has been suggested to compromise patients' resistance to infection and tumor metastasis. We compared the effects of various anesthetics on natural killer (NK) cell activity ...

Abstract	Unlabelled: Postoperative immunosuppression is partly ascribed to anesthesia and has been suggested to compromise patients' resistance to infection and tumor metastasis. We compared the effects of various anesthetics on natural killer (NK) cell activity and on resistance to experimental metastasis, and studied mediating mechanisms and prophylactic measures. Fischer 344 rats served as controls or were anesthetized for 1 h with ketamine, thiopental, halothane, or propofol. Anesthetized rats were either maintained in normothermia or left to spontaneously reach 33 degrees C-35 degrees C. Rats were then injected IV with MADB106 tumor cells, and 24 h later lung tumor retention was assessed, or 3 wk later, lung metastases were counted. Additionally, the number and activity of circulating NK cells were assessed after anesthesia. All anesthetics, except propofol, significantly reduced NK activity and increased MADB106 lung tumor retention or lung metastases. Hypothermia had no significant effects. Ketamine increased metastasis most potently, and this effect was markedly reduced in rats pretreated with a beta-adrenergic antagonist (nadolol) or with chronic small doses of an immunostimulator (polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid). Overall, the marked variation in the NK-suppressive effects of anesthetics seems to underlie their differential promotion of MADB106 metastasis. Prophylactic measures may include perioperative immunostimulation and the use of beta-blockers. Implications: This study in a rat model of pulmonary metastasis demonstrates that some anesthetics, but not others, increase susceptibility to tumor metastasis, apparently by suppressing natural killer cell activity. Ketamine was most deleterious, and its effects were prevented by peripheral blockade of beta-adrenoceptors combined with low levels of immunostimulation.
MeSH term(s)	Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology ; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology ; Anesthetics/pharmacology ; Anesthetics, Dissociative/pharmacology ; Anesthetics, Inhalation/pharmacology ; Anesthetics, Intravenous/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Halothane/pharmacology ; Ketamine/pharmacology ; Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Male ; Nadolol/pharmacology ; Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis/prevention & control ; Poly I-C/pharmacology ; Propofol/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Thiopental/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
Chemical Substances	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Dissociative ; Anesthetics, Inhalation ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Antiviral Agents ; Nadolol (42200-33-9) ; Ketamine (690G0D6V8H) ; Thiopental (JI8Z5M7NA3) ; Poly I-C (O84C90HH2L) ; Halothane (UQT9G45D1P) ; Propofol (YI7VU623SF)
Language	English
Publishing date	2001-06-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	80032-6
ISSN	1526-7598 ; 0003-2999
ISSN (online)	1526-7598
ISSN	0003-2999
DOI	10.1213/01.ANE.0000082995.44040.07
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