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  1. Article ; Online: Comment on "Tibor Gánti and Robert Rosen" by Athel Cornish-Bowden.

    Hordijk, Wim / Steel, Mike

    Journal of theoretical biology

    2016  Volume 392, Page(s) 122–123

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Models, Biological ; Origin of Life
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comment ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 2972-5
    ISSN 1095-8541 ; 0022-5193
    ISSN (online) 1095-8541
    ISSN 0022-5193
    DOI 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.020
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  2. Article ; Online: Compulsory Research in Learning Health Care: Against a Minimal Risk Limit.

    Steel, Robert

    The Hastings Center report

    2022  Volume 52, Issue 3, Page(s) 18–29

    Abstract: Existing calls to implement learning health care systems have tended to stipulate a minimal or near-minimal risk limit for compulsory learning activities. I argue to the contrary that such a limit cannot be defended. So long as the way in which patients ... ...

    Abstract Existing calls to implement learning health care systems have tended to stipulate a minimal or near-minimal risk limit for compulsory learning activities. I argue to the contrary that such a limit cannot be defended. So long as the way in which patients are compelled to participate in learning activities is solely through the withholding of nonresearch options for receiving care, compelling participation does not violate any individual's rights and can be both efficient and adequately fair. Because the decision to compel participation in this way is relevantly similar to the decision to ration care, theories of justice in cost-effectiveness rationing can be used to further specify when it is appropriate to use this method to compel research participation. When applied, these theories will not support a minimal risk limit for compulsory research.
    MeSH term(s) Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Social Justice
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 194940-8
    ISSN 1552-146X ; 0093-0334
    ISSN (online) 1552-146X
    ISSN 0093-0334
    DOI 10.1002/hast.1392
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  3. Article ; Online: Payment is a benefit and why it matters for pediatric trials.

    Steel, Robert

    Bioethics

    2022  Volume 36, Issue 7, Page(s) 757–764

    Abstract: Alan Wertheimer has argued persuasively that research ethics committees should be willing to count payment as a benefit when evaluating studies' risk-benefit ratios. In this paper, I begin by first recapitulating his argument and adding my own, ... ...

    Abstract Alan Wertheimer has argued persuasively that research ethics committees should be willing to count payment as a benefit when evaluating studies' risk-benefit ratios. In this paper, I begin by first recapitulating his argument and adding my own, complementary one. I then do two further things. First, I explain why the practical implications of these arguments for studies enrolling competent adults are less than fully clear. Second, I explain why the practical implication for trials enrolling children are clear and significant. I argue that we should be comfortable paying children to compensate them for undergoing research risks. I propose we do so by putting money into accounts that the child gains access to upon attaining majority.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 632984-6
    ISSN 1467-8519 ; 0269-9702
    ISSN (online) 1467-8519
    ISSN 0269-9702
    DOI 10.1111/bioe.13011
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  4. Article ; Online: Risk Limits in Fair Subject Selection.

    Steel, Robert

    The American journal of bioethics : AJOB

    2020  Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) 30–32

    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2060433-6
    ISSN 1536-0075 ; 1526-5161
    ISSN (online) 1536-0075
    ISSN 1526-5161
    DOI 10.1080/15265161.2019.1701733
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  5. Article ; Online: Reconceptualising risk-benefit analyses: the case of HIV cure research.

    Steel, Robert

    Journal of medical ethics

    2019  Volume 46, Issue 3, Page(s) 212–219

    Abstract: Modern antiretroviral therapies (ART) are capable of suppressing HIV in the bloodstream to undetectable levels. Nonetheless, people living with HIV must maintain lifelong adherence to ART to avoid the re-emergence of the infection. So despite the ... ...

    Abstract Modern antiretroviral therapies (ART) are capable of suppressing HIV in the bloodstream to undetectable levels. Nonetheless, people living with HIV must maintain lifelong adherence to ART to avoid the re-emergence of the infection. So despite the existence and efficacy of ART, there is still substantial interest in development of a cure. But HIV cure trials can be risky, their success is as of yet unlikely, and the medical gain of being cured is limited against a baseline of ART access. The medical prospect associated with participation in cure research thus look poor. Are the risks and burdens that HIV cure research places on participants so high that it is unethical, at present, to conduct it? In this paper, I answer 'no'. I start my argument by describing a foundational way of thinking about the ethical justification for regulatory limits on research risk; I then apply this way of thinking to HIV cure trials. In offering this analysis, I confine my attention to studies enrolling competent adults and I also do not consider risks research may pose to third parties or society. Rather, my concern is to engage with the thought that some trials are so risky that performing them is an ethically unacceptable way to treat the participants themselves. I reject this thought and instead argue that there is no level of risk, no matter how high, that inherently mistreats a participant.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Biomedical Research ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Humans ; Risk Assessment
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-11-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 194927-5
    ISSN 1473-4257 ; 0306-6800
    ISSN (online) 1473-4257
    ISSN 0306-6800
    DOI 10.1136/medethics-2019-105548
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  6. Article ; Online: Distinguishing appropriate from inappropriate conditions on research participation.

    Steel, Robert / Wendler, David

    Bioethics

    2022  Volume 37, Issue 2, Page(s) 135–145

    Abstract: Individuals do not have a right to participate in clinical trials. But, they do have a right against being denied participation for inappropriate reasons. Despite the widespread endorsement of these two claims, there has been little discussion regarding ... ...

    Abstract Individuals do not have a right to participate in clinical trials. But, they do have a right against being denied participation for inappropriate reasons. Despite the widespread endorsement of these two claims, there has been little discussion regarding which conditions for participation in clinical trials are appropriate and which are inappropriate. The present manuscript attempts to address this gap in the literature. We first describe and then argue against the claim that conditions on enrollment or continued participation are appropriate only when they are needed to answer the scientific question(s) posed by the trial. We then offer an alternative view according to which the appropriateness of conditions depends on whether they help to satisfy the ethical requirements of clinical research. Because these requirements include social value, the present view implies that promoting social value is an acceptable reason to impose conditions on research participation. With this in mind, we explain why it is not coercive to require potential participants to accept conditions on enrollment that promote a trial's social value, even when the participants find those conditions unwelcome. We conclude by evaluating the present proposal's implications for the common practice of requiring participants to agree to the possible use of their leftover biospecimens in a broad range of future research. We argue, contra current regulatory policy, that this practice can be acceptable even when the present trial offers participants the prospect of clinical benefit and the samples are being reserved for future research that is unrelated to the present trial.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632984-6
    ISSN 1467-8519 ; 0269-9702
    ISSN (online) 1467-8519
    ISSN 0269-9702
    DOI 10.1111/bioe.13092
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  7. Article ; Online: An Uncertain Public - Encouraging Acceptance of Covid-19 Vaccines.

    SteelFisher, Gillian K / Blendon, Robert J / Caporello, Hannah

    The New England journal of medicine

    2021  Volume 384, Issue 16, Page(s) 1483–1487

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Public Opinion ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States ; Vaccination Refusal/statistics & numerical data
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207154-x
    ISSN 1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
    ISSN (online) 1533-4406
    ISSN 0028-4793
    DOI 10.1056/NEJMp2100351
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  8. Article ; Online: l-Phenylalanine Partitioning Mechanisms in Model Biological Membranes.

    Duncan, Katelyn M / Trousdale, Rhys C / Gonzales, Cristina N / Steel, William H / Walker, Robert A

    The journal of physical chemistry. B

    2023  Volume 127, Issue 25, Page(s) 5633–5644

    Abstract: Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the chemical interactions that occur when l-phenylalanine is introduced to solutions containing phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Studies ... ...

    Abstract Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the chemical interactions that occur when l-phenylalanine is introduced to solutions containing phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Studies reported in this work address open questions about l-Phe's affinity for lipid vesicle bilayers, the effects of l-Phe partitioning on bilayer properties, l-Phe's solvation within a lipid bilayer, and the amount of l-Phe within that local solvation environment. DSC data show that l-Phe reduces the amount of heat necessary to melt saturated phosphatidylcholine bilayers from their gel to liquid-crystalline state but does not change the transition temperature (
    MeSH term(s) Lipid Bilayers/chemistry ; Phenylalanine ; Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry ; Cell Membrane ; 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry ; Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Water
    Chemical Substances Lipid Bilayers ; Phenylalanine (47E5O17Y3R) ; Phosphatidylcholines ; 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (2644-64-6) ; Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (U86ZGC74V5) ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 1520-5207
    ISSN (online) 1520-5207
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08582
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  9. Article ; Online: Amino acids change solute affinity for lipid bilayers.

    Duncan, Katelyn M / Steel, William H / Walker, Robert A

    Biophysical journal

    2021  Volume 120, Issue 17, Page(s) 3676–3687

    Abstract: Time-resolved fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to examine how two amino acids, L-phenylalanine (L-PA) and N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan (NAT), affect the temperature-dependent membrane affinity of two structurally similar ... ...

    Abstract Time-resolved fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to examine how two amino acids, L-phenylalanine (L-PA) and N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan (NAT), affect the temperature-dependent membrane affinity of two structurally similar coumarin solutes for 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) vesicles. The 7-aminocoumarin solutes, coumarin 151 (C151) and coumarin 152 (C152), differ in their substitution at amine position-C151 is a primary amine, and C152 is a tertiary amine-and both solutes show different tendencies to associate with lipid bilayers consistent with differences in their respective log-P-values. Adding L-PA to the DPPC vesicle solution did not change C151's propensity to remain freely solvated in aqueous solution, but C152 showed a greater tendency to partition into the hydrophobic bilayer interior at temperatures below DPPC's gel-liquid crystalline transition temperature (T
    MeSH term(s) 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine ; Amines ; Amino Acids ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Lipid Bilayers ; Solutions
    Chemical Substances Amines ; Amino Acids ; Lipid Bilayers ; Solutions ; 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (2644-64-6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 218078-9
    ISSN 1542-0086 ; 0006-3495
    ISSN (online) 1542-0086
    ISSN 0006-3495
    DOI 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.07.021
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  10. Article ; Online: STXBP1

    Spaull, Robert / Steel, Dora / Barwick, Katy / Prabhakar, Prab / Wakeling, Emma / Kurian, Manju A

    Movement disorders clinical practice

    2022  Volume 9, Issue 6, Page(s) 837–840

    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2330-1619
    ISSN (online) 2330-1619
    DOI 10.1002/mdc3.13509
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