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Article: Editorial: Cellular Mechanisms During Normal and Abnormal Craniofacial Development.

Geetha-Loganathan, Poongodi / Abramyan, John / Buchtová, Marcela

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) 872038

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2737824-X
ISSN	2296-634X
ISSN	2296-634X
DOI	10.3389/fcell.2022.872038
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Article ; Online: Editorial

Poongodi Geetha-Loganathan / John Abramyan / Marcela Buchtová

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Vol

Cellular Mechanisms During Normal and Abnormal Craniofacial Development

2022 Volume 10

Keywords	palatogenesis ; tooth development ; eye ; neural crest ; craniofacial ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Processing Embryo, Eggshell, and Fungal Culture for Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Gibbons, Jessica / Geetha-Loganathan, Poongodi

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

2019 , Issue 150

Abstract: Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is being widely used for the ultra-structural analysis of various biological and non-biological samples, methods involved in processing different biological samples involve unique practices. All conventional ... ...

Abstract	Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is being widely used for the ultra-structural analysis of various biological and non-biological samples, methods involved in processing different biological samples involve unique practices. All conventional practices described in the literature for processing samples still find useful applications, but subtle changes in the sample preparation can alter image quality, as well as, introduce artifacts. Hence, using a unique sample preparation technique specific to the type of tissue analyzed is required to obtain a good quality image with ultrastructural resolution. The focus of this study is to provide the optimal sample preparation protocols for imaging embryos, rigid eggshells, and fungal cultures using SEM. The following optimizations were recommended to yield good results for the three different delicate biological samples studied. Use of milder fixatives like 4% paraformaldehyde or 3% glutaraldehyde followed by dehydration with ethanol series is mandatory. Fungal mycelium on agar blocks obtained by slide cultures yields a better ultrastructural integrity compared to cultures taken directly from agar plates. Chemical drying of embryos with HMDS provides drying without introducing surface tension artifacts compared to critical point drying. HMDS prevents cracking caused by shrinkage as samples are less brittle during drying. However, for fungal culture, critical point drying provides acceptable image quality compared to chemical drying. Eggshells can be imaged with no special preparation steps except for thorough washing and air drying prior to mounting. Preparation methodologies were standardized based on acceptable image quality obtained with each trial.
MeSH term(s)	Agar ; Animals ; Artifacts ; Egg Shell/ultrastructure ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/ultrastructure ; Ethanol ; Fixatives ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods ; Mycelium/ultrastructure ; Organosilicon Compounds ; Specimen Handling/methods ; Turtles/embryology
Chemical Substances	Fixatives ; Organosilicon Compounds ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Agar (9002-18-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Video-Audio Media
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X ; 1940-087X
ISSN (online)	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/60018
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Article: Role of Cell Death in Cellular Processes During Odontogenesis.

Abramyan, John / Geetha-Loganathan, Poongodi / Šulcová, Marie / Buchtová, Marcela

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology

2021 Volume 9, Page(s) 671475

Abstract: The development of a tooth germ in a precise size, shape, and position in the jaw, involves meticulous regulation of cell proliferation and cell death. Apoptosis, as the most common type of programmed cell death during embryonic development, plays a ... ...

Abstract	The development of a tooth germ in a precise size, shape, and position in the jaw, involves meticulous regulation of cell proliferation and cell death. Apoptosis, as the most common type of programmed cell death during embryonic development, plays a number of key roles during odontogenesis, ranging from the budding of the oral epithelium during tooth initiation, to later tooth germ morphogenesis and removal of enamel knot signaling center. Here, we summarize recent knowledge about the distribution and function of apoptotic cells during odontogenesis in several vertebrate lineages, with a special focus on amniotes (mammals and reptiles). We discuss the regulatory roles that apoptosis plays on various cellular processes during odontogenesis. We also review apoptosis-associated molecular signaling during tooth development, including its relationship with the autophagic pathway. Lastly, we cover apoptotic pathway disruption, and alterations in apoptotic cell distribution in transgenic mouse models. These studies foster a deeper understanding how apoptotic cells affect cellular processes during normal odontogenesis, and how they contribute to dental disorders, which could lead to new avenues of treatment in the future.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2737824-X
ISSN	2296-634X
ISSN	2296-634X
DOI	10.3389/fcell.2021.671475
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Article ; Online: Role of Cell Death in Cellular Processes During Odontogenesis

John Abramyan / Poongodi Geetha-Loganathan / Marie Šulcová / Marcela Buchtová

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Vol

2021 Volume 9

Abstract	The development of a tooth germ in a precise size, shape, and position in the jaw, involves meticulous regulation of cell proliferation and cell death. Apoptosis, as the most common type of programmed cell death during embryonic development, plays a number of key roles during odontogenesis, ranging from the budding of the oral epithelium during tooth initiation, to later tooth germ morphogenesis and removal of enamel knot signaling center. Here, we summarize recent knowledge about the distribution and function of apoptotic cells during odontogenesis in several vertebrate lineages, with a special focus on amniotes (mammals and reptiles). We discuss the regulatory roles that apoptosis plays on various cellular processes during odontogenesis. We also review apoptosis-associated molecular signaling during tooth development, including its relationship with the autophagic pathway. Lastly, we cover apoptotic pathway disruption, and alterations in apoptotic cell distribution in transgenic mouse models. These studies foster a deeper understanding how apoptotic cells affect cellular processes during normal odontogenesis, and how they contribute to dental disorders, which could lead to new avenues of treatment in the future.
Keywords	teeth ; dental lamina ; apoptosis ; odontogenesis ; morphogenesis ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Processing embryo, eggshell, and fungal culture for scanning electron microscopy

Gibbons, Jessica / Geetha-Loganathan, Poongodi

Journal of visualized experiments. 2019 Aug. 16, , no. 150

2019

Abstract	Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is being widely used for the ultra-structural analysis of various biological and non-biological samples, methods involved in processing different biological samples involve unique practices. All conventional practices described in the literature for processing samples still find useful applications, but subtle changes in the sample preparation can alter image quality, as well as, introduce artifacts. Hence, using a unique sample preparation technique specific to the type of tissue analyzed is required to obtain a good quality image with ultrastructural resolution. The focus of this study is to provide the optimal sample preparation protocols for imaging embryos, rigid eggshells, and fungal cultures using SEM. The following optimizations were recommended to yield good results for the three different delicate biological samples studied. Use of milder fixatives like 4% paraformaldehyde or 3% glutaraldehyde followed by dehydration with ethanol series is mandatory. Fungal mycelium on agar blocks obtained by slide cultures yields a better ultrastructural integrity compared to cultures taken directly from agar plates. Chemical drying of embryos with HMDS provides drying without introducing surface tension artifacts compared to critical point drying. HMDS prevents cracking caused by shrinkage as samples are less brittle during drying. However, for fungal culture, critical point drying provides acceptable image quality compared to chemical drying. Eggshells can be imaged with no special preparation steps except for thorough washing and air drying prior to mounting. Preparation methodologies were standardized based on acceptable image quality obtained with each trial.
Keywords	agar ; air drying ; brittleness ; cracking ; egg shell ; ethanol ; fungal culture ; fungi ; glutaraldehyde ; image analysis ; mycelium ; scanning electron microscopy ; shrinkage ; surface tension ; washing
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0816
Size	p. e60018.
Publishing place	Journal of Visualized Experiments
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/60018
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Avian facial morphogenesis is regulated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase/planar cell polarity (JNK/PCP) wingless-related (WNT) signaling.

Geetha-Loganathan, Poongodi / Nimmagadda, Suresh / Fu, Katherine / Richman, Joy M

The Journal of biological chemistry

2014 Volume 289, Issue 35, Page(s) 24153–24167

Abstract: Wingless-related proteins (WNTs) regulate extension of the central axis of the vertebrate embryo (convergent extension) as well as morphogenesis of organs such as limbs and kidneys. Here, we asked whether WNT signaling directs facial morphogenesis using ... ...

Abstract	Wingless-related proteins (WNTs) regulate extension of the central axis of the vertebrate embryo (convergent extension) as well as morphogenesis of organs such as limbs and kidneys. Here, we asked whether WNT signaling directs facial morphogenesis using a targeted approach in chicken embryos. WNT11 is thought to mainly act via β-catenin-independent pathways, and little is known about its role in craniofacial development. RCAS::WNT11 retrovirus was injected into the maxillary prominence, and the majority of embryos developed notches in the upper beak or the equivalent of cleft lip. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis revealed that WNT11 prevented lengthening of the maxillary prominence, which was due in part to decreased proliferation. We next determined, using a series of luciferase reporters, that WNT11 strongly induced JNK/planar cell polarity signaling while repressing the β-catenin-mediated pathway. The activation of the JNK-ATF2 reporter was mediated by the DEP domain of Dishevelled. The impacts of altered signaling on the mesenchyme were assessed by implanted Wnt11- or Wnt3a-expressing cells (activates β-catenin pathway) into the maxillary prominence or by knocking down endogenous WNT11 with RNAi. Host cells were attracted to Wnt11 donor cells. In contrast, cells exposed to Wnt3a or the control cells did not migrate. Cells in which endogenous WNT11 was knocked down were more oriented and shorter than those exposed to exogenous WNT11. The data suggest that JNK/planar cell polarity WNT signaling operates in the face to regulate several morphogenetic events leading to lip fusion.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Polarity ; Chick Embryo ; DNA Primers ; Face ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	DNA Primers ; Wnt Proteins ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2997-x
ISSN	1083-351X ; 0021-9258
ISSN (online)	1083-351X
ISSN	0021-9258
DOI	10.1074/jbc.M113.522003
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Article: Wnt signaling in limb organogenesis.

Geetha-Loganathan, Poongodi / Nimmagadda, Suresh / Scaal, Martin

Organogenesis

2009 Volume 4, Issue 2, Page(s) 109–115

Abstract: Secreted signaling molecules of the Wnt family have been found to play a central role in controlling embryonic development of a wide range of taxa from Hydra to humans. The most extensively studied Wnt signaling pathway is the canonical Wnt pathway, ... ...

Abstract	Secreted signaling molecules of the Wnt family have been found to play a central role in controlling embryonic development of a wide range of taxa from Hydra to humans. The most extensively studied Wnt signaling pathway is the canonical Wnt pathway, which controls gene expression by stabilizing beta-catenin, and regulates a multitude of developmental processes. More recently, noncanonical Wnt pathways, which are beta-catenin-independent, have been found to be important developmental regulators. Understanding the mechanisms of Wnt signaling is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches of human diseases. Limb development is a paradigm to study the principles of Wnt signaling in various developmental contexts. In the developing vertebrate limb, Wnt signaling has been shown to have important functions during limb bud initiation, limb outgrowth, early limb patterning, and later limb morphogenesis events. This review provides a brief overview on the diversity of Wnt-dependent signaling events during embryonic development of the vertebrate limb.
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-03-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2159583-5
ISSN	1555-8592 ; 1547-6278
ISSN (online)	1555-8592
ISSN	1547-6278
DOI	10.4161/org.4.2.5857
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Article ; Online: Development of high-concentration lipoplexes for in vivo gene function studies in vertebrate embryos.

Geetha-Loganathan, Poongodi / Nimmagadda, Suresh / Hafez, Ismail / Fu, Katherine / Cullis, Pieter R / Richman, Joy M

Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists

2011 Volume 240, Issue 9, Page(s) 2108–2119

Abstract: Here we report that highly concentrated cationic lipid/helper lipid-nucleic acid complexes (lipoplexes) can facilitate reproducible delivery of a variety of oligonucleotides and plasmids to chicken embryos or to mouse embryonic mesenchyme. Specifically, ... ...

Abstract	Here we report that highly concentrated cationic lipid/helper lipid-nucleic acid complexes (lipoplexes) can facilitate reproducible delivery of a variety of oligonucleotides and plasmids to chicken embryos or to mouse embryonic mesenchyme. Specifically, liposomes composed of N,N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC)/1,2 dioleoyl glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (DOPE) prepared at 18-mM concentrations produced high levels of transfection of exogenous genes in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we report sufficient uptake of plasmids expressing interference RNA to decrease expression of both exogenous and endogenous genes. The simplicity of preparation, implementation, and relatively low toxicity of this transfection reagent make it an attractive alternative for developmental studies in post-gastrulation vertebrate embryos.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Liposomes/administration & dosage ; Liposomes/chemistry ; Mesoderm/metabolism ; Mice ; Phosphatidylethanolamines/chemistry ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry ; RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage ; RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry ; Transfection/methods
Chemical Substances	1,2-dioleoyl-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine ; Liposomes ; Phosphatidylethanolamines ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; RNA, Small Interfering ; dimethyldioctadecylammonium (251IW5I21C)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1102541-4
ISSN	1097-0177 ; 1058-8388
ISSN (online)	1097-0177
ISSN	1058-8388
DOI	10.1002/dvdy.22708
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Article ; Online: Ectodermal Wnt6 is an early negative regulator of limb chondrogenesis in the chicken embryo.

Geetha-Loganathan, Poongodi / Nimmagadda, Suresh / Christ, Bodo / Huang, Ruijin / Scaal, Martin

BMC developmental biology

2010 Volume 10, Page(s) 32

Abstract: Background: Pattern formation of the limb skeleton is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling centers located in the ectodermal sheath and mesenchymal core of the limb anlagen, which results, in the forelimb, in the coordinate array of humerus, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pattern formation of the limb skeleton is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling centers located in the ectodermal sheath and mesenchymal core of the limb anlagen, which results, in the forelimb, in the coordinate array of humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and digits. Much less understood is why skeletal elements form only in the central mesenchyme of the limb, whereas muscle anlagen develop in the peripheral mesenchyme ensheathing the chondrogenic center. Classical studies have suggested a role of the limb ectoderm as a negative regulator of limb chondrogenesis. Results: In this paper, we investigated the molecular nature of the inhibitory influence of the ectoderm on limb chondrogenesis in the avian embryo in vivo. We show that ectoderm ablation in the early limb bud leads to increased and ectopic expression of early chondrogenic marker genes like Sox9 and Collagen II, indicating that the limb ectoderm inhibits limb chondrogenesis at an early stage of the chondrogenic cascade. To investigate the molecular nature of the inhibitory influence of the ectoderm, we ectopically expressed Wnt6, which is presently the only known Wnt expressed throughout the avian limb ectoderm, and found that Wnt6 overexpression leads to reduced expression of the early chondrogenic marker genes Sox9 and Collagen II. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the inhibitory influence of the ectoderm on limb chondrogenesis acts on an early stage of chondrogenesis upsteam of Sox9 and Collagen II. We identify Wnt6 as a candidate mediator of ectodermal chondrogenic inhibition in vivo. We propose a model of Wnt-mediated centripetal patterning of the limb by the surface ectoderm.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Chondrogenesis ; Collagen Type II/metabolism ; Ectoderm/metabolism ; Extremities/embryology ; SOX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Collagen Type II ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; Wnt Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-03-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1471-213X
ISSN (online)	1471-213X
DOI	10.1186/1471-213X-10-32
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