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  1. Article ; Online: Implications of insular cortex laterality for treatment of nicotine addiction.

    Abdolahi, Amir / Williams, Geoffrey C / van Wijngaarden, Edwin

    Drug and alcohol dependence

    2019  Volume 201, Page(s) 178–181

    Abstract: Background: Damage to the insula disrupts nicotine-induced cravings and is associated with greater odds of cessation. The role of laterality in regulating these changes is unclear. Neuroimaging studies in cigarette smokers show left hemispheric ... ...

    Abstract Background: Damage to the insula disrupts nicotine-induced cravings and is associated with greater odds of cessation. The role of laterality in regulating these changes is unclear. Neuroimaging studies in cigarette smokers show left hemispheric activation during a period of forced withdrawal and right hemispheric activation after having just smoked. Among current smokers hospitalized for stroke involving their insula, we compared left versus right insular damage and its effect on smoking outcomes.
    Methods: A total of 37 smokers hospitalized with unilateral insular strokes (14 right, 23 left) were administered questionnaires to assess urge (Questionnaire on Smoking Urges) before (retrospectively) and during hospitalization and 3 months post-stroke, withdrawal during hospitalization (Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale), and prolonged abstinence at 3 months post-stroke. Crude and adjusted linear regression models were performed controlling for baseline covariates.
    Results: Right and left insular-damaged smokers experienced a significant decrease in urge from baseline to hospitalization and three-month follow-up (p < 0.01). Smokers with left-sided insular infarcts relative to right-sided experienced a larger decrease in acute urge (adjusted β=-1.16, 95% CI: -2.59, 0.27, p = 0.11) but not chronically (adjusted β=-0.06, 95% CI: -1.53, 1.40, p = 0.93). Left-sided insular damage was also associated with significantly fewer and less severe withdrawal symptoms during hospitalization (adjusted β=-3.52, 95% CI: -7.01, -0.04, p = 0.05). No differences were noted between groups for prolonged abstinence (p = 0.50).
    Conclusions: Left insular adaptations are suggestive to have an impact on acute changes in urge and withdrawal more so than the right insula, however lateral asymmetries did not exist for long-term changes.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Cerebral Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Smoking Cessation/methods ; Smoking Cessation/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Smoking/psychology ; Tobacco Smoking/therapy ; Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-07
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 519918-9
    ISSN 1879-0046 ; 0376-8716
    ISSN (online) 1879-0046
    ISSN 0376-8716
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.017
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  2. Article: The effects of aspirin and N-3 fatty acids on telomerase activity in adults with diabetes mellitus

    Holub, Ashley / Mousa, Shaker / Abdolahi, Amir / Godugu, Kavitha / Tu, Xin M / Brenna, J. Thomas / Block, Robert C

    The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases. 2020 Sept. 24, v. 30, no. 10

    2020  

    Abstract: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is associated with aging and shortened telomere length. Telomerase replaces lost telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes and is necessary for the replicative immortality of cells. Aspirin and the n3 fatty acids ... ...

    Abstract Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is associated with aging and shortened telomere length. Telomerase replaces lost telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes and is necessary for the replicative immortality of cells. Aspirin and the n3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are commonly used therapies in people with type 2 diabetes for reducing cardiovascular disease events, though their relation to telomerase activity is not well studied. We explored the effects of aspirin, EPA + DHA, and the combined effects of aspirin and EPA + DHA treatment on telomerase activity in 30 adults with diabetes mellitus. EPA and DHA ingestion alone increased telomerase activity then a decrease occurred with the addition of aspirin consumption. Crude (F-stat = 2.09, p = 0.13) and adjusted (F-stat = 2.20, p = 0.14) analyses of this decrease showed signs of a trend. These results suggest that aspirin has an adverse effect on aging in diabetics who have relatively high EPA and DHA ingestion.
    Keywords adults ; adverse effects ; aspirin ; cardiovascular diseases ; cells ; docosahexaenoic acid ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; ingestion ; length ; metabolism ; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; nutrition ; omega-3 fatty acids ; people ; telomerase ; telomeres
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0924
    Size p. 1795-1799.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-light
    ZDB-ID 1067704-5
    ISSN 0939-4753
    ISSN 0939-4753
    DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.06.014
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article ; Online: Study of monotherapy versus combination therapy for tobacco dependence among heavily addicted smokers.

    Ternullo, Sharon R / Abdolahi, Amir / Williams, Geoffrey C

    Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

    2016  Volume 57, Issue 1, Page(s) 77–81.e1

    Abstract: Objectives: Combination therapy for tobacco dependence is becoming a standard of care. We sought to compare benefits and adverse events for combination therapy versus monotherapy for smokers in The Smokers' Health Project.: Methods: This secondary ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Combination therapy for tobacco dependence is becoming a standard of care. We sought to compare benefits and adverse events for combination therapy versus monotherapy for smokers in The Smokers' Health Project.
    Methods: This secondary data analysis was derived from adult smokers (n = 198) who initially smoked 15 or more cigarettes per day and participated in The Smokers' Health Project. Participants were grouped as taking 1 medication or 2 concurrent medications for tobacco dependence for 1 year over the 2-year study period. Adverse events were compared between medication groups using chi-square tests. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated for cessation at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months using logistic regression.
    Results: No differences were seen in the proportion of incident adverse events between the monotherapy (28.3%) and combination therapy (32.3%) groups (P = 0.54). At 6 months, the odds of quitting were less in the combination therapy group relative to those taking monotherapy (adjusted odds ratio = 0.47 [95% CI 0.24-0.93]). At 12, 18, and 24 months, the odds of quitting did not differ between therapy groups (P = 0.07, 0.33, 0.55, respectively).
    Conclusion: Monotherapy and combination therapy for smoking cessation are similarly effective up to 24 months, and they exhibit similar adverse event attributes.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Smoking Cessation/methods ; Smoking Prevention ; Time Factors ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products/adverse effects ; Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-11-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2118585-2
    ISSN 1544-3450 ; 1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
    ISSN (online) 1544-3450
    ISSN 1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
    DOI 10.1016/j.japh.2016.08.011
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  4. Article ; Online: The effects of aspirin and N-3 fatty acids on telomerase activity in adults with diabetes mellitus.

    Holub, Ashley / Mousa, Shaker / Abdolahi, Amir / Godugu, Kavitha / Tu, Xin M / Brenna, J Thomas / Block, Robert C

    Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD

    2020  Volume 30, Issue 10, Page(s) 1795–1799

    Abstract: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is associated with aging and shortened telomere length. Telomerase replaces lost telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes and is necessary for the replicative immortality of cells. Aspirin and the n3 fatty acids ... ...

    Abstract Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is associated with aging and shortened telomere length. Telomerase replaces lost telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes and is necessary for the replicative immortality of cells. Aspirin and the n3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are commonly used therapies in people with type 2 diabetes for reducing cardiovascular disease events, though their relation to telomerase activity is not well studied. We explored the effects of aspirin, EPA + DHA, and the combined effects of aspirin and EPA + DHA treatment on telomerase activity in 30 adults with diabetes mellitus. EPA and DHA ingestion alone increased telomerase activity then a decrease occurred with the addition of aspirin consumption. Crude (F-stat = 2.09, p = 0.13) and adjusted (F-stat = 2.20, p = 0.14) analyses of this decrease showed signs of a trend. These results suggest that aspirin has an adverse effect on aging in diabetics who have relatively high EPA and DHA ingestion.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aspirin/administration & dosage ; Aspirin/adverse effects ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/adverse effects ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; New York ; Telomerase/metabolism ; Telomere Homeostasis/drug effects ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Docosahexaenoic Acids (25167-62-8) ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid (AAN7QOV9EA) ; Telomerase (EC 2.7.7.49) ; Aspirin (R16CO5Y76E)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-25
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Clinical Trial ; Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1067704-5
    ISSN 1590-3729 ; 0939-4753
    ISSN (online) 1590-3729
    ISSN 0939-4753
    DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.06.014
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  5. Article ; Online: Brain lesions disrupting addiction map to a common human brain circuit.

    Joutsa, Juho / Moussawi, Khaled / Siddiqi, Shan H / Abdolahi, Amir / Drew, William / Cohen, Alexander L / Ross, Thomas J / Deshpande, Harshawardhan U / Wang, Henry Z / Bruss, Joel / Stein, Elliot A / Volkow, Nora D / Grafman, Jordan H / van Wijngaarden, Edwin / Boes, Aaron D / Fox, Michael D

    Nature medicine

    2022  Volume 28, Issue 6, Page(s) 1249–1255

    Abstract: Drug addiction is a public health crisis for which new treatments are urgently needed. In rare cases, regional brain damage can lead to addiction remission. These cases may be used to identify therapeutic targets for neuromodulation. We analyzed two ... ...

    Abstract Drug addiction is a public health crisis for which new treatments are urgently needed. In rare cases, regional brain damage can lead to addiction remission. These cases may be used to identify therapeutic targets for neuromodulation. We analyzed two cohorts of patients addicted to smoking at the time of focal brain damage (cohort 1 n = 67; cohort 2 n = 62). Lesion locations were mapped to a brain atlas and the brain network functionally connected to each lesion location was computed using human connectome data (n = 1,000). Associations with addiction remission were identified. Generalizability was assessed using an independent cohort of patients with focal brain damage and alcohol addiction risk scores (n = 186). Specificity was assessed through comparison to 37 other neuropsychological variables. Lesions disrupting smoking addiction occurred in many different brain locations but were characterized by a specific pattern of brain connectivity. This pattern involved positive connectivity to the dorsal cingulate, lateral prefrontal cortex, and insula and negative connectivity to the medial prefrontal and temporal cortex. This circuit was reproducible across independent lesion cohorts, associated with reduced alcohol addiction risk, and specific to addiction metrics. Hubs that best matched the connectivity profile for addiction remission were the paracingulate gyrus, left frontal operculum, and medial fronto-polar cortex. We conclude that brain lesions disrupting addiction map to a specific human brain circuit and that hubs in this circuit provide testable targets for therapeutic neuromodulation.
    MeSH term(s) Alcoholism/pathology ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Injuries/pathology ; Brain Mapping ; Cohort Studies ; Connectome ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 1220066-9
    ISSN 1546-170X ; 1078-8956
    ISSN (online) 1546-170X
    ISSN 1078-8956
    DOI 10.1038/s41591-022-01834-y
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  6. Article ; Online: Effects of aspirin in combination with EPA and DHA on HDL-C cholesterol and ApoA1 exchange in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Block, Robert C / Holub, Ashley / Abdolahi, Amir / Tu, Xin M / Mousa, Shaker A / Oda, Michael N

    Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids

    2017  Volume 126, Page(s) 25–31

    Abstract: Background/synopsis: Low-dose aspirin is an effective drug for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events but individuals with diabetes mellitus can be subject to 'aspirin resistance'. Thus, aspirin's effect in these individuals is ... ...

    Abstract Background/synopsis: Low-dose aspirin is an effective drug for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events but individuals with diabetes mellitus can be subject to 'aspirin resistance'. Thus, aspirin's effect in these individuals is controversial. Higher blood levels of seafood-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) also have beneficial effects in reducing risk of CVD events but few studies have examined the interaction of plasma EPA and DHA with aspirin ingestion.
    Objective/purpose: Our study examined the combinatory effects of EPA, DHA, and aspirin ingestion on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoA-I exchange (shown to be associated with CVD event risk).
    Methods: 30 adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus ingested aspirin (81mg/day) for 7 consecutive days, EPA+DHA (2.6g/day) for 28 days, then both for 7 days. Plasma was collected at baseline and at 5 subsequent visits including 4h after each aspirin ingestion. Mixed model methods were used to determine HDL-C-concentrations and apoA-I exchange compared to the baseline visit values. LOWESS curves were used for non-linear analyses of outcomes to help discern change patterns, which was followed by piecewise linear functions for formal testing of curvilinear relationships.
    Results: Significant changes (p < 0.05) compared to baseline in both HDL-C-concentrations and apoA-I exchange were present at different times. After 7 days of aspirin-only ingestion, apoA-I exchange was significantly modified by increasing levels of DHA concentration, with increased apoA-I exchange observed up until log(DHA) of 4.6 and decreased exchange thereafter (p = 0.03). These LOWESS curve effects were not observed for EPA or HDL-C (p > 0.05). Aspirin's effects on apoA-I exchange were the greatest when EPA or DHA concentrations were moderate compared to high or low. Comparison of EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA LOWESS curves, demonstrated that the majority of the effect is due to DHA.
    Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA influence aspirin effects on lipid mediators of CVD event risk where their concentrations are most beneficial when moderate, not high or low. These effects on HDL-C cholesterol and apoA-I exchange are novel. Personalized dosing of DHA in those who take aspirin may be a beneficial option for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Apolipoprotein A-I/blood ; Aspirin/administration & dosage ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Triglycerides/blood
    Chemical Substances APOA1 protein, human ; Apolipoprotein A-I ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Triglycerides ; Docosahexaenoic Acids (25167-62-8) ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid (AAN7QOV9EA) ; Aspirin (R16CO5Y76E)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-09
    Publishing country Scotland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 286714-x
    ISSN 1532-2823 ; 0952-3278
    ISSN (online) 1532-2823
    ISSN 0952-3278
    DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.08.016
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  7. Article ; Online: Modelling the cost effectiveness of disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: issues to consider.

    Thompson, Joel P / Abdolahi, Amir / Noyes, Katia

    PharmacoEconomics

    2013  Volume 31, Issue 6, Page(s) 455–469

    Abstract: Several cost-effectiveness models of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been developed for different populations and different countries. Vast differences in the approaches and discrepancies in the results give rise to ... ...

    Abstract Several cost-effectiveness models of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been developed for different populations and different countries. Vast differences in the approaches and discrepancies in the results give rise to heated discussions and limit the use of these models. Our main objective is to discuss the methodological challenges in modelling the cost effectiveness of treatments for MS. We conducted a review of published models to describe the approaches taken to date, to identify the key parameters that influence the cost effectiveness of DMTs, and to point out major areas of weakness and uncertainty. Thirty-six published models and analyses were identified. The greatest source of uncertainty is the absence of head-to-head randomized clinical trials. Modellers have used various techniques to compensate, including utilizing extension trials. The use of large observational cohorts in recent studies aids in identifying population-based, 'real-world' treatment effects. Major drivers of results include the time horizon modelled and DMT acquisition costs. Model endpoints must target either policy makers (using cost-utility analysis) or clinicians (conducting cost-effectiveness analyses). Lastly, the cost effectiveness of DMTs outside North America and Europe is currently unknown, with the lack of country-specific data as the major limiting factor. We suggest that limited data should not preclude analyses, as models may be built and updated in the future as data become available. Disclosure of modelling methods and assumptions could improve the transferability and applicability of models designed to reflect different healthcare systems.
    MeSH term(s) Clinical Trials as Topic/methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/economics ; Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use ; Models, Economic ; Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy ; Multiple Sclerosis/economics ; Time Factors
    Chemical Substances Immunologic Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-05-03
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1100273-6
    ISSN 1179-2027 ; 1170-7690
    ISSN (online) 1179-2027
    ISSN 1170-7690
    DOI 10.1007/s40273-013-0063-4
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  8. Article ; Online: Effects of an evidence-based computerized virtual clinician on low-density lipoprotein and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults without cardiovascular disease: The Interactive Cholesterol Advisory Tool.

    Block, Robert C / Abdolahi, Amir / Niemiec, Christopher P / Rigby, C Scott / Williams, Geoffrey C

    Health informatics journal

    2016  Volume 22, Issue 4, Page(s) 897–910

    Abstract: There is a lack of research on the use of electronic tools that guide patients toward reducing their cardiovascular disease risk. We conducted a 9-month clinical trial in which participants who were at low (n = 100) and moderate (n = 23) cardiovascular ... ...

    Abstract There is a lack of research on the use of electronic tools that guide patients toward reducing their cardiovascular disease risk. We conducted a 9-month clinical trial in which participants who were at low (n = 100) and moderate (n = 23) cardiovascular disease risk-based on the National Cholesterol Education Program III's 10-year risk estimator-were randomized to usual care or to usual care plus use of an Interactive Cholesterol Advisory Tool during the first 8 weeks of the study. In the moderate-risk category, an interaction between treatment condition and Framingham risk estimate on low-density lipoprotein and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was observed, such that participants in the virtual clinician treatment condition had a larger reduction in low-density lipoprotein and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as their Framingham risk estimate increased. Perceptions of the Interactive Cholesterol Advisory Tool were positive. Evidence-based information about cardiovascular disease risk and its management was accessible to participants without major technical challenges.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy ; Decision Support Techniques ; Equipment Design/standards ; Evidence-Based Practice/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Lipoproteins, LDL/analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mobile Applications/standards ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Chemical Substances Lipoproteins, LDL
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2213115-2
    ISSN 1741-2811 ; 1460-4582
    ISSN (online) 1741-2811
    ISSN 1460-4582
    DOI 10.1177/1460458215600040
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  9. Article ; Online: Immediate and Sustained Decrease in Smoking Urges After Acute Insular Cortex Damage.

    Abdolahi, Amir / Williams, Geoffrey C / Benesch, Curtis G / Wang, Henry Z / Spitzer, Eric M / Scott, Bryan E / Block, Robert C / van Wijngaarden, Edwin

    Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

    2017  Volume 19, Issue 6, Page(s) 756–762

    Abstract: Introduction: Smoking urges are fundamental aspects of nicotine dependence that contribute significantly to drug use and postquit relapse. Recent evidence has indicated that damage to the insular cortex disrupts smoking behaviors and claims to reduce ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Smoking urges are fundamental aspects of nicotine dependence that contribute significantly to drug use and postquit relapse. Recent evidence has indicated that damage to the insular cortex disrupts smoking behaviors and claims to reduce urges associated with nicotine use, although tools that assess urge have yet to be used to validate these findings. We examined the effect of insular versus non-insular damage on urge using a well-accepted urge scale.
    Methods: This 3-month observational prospective cohort study consisted of 156 current smokers hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke (38 with insular infarctions, 118 with non-insular infarctions). During hospitalization, the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU)-brief was assessed retrospectively based on experiences before the stroke (baseline, T0), prospectively immediately following the stroke (T1) and once more via telephone at 3-month follow-up (T2), with higher scores indicating greater urge. Bivariate statistics and multivariable linear regression were used to evaluate differences in QSU-brief scores, relative to baseline, between exposure groups, controlling for age, baseline dependence, stroke severity, use of nicotine replacement, and damage to other mesocorticolimbic regions.
    Results: A greater reduction in QSU-brief score was seen in the insular group compared to the non-insular group from T0 to T1 (covariate-adjusted difference in means of -1.15, 95% CI: -1.85, -0.44) and similarly from T0 to T2 (covariate-adjusted difference in means of -0.93, 95% CI: -1.79, -0.07).
    Conclusions: These findings confirm the potential role of the insula in regulating nicotine-induced urges and support the growing evidence of its novelty as a key target for smoking cessation interventions.
    Implications: Human lesioning studies that evaluate the insula's involvement in maintaining nicotine addiction make inferences of the insula's role in decreasing urge, but do not use validated instruments that directly assess urges. This study corroborates prior findings using the continuous Questionnaire of Smoking Urges to quantify changes in urge from before lesion onset to immediate and 3-month follow-up time points.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Cerebral Cortex/injuries ; Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Smoking/physiopathology ; Smoking Cessation/psychology ; Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data ; Stroke/physiopathology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Use Disorder/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-02-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Observational Study
    ZDB-ID 1452315-2
    ISSN 1469-994X ; 1462-2203
    ISSN (online) 1469-994X
    ISSN 1462-2203
    DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntx046
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  10. Article ; Online: Nosocomial infections in a pediatric residential care facility.

    Abdolahi, Amir / Fisher, Susan G / Aquino, Carla / Beydoun, Hind A

    American journal of infection control

    2011  Volume 40, Issue 6, Page(s) 502–506

    Abstract: Background: Nosocomial infections have rarely been characterized in pediatric residential care facilities. The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of and risk factors for infectious diseases in pediatric residential care facilities over a 1- ...

    Abstract Background: Nosocomial infections have rarely been characterized in pediatric residential care facilities. The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of and risk factors for infectious diseases in pediatric residential care facilities over a 1-year period and to contrast them with other pediatric extended care facilities.
    Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed at a pediatric residential care facility dedicated exclusively to children with severe physical and mental disabilities. Incidence rates of infection were collected on a census of 109 residents from January 1 through December 31, 2009. Infectious diseases were classified using ICD-9-CM codes. PubMed, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched to identify similar studies.
    Results: In 2009, the overall incidence rate of infection was 6.21 per 1,000 resident-days of care, with the most frequent being streptococcal or staphylococcal skin infections (1.11 per 1,000 resident-days) and the least frequent being conjunctivitis (0.16 per 1,000 resident-days). Extensive literature reviews yielded 2 published studies that evaluated infections in pediatric extended care facilities; these studies exhibited distinct prevalences of infectious diseases when compared with the current study.
    Conclusion: Studies examining nosocomial infections should not consider pediatric extended care facilities as 1 single entity given the heterogeneity among these facilities.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross Infection/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Residential Facilities ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-11-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 392362-9
    ISSN 1527-3296 ; 0196-6553
    ISSN (online) 1527-3296
    ISSN 0196-6553
    DOI 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.08.007
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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