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  1. Article ; Online: Novel Microemulsion Containing Benzocaine and Fusidic Acid Simultaneously: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation for Wound Healing.

    Arpa, Muhammet Davut / Çağlar, Emre Şefik / Güreşçi, Dilara / Sipahi, Hande / Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan

    AAPS PharmSciTech

    2024  Volume 25, Issue 3, Page(s) 53

    Abstract: Modern drug carrier technologies, such as microemulsions with small droplet sizes and high surface areas, improve the ability of low water solubility active ingredients to permeate and localize. The goal of this study was to create microemulsion ... ...

    Abstract Modern drug carrier technologies, such as microemulsions with small droplet sizes and high surface areas, improve the ability of low water solubility active ingredients to permeate and localize. The goal of this study was to create microemulsion formulations for wound healing that contained both fusidic acid (FA), an antibacterial agent, and benzocaine (BNZ), a local anesthetic. Studies on characterization were carried out, including viscosity, droplet size, and zeta potential. The drug-loaded microemulsion had a stable structure with -3.014 ± 1.265 mV of zeta potential and 19.388 ± 0.480 nm of droplet size. In both in vitro release and ex vivo permeability studies, the microemulsion was compared with Fucidin cream and oily BNZ solution. According to the drug release studies, BNZ release from the microemulsion and the BNZ solution showed a similar profile (p > 0.05), while FA release from the microemulsion had a higher drug release compared to Fucidin cream (p < 0.001). The microemulsion presented lower drug permeation (p > 0.05) for both active ingredients, on the other hand, provided higher drug accumulation compared to the control preparations. Moreover, according to the results of in vitro wound healing activity, the microemulsion indicated a dose-dependent wound healing potential with the highest wound healing activity at the highest concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this developed BNZ- and FA-loaded microemulsion would be a promising candidate to create new opportunities for wound healing thanks to present the active ingredients, which have low water solubility, in a single formulation and achieved higher accumulation than control preparations.
    MeSH term(s) Benzocaine ; Fusidic Acid/pharmacology ; Anesthetics, Local ; Wound Healing ; Water
    Chemical Substances Benzocaine (U3RSY48JW5) ; Fusidic Acid (59XE10C19C) ; Anesthetics, Local ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2052070-0
    ISSN 1530-9932 ; 1530-9932
    ISSN (online) 1530-9932
    ISSN 1530-9932
    DOI 10.1208/s12249-024-02762-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Improvement of dissolution profile of eplerenone with solidified self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SEDDS).

    Ranna, Rawan / Uner, Burcu / Ustundag Okur, Neslihan / Tas, Cetin

    Drug development and industrial pharmacy

    2023  Volume 49, Issue 4, Page(s) 305–315

    Abstract: Context: Eplerenone is a member of antihypertensives used individually or in combination with other medicines. Eplerenone exhibits poor solubility and is considered a class II drug.: Objective: Increasing the solubility of eplerenone by using both ... ...

    Abstract Context: Eplerenone is a member of antihypertensives used individually or in combination with other medicines. Eplerenone exhibits poor solubility and is considered a class II drug.
    Objective: Increasing the solubility of eplerenone by using both liquid and solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems as an alternative to its marketed tablet product.
    Methods: Solubility studies of eplerenone were done with different oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants to determine which one has the highest solubility for eplerenone and determine the preference in the formulations of liquid self-emulsifying drug delivery system. The solidification process was carried out with the adsorption to solid carrier method. Optimal ratios of components were specified with the pseudo-ternary phase diagram technique. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system formulations were characterized in terms of chemical interaction, droplet size/distribution, crystallization behaviors, and rheological evaluation.
    Results: The solubility screening results showed high solubility of EPL in triacetin (11.99 mg/mL) as oil, Kolliphor®EL (≈ 2.65 mg/mL), and Tween80 (≈ 1.91 mg/mL) as surfactant and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) (≈ 8.50 mg/mL), dimethyl sulfoxide (≈ 7.57 mg/mL), TranscutolP (≈ 6.03 mg/mL) as co-surfactant, respectively. Rheology studies revealed that liquid self-emulsifying drug delivery formulations exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow.
    Conclusion: Solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems prepared with Aerosil and Neusilin have shown tremendous improvement in terms of eplerenone dissolution by releasing the entire dose with boosted effect within 5 and 30 min respectively compared to the marketed product and pure eplerenone (
    MeSH term(s) Solubility ; Eplerenone ; Emulsions/chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Drug Liberation ; Surface-Active Agents/chemistry ; Biological Availability
    Chemical Substances Eplerenone (6995V82D0B) ; Emulsions ; Surface-Active Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 751874-2
    ISSN 1520-5762 ; 0363-9045
    ISSN (online) 1520-5762
    ISSN 0363-9045
    DOI 10.1080/03639045.2023.2209636
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The Application of Nanogels as Efficient Drug Delivery Platforms for Dermal/Transdermal Delivery.

    Siafaka, Panoraia I / Özcan Bülbül, Ece / Okur, Mehmet Evren / Karantas, Ioannis D / Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan

    Gels (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Volume 9, Issue 9

    Abstract: The delivery of active molecules via the skin seems to be an efficient technology, given the various disadvantages of oral drug administration. Skin, which is the largest human organ of the body, has the important role of acting as a barrier for ... ...

    Abstract The delivery of active molecules via the skin seems to be an efficient technology, given the various disadvantages of oral drug administration. Skin, which is the largest human organ of the body, has the important role of acting as a barrier for pathogens and other molecules including drugs; in fact, it serves as a primary defense system blocking any particle from entering the body. Therefore, to overcome the skin barriers and poor skin permeability, researchers implement novel carriers which can effectively carry out transdermal delivery of the molecules. Another significant issue which medical society tries to solve is the effective dermal delivery of molecules especially for topical wound delivery. The application of nanogels is only one of the available approaches offering promising results for both dermal and transdermal administration routes. Nanogels are polymer-based networks in nanoscale dimensions which have been explored as potent carriers of poorly soluble drugs, genes and vaccines. The nanogels present unique physicochemical properties, i.e., high surface area, biocompatibility, etc., and, importantly, can improve solubility. In this review, authors aimed to summarize the available applications of nanogels as possible vehicles for dermal and transdermal delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients and discuss their future in the pharmaceutical manufacturing field.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-15
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2813982-3
    ISSN 2310-2861 ; 2310-2861
    ISSN (online) 2310-2861
    ISSN 2310-2861
    DOI 10.3390/gels9090753
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  4. Article ; Online: Preparation, characterization, and toxicity evaluation of microemulsion formulation containing prunetin for potential oral applications.

    Köksal Karayıldırım, Çinel / Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan / Okur, Mehmet Evren / Caglar, Emre Şefik / Nalbantsoy, Ayşe / Alsakını, Karar Ali Mohammed Hasan / Karabay Yavasoglu, Nefise Ülkü

    Drug and chemical toxicology

    2024  Volume 47, Issue 2, Page(s) 235–242

    Abstract: Phytochemicals as therapeutic alternatives can have a fundamental impact on the various stages of inflammation and its resolution. Prunetin is a naturally occurring isoflavone and has been claimed to have numerous therapeutic potentials. The objective of ...

    Abstract Phytochemicals as therapeutic alternatives can have a fundamental impact on the various stages of inflammation and its resolution. Prunetin is a naturally occurring isoflavone and has been claimed to have numerous therapeutic potentials. The objective of this study is preparation, characterization, and toxicity evaluation of microemulsion formulation containing prunetin (PMF) for potential oral applications. With this research, it was targeted to emphasize the way of improving the therapeutic efficacy of natural biomolecules with a nontoxic and effective formulation. In the study, the pseudo-ternary phase diagram was developed and PMF was characterized by conductivity, droplet size, viscosity and pH. Effects against to cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and TNF-α levels of the PMF were determined by ELISA technique. Genotoxicity and acute oral toxicity tests were carried out according to OECD guidelines. The results showed that PMF is a colloid system that reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels in LPS-induced macrophage cells compared to the control group. PMF demonstrated no mutagenic activity against TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology ; Isoflavones/pharmacology ; Cytokines ; Mutagens
    Chemical Substances prunetin (1TG4H5H11J) ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Isoflavones ; Cytokines ; Mutagens
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 548368-2
    ISSN 1525-6014 ; 0148-0545
    ISSN (online) 1525-6014
    ISSN 0148-0545
    DOI 10.1080/01480545.2023.2282373
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Novel Ocular Drug Delivery Systems: An Update on Microemulsions.

    Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan / Çağlar, Emre Şefik / Siafaka, Panoraia I

    Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

    2020  Volume 36, Issue 6, Page(s) 342–354

    Abstract: Sufficient ophthalmic drug delivery is still challenging for pharmaceutical technologists, despite various scientific efforts. Several ocular drug carriers have been designed to enhance bioavailability by prolonging the drug retention time. One of the ... ...

    Abstract Sufficient ophthalmic drug delivery is still challenging for pharmaceutical technologists, despite various scientific efforts. Several ocular drug carriers have been designed to enhance bioavailability by prolonging the drug retention time. One of the current encouraging approaches is the utilization of colloidal carriers with the characteristic submicron-nanometer size. Microemulsions (MEs) are such colloid systems that present sizes between 5 and 200 nm with significant thermodynamic stability and low surface tension. In addition, MEs as topical ocular carriers can lead to great ocular drug adsorption due to their enhanced retention time. Furthermore, considering that MEs are stable for long time and various temperatures, their ocular application is of great interest. The aim of this study is to cover basic physicochemical principals of ocular MEs such as their possible size, stability, and therapeutic efficacy against various eye disorders. Thus, a comprehensive review for ocular drug delivery systems in the form of MEs that show promising characteristics as their stability and therapeutic efficiency is performed.
    MeSH term(s) Administration, Ophthalmic ; Biological Availability ; Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage ; Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacokinetics ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Drug Compounding/methods ; Drug Compounding/statistics & numerical data ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Drug Design ; Emulsions/administration & dosage ; Emulsions/chemistry ; Emulsions/therapeutic use ; Eye Diseases/drug therapy ; Humans ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Ophthalmic Solutions/pharmacokinetics ; Ophthalmic Solutions/therapeutic use ; Particle Size
    Chemical Substances Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers ; Emulsions ; Ophthalmic Solutions
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1237021-6
    ISSN 1557-7732 ; 1080-7683
    ISSN (online) 1557-7732
    ISSN 1080-7683
    DOI 10.1089/jop.2019.0135
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  6. Article ; Online: Azelaic acid loaded chitosan and HPMC based hydrogels for treatment of acne: formulation, characterization,

    Arpa, Muhammet Davut / Seçen, İkbal Merve / Erim, Ümit Can / Hoş, Ayşegül / Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan

    Pharmaceutical development and technology

    2022  Volume 27, Issue 3, Page(s) 268–281

    Abstract: In this study, hydrogels containing azelaic acid were developed using chitosan or HPMC (1-7%) for local treatment of acne vulgaris. Physicochemical properties such as viscosity, pH and mechanical properties were evaluated. ...

    Abstract In this study, hydrogels containing azelaic acid were developed using chitosan or HPMC (1-7%) for local treatment of acne vulgaris. Physicochemical properties such as viscosity, pH and mechanical properties were evaluated.
    MeSH term(s) Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy ; Chitosan ; Dicarboxylic Acids/chemistry ; Humans ; Hydrogels
    Chemical Substances Dicarboxylic Acids ; Hydrogels ; Chitosan (9012-76-4) ; azelaic acid (F2VW3D43YT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1331774-x
    ISSN 1097-9867 ; 1083-7450
    ISSN (online) 1097-9867
    ISSN 1083-7450
    DOI 10.1080/10837450.2022.2038620
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Domperidone Maleate: Formulation, In-Vitro Permeability Evaluation, In-Caco-2 cell Monolayers and In-Situ Rat Intestinal Permeability Studies.

    Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan / Çağlar, Emre Şefik / Kaynak, Mustafa Sinan / Diril, Mine / Özcan, Saniye / Karasulu, Hatice Yeşim

    Current drug delivery

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: The domperidone maleate, a lipophilic agent classified as a Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II substance with weak water solubility. Self- Emulsifying Drug Delivery System is a novel approach to improve water solubility and, ... ...

    Abstract Background: The domperidone maleate, a lipophilic agent classified as a Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II substance with weak water solubility. Self- Emulsifying Drug Delivery System is a novel approach to improve water solubility and, ultimately bioavailability of drugs.
    Objective: This study aimed to develop and characterize new domperidone-loaded self-emulsifying drug delivery systems as an alternative formulation and to evaluate the permeability of domperidone-loaded self-emulsifying drug delivery systems by using Caco-2 cells and via single-pass intestinal perfusion method.
    Method: Three self-emulsifying drug delivery systems were prepared and characterized in terms of pH, viscosity, droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, conductivity, etc. Each formulation underwent 10, 100, 200, and 500 times dilution in intestinal buffer pH 6.8 and stomach buffer pH 1.2, respectively. Female Sprague Dawley rats were employed for in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion investigations.
    Results: Results of the study revealed that the ideal self-emulsifying drug delivery systems formulation showed narrow droplet size, ideal zeta potential, and no conductivity. Additionally, as compared to the control groups, the optimum formulation had better apparent permeability (12.74 ± 0.02×10-4) from Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability experiments. The study also revealed greater Peff values (2.122 ± 0.892×10-4 cm/s) for the optimal formulation from in situ intestinal perfusion analyses in comparison to control groups (Domperidone; 0.802±0.418×10-4 cm/s).
    Conclusion: To conclude, prepared formulations can be a promising way of oral administration of Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II drugs.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-14
    Publishing country United Arab Emirates
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2185284-4
    ISSN 1875-5704 ; 1567-2018
    ISSN (online) 1875-5704
    ISSN 1567-2018
    DOI 10.2174/1567201820666230214091509
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Current Status of Pediatric Formulations for Chronic and Acute Children' Diseases: Applications and Future Perspectives.

    Siafaka, Panoraia / Ipekci, Esra / Caglar, Emre Şefik / Ustundag Okur, Neslihan / Buyukkayhan, Derya

    Medeniyet medical journal

    2021  Volume 36, Issue 2, Page(s) 152–162

    Abstract: Infants and other children can be affected by various acute, chronic and many of them rare illnesses. Developing drugs for children is very challenging since they cannot intake tablets or hard oral solid dosage forms. Besides, most of the prescribed ... ...

    Abstract Infants and other children can be affected by various acute, chronic and many of them rare illnesses. Developing drugs for children is very challenging since they cannot intake tablets or hard oral solid dosage forms. Besides, most of the prescribed pediatric medications are unlicensed. The biggest issue that clinicians have to solve is that dosing in children is not based on weight or surface area of the body, as it happened in adults but is related to age variations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Thus, for pediatric patients, various therapeutic approaches have been proposed so as to develop suitable formulations such as liquid dosage forms, flexible capsules, milk-based products, etc. In addition, the administration of current pharmaceutical products to children might lead to some serious side effects which can also happen in adults but with a lower risk. Especially, infants are at high risk of getting poisoned by taking drugs used for adults. Moreover, children are very sensitive to the taste and smell of some pharmaceutical vehicles and can resist to intake them and this situation leads parents to search for tasteless and odorless medications. In this study, the current formulations for various diseases intended to be used in pediatric patients as well as various chronic and acute diseases of childhood are summarized. Authors believe that this review can help professionals who want to work with pediatric formulations to design more efficient and child-friendly drug delivery systems.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-18
    Publishing country Turkey
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 3035195-9
    ISSN 2149-4606 ; 2149-2042
    ISSN (online) 2149-4606
    ISSN 2149-2042
    DOI 10.5222/MMJ.2021.78476
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Ocular microemulsion of brinzolamide: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro irritation studies based on EpiOcular™ eye irritation assay.

    Siafaka, Panoraia I / Çağlar, Emre Şefik / Sipahi, Hande / Charehsaz, Mohammad / Aydın, Ahmet / Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan

    Pharmaceutical development and technology

    2021  Volume 26, Issue 7, Page(s) 765–778

    Abstract: In recent years, the hydrophobic active substances have led researchers to develop new formulations to enhance bioavailability and dissolution rate; brinzolamide, a lipophilic drug belongs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which cause reduction of ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, the hydrophobic active substances have led researchers to develop new formulations to enhance bioavailability and dissolution rate; brinzolamide, a lipophilic drug belongs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which cause reduction of intraocular pressure in patients suffering from glaucoma. Currently, the marketed product of brinzolamide is in the form of ocular drops; nonetheless, the conventional drops provide decreased therapeutic efficacy owing to their low bioavailability and pulsed drug release. Thus, the development of novel ocular formulations such as topical microemulsions is of high importance. In this work, the preparation of new microemulsions containing brinzolamide (0.2, 0.5 and 1% w/w) and comprised from isopropyl myristate, tween 80 and span 20 and Cremophor EL was performed. The obtained microemulsions were further characterized for their physicochemical properties. In addition, Fourier Transformed-Infrared spectroscopy was used touate the compatibility of active ingredients and components.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Emulsions/administration & dosage ; Emulsions/adverse effects ; Emulsions/chemistry ; Eye/drug effects ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; Mice ; Myristates ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Ophthalmic Solutions/adverse effects ; Ophthalmic Solutions/chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Sulfonamides/administration & dosage ; Sulfonamides/adverse effects ; Sulfonamides/chemistry ; Thiazines/administration & dosage ; Thiazines/adverse effects ; Thiazines/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Emulsions ; Myristates ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Sulfonamides ; Thiazines ; isopropyl myristate (0RE8K4LNJS) ; brinzolamide (9451Z89515)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1331774-x
    ISSN 1097-9867 ; 1083-7450
    ISSN (online) 1097-9867
    ISSN 1083-7450
    DOI 10.1080/10837450.2021.1944206
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Promising nanogels loaded with usnic acid for oral ulcer treatment: development, characterization, and

    Coşkunmeriç, Nesrin / Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan / Okur, Mehmet Evren / Ayla, Şule / Yoltaş, Ayşegül / Karavana, Sinem Yaprak

    Pharmaceutical development and technology

    2021  Volume 26, Issue 4, Page(s) 431–443

    Abstract: This study aimed to present an effective formulation targeting oral ulcers that will remain in the application site for a longer period, reducing the frequency of administration. As a candidate formulation, usnic acid (UA) was loaded into the optimum ... ...

    Abstract This study aimed to present an effective formulation targeting oral ulcers that will remain in the application site for a longer period, reducing the frequency of administration. As a candidate formulation, usnic acid (UA) was loaded into the optimum nanogels. The characterization studies included physical, rheological, and bioadhesive properties as well as
    MeSH term(s) Adhesiveness ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Bacillus cereus/drug effects ; Benzofurans/administration & dosage ; Benzofurans/pharmacology ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Liberation ; Male ; Nanogels ; Oral Ulcer/drug therapy ; Oral Ulcer/pathology ; Particle Size ; Rabbits ; Rheology ; Wound Healing/drug effects
    Chemical Substances Anti-Infective Agents ; Benzofurans ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Nanogels ; usnic acid (0W584PFJ77)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1331774-x
    ISSN 1097-9867 ; 1083-7450
    ISSN (online) 1097-9867
    ISSN 1083-7450
    DOI 10.1080/10837450.2021.1885441
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