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Article: Maize Leaf Appearance Rates: A Synthesis From the United States Corn Belt.

Dos Santos, Caio L / Abendroth, Lori J / Coulter, Jeffrey A / Nafziger, Emerson D / Suyker, Andy / Yu, Jianming / Schnable, Patrick S / Archontoulis, Sotirios V

Frontiers in plant science

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 872738

Abstract: The relationship between collared leaf number and growing degree days (GDD) is crucial for predicting maize phenology. Biophysical crop models convert GDD accumulation to leaf numbers by using a constant parameter termed phyllochron (°C-day ... ...

Abstract	The relationship between collared leaf number and growing degree days (GDD) is crucial for predicting maize phenology. Biophysical crop models convert GDD accumulation to leaf numbers by using a constant parameter termed phyllochron (°C-day leaf
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2613694-6
ISSN	1664-462X
ISSN	1664-462X
DOI	10.3389/fpls.2022.872738
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book: Corn growth and development

Abendroth, Lori J

2011

Institution	Iowa State University. / University Extension
Author's details	Lori J. Abendroth ... [et al.]
Keywords	Corn/Growth. ; Corn/Development.
Language	English
Size	49 p. :, col. ill.
Publisher	Iowa State University, University Extension
Publishing place	Ames, Iowa
Document type	Book
Note	Cover title. ; "March 2011" ; "PMR 1009" ; "Replaces: How a corn plant develops, Special report 48, by Iowa State University Extension"--P. 1.
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Maize leaf appearance rates: a synthesis from the US Corn Belt

Dos Santos, Caio L. / Abendroth, Lori J. / Coulter, Jeffrey A. / Nafziger, Emerson D. / Suyker, Andy E. / Yu, Jianming / Schnable, Patrick S. / Archontoulis, Sotirios V.

Frontiers in plant science. 2022 Apr. 5, v. 13

2022

Abstract: The relationship between collared leaf number and growing degree days (GDD) is crucial for predicting maize phenology. Models convert GDD accumulation to leaf numbers by using a constant parameter termed phyllochron (°C-day leaf-1) or leaf appearance ... ...

Abstract	The relationship between collared leaf number and growing degree days (GDD) is crucial for predicting maize phenology. Models convert GDD accumulation to leaf numbers by using a constant parameter termed phyllochron (°C-day leaf-1) or leaf appearance rate (leaf °C-day-1). However, such important parameter values for modern maize hybrids are rare. To fill this gap, we sourced and analyzed experimental datasets from the US Corn Belt with the objective to (i) determine phyllochron values for two types of models: linear (1-parameter) and bilinear (3-parameters; phase I and II phyllochron, and transition point) and (ii) explore whether environmental factors such as photoperiod and radiation, and physiological variables such as plant growth rate can explain variability in phyllochron and improve predictability of maize phenology. The datasets included different locations (latitudes between 48° N and 41° N), years (2009 to 2019), hybrids, and management settings. Results indicated that the bilinear model represented the leaf number vs GDD relationship more accurately than the linear model (R2=0.99 vs 0.95, n=4694). Across datasets, first phase phyllochron, transition leaf number, and second phase phyllochron averaged 57.9±7.5°C-day, 30.9±5.7 °C-day, and 9.8±1.2 leaves, having a coefficient of variation of 13, 19, and 12%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that radiation from the V3 to the V9 developmental stages had a positive relationship with phyllochron (r=0.69), while photoperiod was positively related to days to flowering or total leaf number (r=0.89). Additionally, a positive nonlinear relationship between maize leaf appearance rate and plant growth rate was found. Present findings provide important information for calibration and optimization of maize crop models and new insights for model enhancement.
Keywords	corn ; data collection ; leaves ; linear models ; phenology ; plant growth ; Corn Belt region
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0405
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2613694-6
ISSN	1664-462X
ISSN	1664-462X
DOI	10.3389/fpls.2022.872738
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Article ; Online: Conditions potentially affecting corn ear formation, yield, and abnormal ears: A review

Ortez, Osler A. / McMechan, Anthony J. / Hoegemeyer, Thomas / Ciampitti, Ignacio A. / Nielsen, Robert L. / Thomison, Peter R. / Abendroth, Lori J. / Elmore, Roger W.

Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management. 2022, v. 8, no. 2 p.e20173-

2022

Abstract: Abnormal ear development in corn (Zea mays L.) has been reported for more than 100 years. More recently, in 2016, widespread abnormal multiple ears per stalk node (herein termed as multi‐ears), barbell ears, and short husks were reported in cornfields ... ...

Abstract	Abnormal ear development in corn (Zea mays L.) has been reported for more than 100 years. More recently, in 2016, widespread abnormal multiple ears per stalk node (herein termed as multi‐ears), barbell ears, and short husks were reported in cornfields located in the western and central Corn Belt (Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas), Eastern Colorado, and the Texas Panhandle region in the United States. Little was known about the underlying causes of these abnormalities. A literature review examining conditions potentially affecting corn ear formation, yield, and abnormal ears was conducted. Several abnormal ear symptoms appear to be formed by stress conditions such as extreme weather, limited solar radiation, and responses to plant growth regulators. The accumulation of these effects can result in the abortion of primary ears and the development of secondary abnormal ears, which has been a hypothesis for the last 15 years. Whether or not primary ear abortion is one of the factors for abnormal ears remains a valid question. Abnormal ears can be understood as the result of an “expression triangle”: susceptible genetics, conducive environmental conditions, and unfavorable management practices. Together, these factors can interact and cause abnormal ears and lower yields. Active knowledge gaps include the environmental and physiological pathways to abnormal ears, their impact on grain quality and yield, their effect on other processes such as dry‐down and harvest ease, and an in‐depth understanding of differing genetics, environment, and management.
Keywords	Zea mays ; corn ; ears ; forage ; genetics ; grain quality ; plant growth ; solar radiation ; turf management ; Colorado ; Corn Belt region ; Illinois ; Iowa ; Kansas ; Nebraska ; Texas
Language	English
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ISSN	2374-3832
DOI	10.1002/cft2.20173
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Article: Climate Warming Trends in the U.S. Midwest Using Four Thermal Models

Abendroth, Lori J. / Miguez, Fernando E. / Castellano, Michael J. / Hatfield, Jerry L.

Agronomy journal. 2019 Nov., v. 111, no. 6

2019

Abstract: Thermal time (TT) is an agro‐climate index widely established and used in predicting plant development based on temperature. This index is a powerful tool for measuring multi‐faceted changes in temperature occurring from climate change. In the present ... ...

Abstract	Thermal time (TT) is an agro‐climate index widely established and used in predicting plant development based on temperature. This index is a powerful tool for measuring multi‐faceted changes in temperature occurring from climate change. In the present study, TT was calculated for the entire frost‐free period and individual spring, summer, and fall seasons using growing degree day (GDD), general thermal index (GTI), crop heat unit (CHU), and heat stress degree day (HSDD) models for 1054 counties across 12 Midwest states on a daily basis from 1950 to 2017. The temporal trend for each county was fit with a linear regression model for percent change per year. During the frost‐free period, warming occurred in 260 to 489 counties with 0.06 to 0.34% gain per year dependent on model and county selected. Warming has occurred in northern and eastern counties primarily from gains in the fall season and partially from the spring. These TT gains are from additional calendar days from an expanded frost‐free period and secondarily from a change in maximum temperature (fall only). Heat stress (>30°C) during the frost‐free period has decreased for 212 counties in the west‐central region. Overall, the CHU model detected the most counties warming and had the lowest error particularly compared to the GDD model. Compared to 1950, some counties showed up to 1.2‐fold increase in frost‐free TT and are projected to 1.8‐fold by end of the 21st century. Current warming trends are related to projected TT trends such that adaptation planning can be guided by the trajectory from the past 68 yr. Core Ideas Northern and eastern counties in the Midwest have up to 1.2‐fold increase in frost‐free thermal time since 1950 while central and southern counties do not. The growing degree day model results in fewer counties detected and lower rates of warming compared to the general thermal index and crop heat unit models. The gain in thermal time is primarily from the fall season and secondarily from the spring.
Keywords	agronomy ; autumn ; climate ; heat ; heat stress ; heat sums ; models ; plant development ; regression analysis ; spring ; summer ; temperature ; Midwestern United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-11
Size	p. 3230-3243.
Publishing place	The American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410332-4
ISSN	1435-0645 ; 0002-1962
ISSN (online)	1435-0645
ISSN	0002-1962
DOI	10.2134/agronj2019.02.0118
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Article ; Online: Lengthening of maize maturity time is not a widespread climate change adaptation strategy in the US Midwest.

Abendroth, Lori J / Miguez, Fernando E / Castellano, Michael J / Carter, Paul R / Messina, Carlos D / Dixon, Philip M / Hatfield, Jerry L

Global change biology

2021 Volume 27, Issue 11, Page(s) 2426–2440

Abstract: Increasing temperatures in the US Midwest are projected to reduce maize yields because warmer temperatures hasten reproductive development and, as a result, shorten the grain fill period. However, there is widespread expectation that farmers will ... ...

Abstract	Increasing temperatures in the US Midwest are projected to reduce maize yields because warmer temperatures hasten reproductive development and, as a result, shorten the grain fill period. However, there is widespread expectation that farmers will mitigate projected yield losses by planting longer season hybrids that lengthen the grain fill period. Here, we ask: (a) how current hybrid maturity length relates to thermal availability of the local climate, and (b) if farmers are shifting to longer season hybrids in response to a warming climate. To address these questions, we used county-level Pioneer brand hybrid sales (Corteva Agriscience) across 17 years and 650 counties in 10 Midwest states (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, MO, ND, OH, SD, and WI). Northern counties were shown to select hybrid maturities with growing degree day (GDD°C) requirements more closely related to the environmentally available GDD compared to central and southern counties. This measure, termed "thermal overlap," ranged from complete 106% in northern counties to a mere 63% in southern counties. The relationship between thermal overlap and latitude was fit using split-line regression and a breakpoint of 42.8°N was identified. Over the 17-years, hybrid maturities shortened across the majority of the Midwest with only a minority of counties lengthening in select northern and southern areas. The annual change in maturity ranged from -5.4 to 4.1 GDD year
MeSH term(s)	Acclimatization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Edible Grain ; Zea mays
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.15565
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Article: Lengthening of maize maturity time is not a widespread climate change adaptation strategy in the US Midwest

Abendroth, Lori J / Miguez, Fernando E / Castellano, Michael J / Carter, Paul R / Messina, Carlos D / Dixon, Philip M / Hatfield, Jerry L

Global change biology. 2021 June, v. 27, no. 11

2021

Abstract	Increasing temperatures in the US Midwest are projected to reduce maize yields because warmer temperatures hasten reproductive development and, as a result, shorten the grain fill period. However, there is widespread expectation that farmers will mitigate projected yield losses by planting longer season hybrids that lengthen the grain fill period. Here, we ask: (a) how current hybrid maturity length relates to thermal availability of the local climate, and (b) if farmers are shifting to longer season hybrids in response to a warming climate. To address these questions, we used county‐level Pioneer brand hybrid sales (Corteva Agriscience) across 17 years and 650 counties in 10 Midwest states (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, MO, ND, OH, SD, and WI). Northern counties were shown to select hybrid maturities with growing degree day (GDD°C) requirements more closely related to the environmentally available GDD compared to central and southern counties. This measure, termed “thermal overlap,” ranged from complete 106% in northern counties to a mere 63% in southern counties. The relationship between thermal overlap and latitude was fit using split‐line regression and a breakpoint of 42.8°N was identified. Over the 17‐years, hybrid maturities shortened across the majority of the Midwest with only a minority of counties lengthening in select northern and southern areas. The annual change in maturity ranged from −5.4 to 4.1 GDD year⁻¹ with a median of −0.9 GDD year⁻¹. The shortening of hybrid maturity contrasts with widespread expectations of hybrid maturity aligning with magnitude of warming. Factors other than thermal availability appear to more strongly impact farmer decision‐making such as the benefit of shorter maturity hybrids on grain drying costs, direct delivery to ethanol biorefineries, field operability, labor constraints, and crop genetics availability. Prediction of hybrid choice under future climate scenarios must include climatic factors, physiological‐genetic attributes, socio‐economic, and operational constraints.
Keywords	biorefining ; climate change ; corn ; decision making ; ethanol ; farmers ; filling period ; genetics ; heat sums ; hybrids ; labor ; latitude ; prediction ; socioeconomics ; Midwestern United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-06
Size	p. 2426-2440.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.15565
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Paired field and water measurements from drainage management practices in row-crop agriculture

Abendroth, Lori J. / Chighladze, Giorgi / Frankenberger, Jane R. / Bowling, Laura C. / Helmers, Matthew J. / Herzmann, Daryl E. / Jia, Xinhua / Kjaersgaard, Jeppe / Pease, Lindsay A. / Reinhart, Benjamin D. / Strock, Jeff / Youssef, Mohamed

Scientific data. 2022 June 1, v. 9

2022

Abstract: This paper describes a multi-site and multi-decadal dataset of artificially drained agricultural fields in seven Midwest states and North Carolina, USA. Thirty-nine research sites provided data on three conservation practices for cropland with subsurface ...

Abstract	This paper describes a multi-site and multi-decadal dataset of artificially drained agricultural fields in seven Midwest states and North Carolina, USA. Thirty-nine research sites provided data on three conservation practices for cropland with subsurface tile drainage: saturated buffers, controlled drainage and drainage water recycling. These practices utilize vegetation and/or infrastructure to minimize off-site nutrient losses and retain water in the landscape. A total of 219 variables are reported, including 90 field measurement variables and 129 management operations and metadata. Key measurements include subsurface drain flow (206 site-years), nitrate-N load (154 site-years) and other water quality metrics, as well as agronomic, soil, climate, farm management and metadata records. Data are published at the USDA National Agricultural Library Ag Data Commons repository and are also available through an interactive website at Iowa State University.
Keywords	climate ; cropland ; data collection ; drainage water ; farm management ; infrastructure ; landscapes ; metadata ; nitrate nitrogen ; rowcrops ; soil ; subsurface drainage ; tile drainage ; vegetation ; water quality ; North Carolina
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0601
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2775191-0
ISSN	2052-4463
ISSN	2052-4463
DOI	10.1038/s41597-022-01358-7
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Article: Corn Era Hybrid Nutrient Concentration and Accumulation of Secondary and Micronutrients

Woli, Krishna P / Sawyer, John E / Boyer, Matthew J / Abendroth, Lori J / Elmore, Roger W

Agronomy journal. 2019 July, v. 111, no. 4

2019

Abstract: Studies are limited that focus on change in concentration and accumulation of secondary and micronutrients in corn (Zea mays L.) plant fractions and across corn hybrid development periods. This research was conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the ... ...

Abstract	Studies are limited that focus on change in concentration and accumulation of secondary and micronutrients in corn (Zea mays L.) plant fractions and across corn hybrid development periods. This research was conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the partitioning of secondary and micronutrients across vegetative and reproductive stages at the plant-fraction level for 1960- and 2000-era hybrids. Two popular hybrids for each era were grown, with measurement of nutrient concentration and content in several plant and grain fractions. Secondary and micronutrient concentrations in plant fractions were lower in 2000- than 1960-era hybrids with most nutrients, except ear shoots and tassels for certain nutrients. However, nutrient content was consistently greater in 2000- compared to 1960-era hybrids in the whole plant and fractions at most development stages, except tassels and ear shoots. In tassels, nutrient content was mostly smaller in 2000-era hybrids, but in ear shoots content was similar. The accumulation rates of most nutrients per growing degree day (GDD) were greater in the reproductive period for 2000-era hybrids, but similar among eras in the vegetative period. Remobilized nutrients from vegetative to reproductive components were similar between era hybrids, except Ca and Fe, and positive except Fe, Mn, and B. It is apparent that greater nutrient content in newer hybrids was driven mainly by associated nutrient uptake rates and greater dry matter (DM). Despite the greater nutrient content with the modern hybrids, removal with grain or stover harvest would still be small for S and micronutrients.
Keywords	Zea mays ; agronomy ; corn ; ears ; heat sums ; hybrids ; nutrient content ; nutrient uptake ; stover ; vegetative growth
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-07
Size	p. 1604-1619.
Publishing place	The American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; epub
ZDB-ID	410332-4
ISSN	1435-0645 ; 0002-1962
ISSN (online)	1435-0645
ISSN	0002-1962
DOI	10.2134/agronj2018.09.0621
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Article: Yield‐Based Corn Planting Date Recommendation Windows for Iowa

Abendroth, Lori J. / Woli, Krishna P. / Myers, Anthony J.W. / Elmore, Roger W.

Crop, forage & turfgrass management. 2017 Dec., v. 3, no. 1

2017

Abstract: CORE IDEAS: Three distinct site‐groupings resulted, with different recommended planting windows. Two planting windows were developed for each site‐grouping: 98–100% grain yield or 95–100% grain yield. The north‐central and northeast grouping had the ... ...

Abstract	CORE IDEAS: Three distinct site‐groupings resulted, with different recommended planting windows. Two planting windows were developed for each site‐grouping: 98–100% grain yield or 95–100% grain yield. The north‐central and northeast grouping had the earliest recommended planting window to maximize grain yield. Farmers use a suite of management practices to optimize corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield, including planting at appropriate times for their location. Research on planting dates across the years has tended to use categorical analysis and determination of recommendations by identifying a particular calendar date as optimum and setting yield decline relative to that. This approach was suitable given the experimental designs and number of sites available for analyses. An 18 site‐year Iowa dataset, however, that was constructed with planting dates on a sliding scale allowed regression analysis to be used instead of categorical analysis. This approach resulted in the construction of planting‐date recommendations as a window of time. Three distinct site‐groupings resulted for Iowa, which is different than previous statewide research: north‐central (NC) and northeast (NE); northwest (NW) and central (C); and southwest (SW) and southeast (SE). Two planting windows were developed for each site‐group based on the maximum yield on the response curve and a subtraction of 2 or 5% relative yield to develop yield windows of 98–100% or 95–100%, respectively. The response curves for each site‐grouping identify locations that exhibit a stronger grain‐yield response to planting date, especially in the northern and southern locations. The NC–NE grouping had the earliest 98–100% planting window (12–30 April) whereas the NW–C grouping (15 April–9 May) and SW–SE grouping (17 April–8 May) were later.
Keywords	Zea mays ; corn ; data collection ; forage ; grain yield ; planting date ; regression analysis ; turf management ; Iowa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-12
Size	p. 1-7.
Publishing place	The American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE ; epub
ISSN	2374-3832
DOI	10.2134/cftm2017.02.0015
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