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Article: Wind energy.

Leithead, W E

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

2007 Volume 365, Issue 1853, Page(s) 957–970

Abstract: From its rebirth in the early 1980s, the rate of development of wind energy has been dramatic. Today, other than hydropower, it is the most important of the renewable sources of power. The UK Government and the EU Commission have adopted targets for ... ...

Abstract	From its rebirth in the early 1980s, the rate of development of wind energy has been dramatic. Today, other than hydropower, it is the most important of the renewable sources of power. The UK Government and the EU Commission have adopted targets for renewable energy generation of 10 and 12% of consumption, respectively. Much of this, by necessity, must be met by wind energy. The US Department of Energy has set a goal of 6% of electricity supply from wind energy by 2020. For this potential to be fully realized, several aspects, related to public acceptance, and technical issues, related to the expected increase in penetration on the electricity network and the current drive towards larger wind turbines, need to be resolved. Nevertheless, these challenges will be met and wind energy will, very likely, become increasingly important over the next two decades. An overview of the technology is presented.
MeSH term(s)	Conservation of Energy Resources/methods ; Conservation of Energy Resources/trends ; Electricity ; Energy-Generating Resources ; Forecasting ; Internationality ; Power Plants/instrumentation ; Power Plants/methods ; Power Plants/trends ; Technology Assessment, Biomedical ; Wind
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-04-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208381-4
ISSN	1471-2962 ; 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
ISSN (online)	1471-2962
ISSN	1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
DOI	10.1098/rsta.2006.1955
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Article: Collective control strategy for a cluster of stall-regulated offshore wind turbines

Hur, S / W.E. Leithead

Renewable energy. 2016 Jan., v. 85

2016

Abstract: The power converter is one of the most vulnerable components of a wind turbine. When the converter of an offshore wind turbine malfunctions, it could be difficult to resolve due to poor accessibility. A turbine generally has a dedicated controller that ... ...

Abstract	The power converter is one of the most vulnerable components of a wind turbine. When the converter of an offshore wind turbine malfunctions, it could be difficult to resolve due to poor accessibility. A turbine generally has a dedicated controller that regulates its operation. In this paper, a collective control approach that allows a cluster of turbines to share a single converter, hence a single controller, that could be placed in a more accessible location. The resulting simplified turbines are constant-speed stall-regulated with standard asynchronous generators. Each cluster is connected by a mini-AC network, whose frequency can be varied through a centralised AC–DC–AC power converter. Potential benefits include improved reliability of each turbine due to simplification of the turbines and enhanced profit owing to improved accessibility. A cluster of 5 turbines is assessed compared to the situation with each turbine having its own converter. A collective control strategy that acts in response to the poorest control is proposed, as opposed to acting in response to the average control. The strategy is applied to a cluster model, and simulation results demonstrate that the control strategy could be more cost-effective than each turbine having its own converter, especially with optimal rotor design.
Keywords	cost effectiveness ; models ; renewable energy sources ; wind turbines
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-01
Size	p. 1260-1270.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2001449-1
ISSN	0960-1481
ISSN	0960-1481
DOI	10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.087
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Article: Detection and compensation of anomalous conditions in a wind turbine

Hur, S / L. Recalde-Camacho / W.E. Leithead

Energy. 2017 Apr. 01, v. 124

2017

Abstract: Anomalies in the wind field and structural anomalies can cause unbalanced loads on the components and structure of a wind turbine. For example, large unbalanced rotor loads could arise from blades sweeping through low level jets resulting in wind shear, ... ...

Abstract	Anomalies in the wind field and structural anomalies can cause unbalanced loads on the components and structure of a wind turbine. For example, large unbalanced rotor loads could arise from blades sweeping through low level jets resulting in wind shear, which is an example of anomaly. The lifespan of the blades could be increased if wind shear can be detected and appropriately compensated. The work presented in this paper proposes a novel anomaly detection and compensation scheme based on the Extended Kalman Filter. Simulation results are presented demonstrating that it can successfully be used to facilitate the early detection of various anomalous conditions, including wind shear, mass imbalance, aerodynamic imbalance and extreme gusts, and also that the wind turbine controllers can subsequently be modified to take appropriate diagnostic action to compensate for such anomalous conditions.
Keywords	controllers ; wind ; wind turbines
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0401
Size	p. 74-86.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2019804-8
ISSN	0360-5442 ; 0360-5442
ISSN (online)	0360-5442
ISSN	0360-5442
DOI	10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.036
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Article ; Online: Developing the next generation of renewable energy technologies: an overview of low-TRL EU-funded research projects.

Pérez Caballero, Laura María / Neira D'Angelo, Fernanda / Tschentscher, Roman / Gottschalk, Axel / Salem, Ahmed M / Carbonell, Daniel / Dudita-Kauffeld, Mihaela / Bruch, Arnaud / Alamaro, Eleonora / Pasquini, Luca / Ceroni, Paola / Grozdanova, Anastasia / Privitera, Stefania / Vermang, Bart / Schulz, Philip / Mencarelli, Davide / Pierantoni, Luca / Midrio, Michele / Leithead, William /

Gurruchaga, Ignacio / Haberl, Robert / Vermaut, Jasper / Kauffeld, Michael

Open research Europe

2023 Volume 3, Page(s) 8

Abstract: A cluster of eleven research and innovation projects, funded under the same call of the EU's H2020 programme, are developing breakthrough and game-changing renewable energy technologies that will form the backbone of the energy system by 2030 and 2050 ... ...

Abstract	A cluster of eleven research and innovation projects, funded under the same call of the EU's H2020 programme, are developing breakthrough and game-changing renewable energy technologies that will form the backbone of the energy system by 2030 and 2050 are, at present, at an early stage of development. These projects have joined forces at a collaborative workshop, entitled '
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-28
Publishing country	Belgium
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2732-5121
ISSN (online)	2732-5121
DOI	10.12688/openreseurope.15276.2
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Article ; Online: Cerastecins inhibit membrane lipooligosaccharide transport in drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Wang, Hao / Ishchenko, Andrii / Skudlarek, Jason / Shen, Pamela / Dzhekieva, Liudmila / Painter, Ronald E / Chen, Yun-Ting / Bukhtiyarova, Marina / Leithead, Andrew / Tracy, Rodger / Babaoglu, Kerim / Bahnck-Teets, Carolyn / Buevich, Alexei / Cabalu, Tamara D / Labroli, Marc / Lange, Henry / Lei, Ying / Li, Wei / Liu, Jian /

Nature microbiology

2024

Abstract: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections have limited treatment options. Synthesis, transport and placement of lipopolysaccharide or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria are important for bacterial ... ...

Abstract	Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections have limited treatment options. Synthesis, transport and placement of lipopolysaccharide or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria are important for bacterial virulence and survival. Here we describe the cerastecins, inhibitors of the A. baumannii transporter MsbA, an LOS flippase. These molecules are potent and bactericidal against A. baumannii, including clinical carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Using cryo-electron microscopy and biochemical analysis, we show that the cerastecins adopt a serpentine configuration in the central vault of the MsbA dimer, stalling the enzyme and uncoupling ATP hydrolysis from substrate flipping. A derivative with optimized potency and pharmacokinetic properties showed efficacy in murine models of bloodstream or pulmonary A. baumannii infection. While resistance development is inevitable, targeting a clinically unexploited mechanism avoids existing antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Although clinical validation of LOS transport remains undetermined, the cerastecins may open a path to narrow-spectrum treatment modalities for important nosocomial infections.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2058-5276
ISSN (online)	2058-5276
DOI	10.1038/s41564-024-01667-0
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Article: Novel concept of renewables association with synchronous generation for enhancing the provision of ancillary services

Attya, A.B / Anaya-Lara, O / Leithead, W.E

Applied energy. 2018 Nov. 01, v. 229

2018

Abstract: ... to it. This synchronous generator is able to provide ancillary services (e.g. frequency support and reactive compensation ...

Abstract	Renewable energy sources are foreseen as a provider of full range of ancillary services. An innovative concept of alignment between renewable power generation elements and synchronous generators is proposed: Renewables Association with Synchronous generators (RAS). It mitigates the dependence on direct frequency measurements, which are prone to noise and lack of accuracy, and enables perfect coordination between the responses of renewable and conventional power plants. RAS relies on a leader synchronous generator, connected at the point of common coupling of the renewable power plant or close to it. This synchronous generator is able to provide ancillary services (e.g. frequency support and reactive compensation). The renewable power plant is controlled to provide such services similar to the leader synchronous generator, but scaled down/up to match the rating of the renewable power plant by integrating supplementary controllers that are associated with the synchronous generator response. Two approaches are proposed to provide voltage support, besides a supplementary frequency support controller. These RAS-based voltage and frequency support methods are compared to other methods proposed in the literature. Results show the positive impact of RAS concept on the provision of active power and reactive compensation to tackle frequency and voltage events respectively, following the response of the leader synchronous generator. DIgSILENT PowerFactory is the applied simulation environment.
Keywords	controllers ; electric potential ; power generation ; power plants ; renewable energy sources
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-1101
Size	p. 1035-1047.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2000772-3
ISSN	0306-2619
ISSN	0306-2619
DOI	10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.068
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Article ; Online: Structure Guided Discovery of Novel Pan Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitors with Improved Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Penetration.

Dong, Shuzhi / Zhao, Zhiqiang / Tang, Haiqun / Li, Guoqing / Pan, Jianping / Gu, Xin / Jiang, Jinlong / Xiao, Li / Scapin, Giovanna / Hunter, David N / Yang, Dexi / Huang, Yuhua / Bennett, Frank / Yang, Shu-Wei / Mandal, Mihirbaran / Tang, Haifeng / Su, Jing / Tudge, Clare / deJesus, Reynalda Keh /

Ding, Fa-Xiang / Lombardo, Matthew / Hicks, Jacqueline D / Fischmann, Thierry / Mirza, Asra / Dayananth, Priya / Painter, Ronald E / Villafania, Artjohn / Garlisi, Charles G / Zhang, Rumin / Mayhood, Todd W / Si, Qian / Li, Nianyu / Amin, Rupesh P / Bhatt, Bhavana / Chen, Feifei / Regan, Christopher P / Regan, Hillary / Lin, Xinjie / Wu, Jin / Leithead, Andrew / Pollack, Scott R / Scott, Jack D / Nargund, Ravi P / Therien, Alex G / Black, Todd / Young, Katherine / Pasternak, Alexander

Journal of medicinal chemistry

2024 Volume 67, Issue 5, Page(s) 3400–3418

Abstract: The use of β-lactam (BL) and β-lactamase inhibitor combination to overcome BL antibiotic resistance has been validated through clinically approved drug products. However, unmet medical needs still exist for the treatment of infections caused by Gram- ... ...

Abstract	The use of β-lactam (BL) and β-lactamase inhibitor combination to overcome BL antibiotic resistance has been validated through clinically approved drug products. However, unmet medical needs still exist for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative (GN) bacteria expressing metallo-β-lactamases. Previously, we reported our effort to discover pan inhibitors of three main families in this class: IMP, VIM, and NDM. Herein, we describe our work to improve the GN coverage spectrum in combination with imipenem and relebactam. This was achieved through structure- and property-based optimization to tackle the GN cell penetration and efflux challenges. A significant discovery was made that inhibition of both VIM alleles, VIM-1 and VIM-2, is essential for broad GN coverage, especially against VIM-producing
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry ; Imipenem/pharmacology ; beta-Lactamases ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Chemical Substances	beta-Lactamase Inhibitors ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Imipenem (71OTZ9ZE0A) ; beta-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218133-2
ISSN	1520-4804 ; 0022-2623
ISSN (online)	1520-4804
ISSN	0022-2623
DOI	10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01614
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Article ; Online: Importance of postprocedural Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) restaging in predicting limb salvage.

Leithead, Charles / Novak, Zdenek / Spangler, Emily / Passman, Marc A / Witcher, Adam / Patterson, Mark A / Beck, Adam W / Pearce, Benjamin J

Journal of vascular surgery

2018 Volume 67, Issue 2, Page(s) 498–505

Abstract: Objective: The Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system was created to encompass demographic changes and expanding techniques of revascularization to perform meaningful analyses of outcomes in the treatment of the threatened limb. ...

Abstract	Objective: The Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system was created to encompass demographic changes and expanding techniques of revascularization to perform meaningful analyses of outcomes in the treatment of the threatened limb. The WIfI index is intended to be analogous to the TNM staging system for cancer, with restaging to be done after control of infection and after revascularization. Our goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of WIfI restaging after therapy in the prediction of limb outcomes. Methods: Preoperative WIfI scoring was performed prospectively for all critical limb ischemia patients who underwent revascularization from January 2014 to June 2015. WIfI restaging and assessment of outcomes were performed retrospectively through August 2016. WIfI classification was determined at the following intervals: preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and 1 month and 6 months after intervention. Amputation-free survival (AFS) was the primary end point. Kaplan-Meier plot analysis and comparisons of preoperative grades with respective postoperative grades were performed using paired t-test, χ Results: A total of 180 limbs and 172 critical limb ischemia patients underwent revascularization, of which 29 limbs had major amputations (16%). Wound grades generally improved after surgery across the entire cohort. Major amputation was associated with preoperative wound grade and remained associated with wound grade at postoperative restaging at 1 month and beyond on the basis of amputation frequency analysis (preoperatively, 1 month, and 6 months, P = .03, < .001, and < .001, respectively). Wound grade was significantly associated with AFS at 1 month and 6 months after intervention (log-rank, P < .001 for restaging intervals). Ischemia grades improved initially with a slight decline across the cohort at 6 months. Ischemia grade at 1 month postoperatively was associated with AFS (log-rank, P = .03). Foot infection grades also improved at each time interval. Foot infection grade was associated with AFS at 1 month postoperatively (log-rank, P < .001) and at 6 months (log-rank, P = .017). Conclusions: WIfI restaging is an important tool for predicting limb loss and assessing adequacy of intervention, more so than baseline WIfI alone. The 1- and 6-month postoperative ischemia grade correlated with AFS, whereas preoperative grade did not. The 1- and 6-month postoperative wound and foot infection grades additionally correlated with AFS. WIfI restaging at 1 month and 6 months postoperatively may help identify a cohort that remains at higher risk for limb loss and may merit more expeditious reintervention.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Amputation ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Critical Illness ; Decision Support Techniques ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Humans ; Ischemia/classification ; Ischemia/diagnosis ; Ischemia/surgery ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Limb Salvage ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Arterial Disease/classification ; Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis ; Peripheral Arterial Disease/surgery ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Wound Healing ; Wound Infection/classification ; Wound Infection/diagnosis ; Wound Infection/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2018
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605700-7
ISSN	1097-6809 ; 0741-5214
ISSN (online)	1097-6809
ISSN	0741-5214
DOI	10.1016/j.jvs.2017.07.109
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Article: Adult liver transplantation: A UK clinical guideline - part 1: pre-operation.

Frontline gastroenterology

2020 Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) 375–384

Abstract: Liver transplantation is a highly successful treatment for all types of liver failure, some non-liver failure indications and liver cancer. Most referrals come from secondary care. This first part of a two-part guideline outlines who to refer, and how ... ...

Abstract	Liver transplantation is a highly successful treatment for all types of liver failure, some non-liver failure indications and liver cancer. Most referrals come from secondary care. This first part of a two-part guideline outlines who to refer, and how that referral should be made, including patient details and additional issues such as those relevant to alcohol and drug misuse. The process of liver transplant assessment involves the confirmation of the diagnosis and non-reversibility, an evaluation of comorbidities and exclusion of contraindications. Finally, those making it onto the waiting list require monitoring and optimising. Underpinning this process is a need for good communication between patient, their carers, secondary care and the liver transplant service, synchronised by the transplant coordinator. Managing expectation and balancing the uncertainty of organ availability against the inevitable progression of underlying liver disease requires sensitivity and honesty from all healthcare providers and the assessment of palliative care needs is an integral part of this process.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2521857-8
ISSN	2041-4137
ISSN	2041-4137
DOI	10.1136/flgastro-2019-101215
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Article: Adult liver transplantation: UK clinical guideline - part 2: surgery and post-operation.

Frontline gastroenterology

2020 Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) 385–396

Abstract: Survival rates for patients following liver transplantation exceed 90% at 12 months and approach 70% at 10 years. Part 1 of this guideline has dealt with all aspects of liver transplantation up to the point of placement on the waiting list. Part 2 ... ...

Abstract	Survival rates for patients following liver transplantation exceed 90% at 12 months and approach 70% at 10 years. Part 1 of this guideline has dealt with all aspects of liver transplantation up to the point of placement on the waiting list. Part 2 explains the organ allocation process, organ donation and organ type and how this influences the choice of recipient. After organ allocation, the transplant surgery and the critical early post-operative period are, of necessity, confined to the liver transplant unit. However, patients will eventually return to their referring secondary care centre with a requirement for ongoing supervision. Part 2 of this guideline concerns three key areas of post liver transplantation care for the non-transplant specialist: (1) overseeing immunosuppression, including interactions and adherence; (2) the transplanted organ and how to initiate investigation of organ dysfunction; and (3) careful oversight of other organ systems, including optimising renal function, cardiovascular health and the psychosocial impact. The crucial significance of this holistic approach becomes more obvious as time passes from the transplant, when patients should expect the responsibility for managing the increasing number of non-liver consequences to lie with primary and secondary care.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2521857-8
ISSN	2041-4137
ISSN	2041-4137
DOI	10.1136/flgastro-2019-101216
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