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  1. Article ; Online: Dietary quality and cardiometabolic indicators in the USA: A comparison of the Planetary Health Diet Index, Healthy Eating Index-2015, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

    Frank, Sarah M / Jaacks, Lindsay M / Avery, Christy L / Adair, Linda S / Meyer, Katie / Rose, Donald / Taillie, Lindsey Smith

    PloS one

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) e0296069

    Abstract: Background: The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) measures adherence to the sustainable dietary guidance proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health. To justify incorporating sustainable dietary guidance such as the PHDI in the US, ... ...

    Abstract Background: The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) measures adherence to the sustainable dietary guidance proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health. To justify incorporating sustainable dietary guidance such as the PHDI in the US, the index needs to be compared to health-focused dietary recommendations already in use. The objectives of this study were to compare the how the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) relate to cardiometabolic risk factors.
    Methods and findings: Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2018) were assigned a score for each dietary index. We examined disparities in dietary quality for each index. We used linear and logistic regression to assess the association of standardized dietary index values with waist circumference, blood pressure, HDL-C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and triglycerides (TG). We also dichotomized the cardiometabolic indicators using the cutoffs for the Metabolic Syndrome and used logistic regression to assess the relationship of the standardized dietary index values with binary cardiometabolic risk factors. We observed diet quality disparities for populations that were Black, Hispanic, low-income, and low-education. Higher diet quality was associated with improved continuous and binary cardiometabolic risk factors, although higher PHDI was not associated with high FPG and was the only index associated with lower TG. These patterns remained consistent in sensitivity analyses.
    Conclusions: Sustainability-focused dietary recommendations such as the PHDI have similar cross-sectional associations with cardiometabolic risk as HEI-2015 or DASH. Health-focused dietary guidelines such as the forthcoming 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans can consider the environmental impact of diet and still promote cardiometabolic health.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension ; Diet, Healthy ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Nutrition Surveys ; Planets ; Diet ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0296069
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  2. Article ; Online: Dietary quality and dietary greenhouse gas emissions in the USA: a comparison of the planetary health diet index, healthy eating index-2015, and dietary approaches to stop hypertension.

    Frank, Sarah M / Jaacks, Lindsay M / Meyer, Katie / Rose, Donald / Adair, Linda S / Avery, Christy L / Taillie, Lindsey Smith

    The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity

    2024  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 36

    Abstract: Background: The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) measures adherence to the dietary pattern presented by the EAT-Lancet Commission, which aligns health and sustainability targets. There is a need to understand how PHDI scores correlate with dietary ... ...

    Abstract Background: The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) measures adherence to the dietary pattern presented by the EAT-Lancet Commission, which aligns health and sustainability targets. There is a need to understand how PHDI scores correlate with dietary greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and how this differs from the carbon footprints of scores on established dietary recommendations. The objectives of this study were to compare how the PHDI, Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) relate to (a) dietary GHGE and (b) to examine the influence of PHDI food components on dietary GHGE.
    Methods: We used life cycle assessment data from the Database of Food Recall Impacts on the Environment for Nutrition and Dietary Studies to calculate the mean dietary GHGE of 8,128 adult participants in the 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Poisson regression was used to estimate the association of (a) quintiles of diet score and (b) standardized dietary index Z-scores with dietary GHGE for PHDI, HEI-2015, and DASH scores. In secondary analyses, we used Poisson regression to assess the influence of individual PHDI component scores on dietary GHGE.
    Results: We found that higher dietary quality on all three indices was correlated with lower dietary GHGE. The magnitude of the dietary quality-dietary GHGE relationship was larger for PHDI [-0.4, 95% CI (-0.5, -0.3) kg CO
    Conclusions: Improved dietary quality has the potential to lower the emissions impacts of US diets. Future efforts to promote healthy, sustainable diets could apply the recommendations of the established DASH guidelines as well as the new guidance provided by the PHDI to increase their environmental benefits.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Diet, Healthy ; Greenhouse Gases/analysis ; Nutrition Surveys ; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Diet
    Chemical Substances Greenhouse Gases ; Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2134691-4
    ISSN 1479-5868 ; 1479-5868
    ISSN (online) 1479-5868
    ISSN 1479-5868
    DOI 10.1186/s12966-024-01581-y
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  3. Article ; Online: Ultra-processed food intake during the transition to adulthood varies according to sociodemographic characteristics and maternal intake in Cebu, Philippines.

    Busse, Kyle R / Mayol, Nanette L / Ammerman, Alice S / Avery, Christy L / Martin, Stephanie L / Adair, Linda S

    The Journal of nutrition

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are associated with elevated risk of non-communicable disease, but little is known about UPF intake and the individual-, household-, and community-level factors associated with it among adolescents in low- or ... ...

    Abstract Background: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are associated with elevated risk of non-communicable disease, but little is known about UPF intake and the individual-, household-, and community-level factors associated with it among adolescents in low- or middle-income countries.
    Objectives: We estimated the association of UPF intake across adolescence with sociodemographic characteristics and maternal UPF intake in a Filipino cohort.
    Methods: Data were from four waves (1994-2005) of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (n=2,068); participants were 11, 15, 18, and 21 years old. Foods from 24-hour recalls were classified using NOVA. We used two-part multilevel models to estimate time-varying associations of the odds and amount (% daily kilocalories) of UPF intake with sociodemographic characteristics and maternal UPF intake (none, below median among UPF-consuming mothers ["low"], at or above median ["high"]).
    Results: Median UPF intake (IQR) among adolescents was 7.3% (0, 17.2) of daily kilocalories at age 11 and 10.6% (3.6, 19.6) at 21. The odds and amount of adolescent UPF intake were positively associated with female sex, years of schooling, and household wealth and inversely associated with household size. The odds-but not amount-of adolescent UPF intake were positively associated with maternal education and urbanicity and inversely associated with the distance from a household's primary store/market. The association between odds of adolescent UPF intake and school enrollment was positive in adolescence but disappeared in early adulthood. Compared to offspring whose mothers did not consume UPFs, the odds of UPF intake among those whose mothers had low or high UPF intake were greater in adolescence, but there was no association once offspring became adults. At all ages, maternal UPF intake was positively associated with the amount of offspring intake.
    Conclusions: Adolescent UPF intake varied across sociodemographic characteristics and was positively associated with maternal UPF intake, but not after adolescents entered adulthood.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 218373-0
    ISSN 1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
    ISSN (online) 1541-6100
    ISSN 0022-3166
    DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.032
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  4. Article ; Online: Intimate partner violence, depression, and chronic low-grade inflammation among middle-aged women in Cebu, Philippines.

    Aronoff, Jacob E / Koning, Stephanie M / Adair, Linda S / Lee, Nanette R / Carba, Delia B / Kuzawa, Christopher W / McDade, Thomas W

    American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council

    2024  , Page(s) e24053

    Abstract: Objectives: Recent discussions in human biology have highlighted how local ecological contexts shape the relationship between social stressors and health across populations. Chronic low-grade inflammation has been proposed as a pathway linking social ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Recent discussions in human biology have highlighted how local ecological contexts shape the relationship between social stressors and health across populations. Chronic low-grade inflammation has been proposed as a pathway linking social stressors to health, with evidence concentrated in high-income Western contexts. However, it remains unclear whether this is an important pathway in populations where prevalence is lower due to lower adiposity and greater infectious exposures. To investigate this further, we tested associations between multiple types of intimate partner violence (IPV), a highly prevalent stressor and health crisis globally, and C-reactive protein (CRP), a commonly used measure of chronic low-grade inflammation, in Cebu, Philippines. For reference, we compared results for CRP to depression, a well-established and consistently observed health outcome of IPV.
    Methods: Data came from 1601 currently partnered women (ages 35-69 years) as part of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. IPV exposures included physical, emotional, and controlling behavior. Depression scores were measured using a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale for this population, whereas plasma CRP was measured from overnight-fasted morning blood samples.
    Results: All three types of IPV were associated with a higher depression score. However, none of the IPV measures were associated with CRP. In a post hoc interaction test, emotional IPV became positively associated with CRP as waist circumference increased above the mean.
    Conclusions: Our results suggest a complex relationship between social stressors and chronic low-grade inflammation, which is likely dependent on the population-specific context of lifestyle and environmental factors.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1025339-7
    ISSN 1520-6300 ; 1042-0533
    ISSN (online) 1520-6300
    ISSN 1042-0533
    DOI 10.1002/ajhb.24053
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  5. Article ; Online: Adherence to the Planetary Health Diet Index and correlation with nutrients of public health concern: an analysis of NHANES 2003-2018.

    Frank, Sarah M / Jaacks, Lindsay M / Adair, Linda S / Avery, Christy L / Meyer, Katie / Rose, Donald / Taillie, Lindsey Smith

    The American journal of clinical nutrition

    2024  Volume 119, Issue 2, Page(s) 384–392

    Abstract: Background: The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) is a novel measure adapted to quantify alignment with the dietary evidence presented by the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health.: Objectives: To examine how population-level health and ... ...

    Abstract Background: The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) is a novel measure adapted to quantify alignment with the dietary evidence presented by the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health.
    Objectives: To examine how population-level health and sustainability of diet as measured by the PHDI changed from 2003 to 2018, and to assess how PHDI correlated with inadequacy for nutrients of public health concern (iron, calcium, potassium, and fiber) in the United States.
    Methods: We estimated survey-weighted trends in PHDI scores and median intake of PHDI components in a nationally representative sample of 33,859 adults aged 20+ y from 8 cycles (2003-2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with 2 d of dietary recall data. We used the National Cancer Institute method to examine how PHDI correlated with inadequate intake of iron, calcium, potassium, and fiber.
    Results: Out of a theoretical range of 0-140, the median PHDI value increased by 4.2 points over the study period, from 62.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 62.0, 63.4) points in 2003-2004 to 66.9 (66.2, 67.7) points in 2017-2018 (P-trend < 0.001), although most of this change occurred before 2011-2012 and plateaued thereafter. For adequacy components that are encouraged for consumption, nonstarchy vegetable intake significantly decreased over time, whereas whole grains, nuts and seeds, and unsaturated oils increased. For moderation components with recommended limits for consumption, poultry and egg intake increased, but red and processed meat, added sugars, saturated fats, and starchy vegetables decreased over time. Higher PHDI values were associated with a lower probability of iron, fiber, and potassium inadequacy.
    Conclusions: Although there have been positive changes over the past 20 y, there is substantial room for improving the health and sustainability of the United States diet. Shifting diets toward EAT-Lancet recommendations would improve nutrient adequacy for iron, fiber, and potassium. Policy action is needed to support healthier, more sustainable diets in the United States and globally.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; United States ; Nutrition Surveys ; Public Health ; Calcium ; Planets ; Diet ; Nutrients ; Vegetables ; Iron ; Potassium ; Energy Intake
    Chemical Substances Calcium (SY7Q814VUP) ; Iron (E1UOL152H7) ; Potassium (RWP5GA015D)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 280048-2
    ISSN 1938-3207 ; 0002-9165
    ISSN (online) 1938-3207
    ISSN 0002-9165
    DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.018
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  6. Article ; Online: Long-term consequences of nutrition and growth in early childhood and possible preventive interventions.

    Adair, Linda S

    Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series

    2014  Volume 78, Page(s) 111–120

    Abstract: Maternal nutritional deficiencies and excesses during pregnancy, and faster infant weight gain in the first 2 years of life are associated with increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. The first 1,000 days of life (from conception ... ...

    Abstract Maternal nutritional deficiencies and excesses during pregnancy, and faster infant weight gain in the first 2 years of life are associated with increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. The first 1,000 days of life (from conception until the child reaches age 2 years) represent a vulnerable period for programming of NCD risk, and are an important target for prevention of adult disease. This paper takes a developmental perspective to identify periconception, pregnancy, and infancy nutritional stressors, and to discuss mechanisms through which they influence later disease risk with the goal of informing age-specific interventions. Low- and middle-income countries need to address the dual burden of under- and overnutrition by implementing interventions to promote growth and enhance survival and intellectual development without increasing chronic disease risk. In the absence of good evidence from long-term follow-up of early life interventions, current recommendations for early life prevention of adult disease presume that interventions designed to optimize pregnancy outcomes and promote healthy infant growth and development will also reduce chronic disease risk. These include an emphasis on optimizing maternal nutrition prior to pregnancy, micronutrient adequacy in the preconception period and during pregnancy, promotion of breastfeeding and high-quality complementary foods, and prevention of obesity in childhood and adolescence.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Developing Countries ; Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Growth ; Growth Disorders/etiology ; Growth Disorders/prevention & control ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Infant, Newborn ; Malnutrition/complications ; Micronutrients/administration & dosage ; Nutritional Status ; Pediatric Obesity/complications ; Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Thinness/complications ; Thinness/prevention & control
    Chemical Substances Micronutrients
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1664-2155
    ISSN (online) 1664-2155
    DOI 10.1159/000354949
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  7. Article ; Online: Discussion on economic drivers and consequences of stunting.

    Adair, Linda S

    Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series

    2013  Volume 71, Page(s) 143–146

    MeSH term(s) Body Height ; Humans ; Malnutrition/economics ; Malnutrition/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Comment ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1664-2155
    ISSN (online) 1664-2155
    DOI 10.1159/000342597
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  8. Article ; Online: Discussion on migration and development of obesity and cardiometabolic disease in the developing world.

    Adair, Linda S

    Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series

    2013  Volume 71, Page(s) 157–160

    MeSH term(s) Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Comment ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1664-2155
    ISSN (online) 1664-2155
    DOI 10.1159/000342604
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  9. Article ; Online: Stunting, IQ, and final school attainment in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey birth cohort.

    Adair, Linda S / Carba, Delia B / Lee, Nanette R / Borja, Judith B

    Economics and human biology

    2021  Volume 42, Page(s) 100999

    Abstract: School attainment is an important aspect of human capital, and a key determinant of long-term health and well-being. Early life deprivation and poor nutritional status are well known predictors of school entry and progression. We examine the persistence ... ...

    Abstract School attainment is an important aspect of human capital, and a key determinant of long-term health and well-being. Early life deprivation and poor nutritional status are well known predictors of school entry and progression. We examine the persistence of early life influences and subsequent socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) across the multiple school continuation decisions that lead to final school attainment. Using data from a Philippine birth cohort followed for 35 years, we model 6 continuation decisions: Did not complete elementary school, elementary graduate only (completed grade 6), some secondary schooling, high school graduate, some postsecondary schooling, and college graduate, as well as total years of schooling. We estimate the association of school attainment with early life length for age Z-score (LAZ at 2 years of age) and cognitive development (IQ) as well as underlying indicators of SED and other family influences through early adulthood. The analysis sample includes >1900 participants in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Females completed, on average, one year more schooling than males, and twice as many females as males were college graduates (29.1 vs 15.0 %). LAZ and one standard deviation of IQ were each independently associated with 0.4 more years of attained schooling. A path model demonstrated strong direct associations of SED with years of schooling as well as indirect associations through LAZ and IQ. Sequential logits used to estimate continuing education decisions show persistent associations of early life LAZ and IQ and schooling even after accounting for changing SED of households over the schooling life course. Filipino parents had high but often unmet educational aspirations for their children because of the child's loss of interest in school and perceived financial barriers. Results further emphasize the importance of early life SED as a key risk factor for suboptimal school attainment.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Educational Status ; Female ; Growth Disorders ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Philippines/epidemiology ; Schools
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-07
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2099749-8
    ISSN 1873-6130 ; 1570-677X
    ISSN (online) 1873-6130
    ISSN 1570-677X
    DOI 10.1016/j.ehb.2021.100999
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  10. Article ; Online: Early life predictors of body composition trajectories from adolescence to mid-adulthood.

    Poveda, Natalia E / Adair, Linda S / Martorell, Reynaldo / Patel, Shivani A / Ramirez-Zea, Manuel / Stein, Aryeh D

    American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council

    2023  Volume 35, Issue 11, Page(s) e23952

    Abstract: Objectives: Guatemala has experienced rapid increases in adult obesity. We characterized body composition trajectories from adolescence to mid-adulthood and determined the predictive role of parental characteristics, early life factors, and a nutrition ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Guatemala has experienced rapid increases in adult obesity. We characterized body composition trajectories from adolescence to mid-adulthood and determined the predictive role of parental characteristics, early life factors, and a nutrition intervention.
    Methods: One thousand three hundred and sixty-four individuals who participated as children in a nutrition trial (1969-1977) were followed prospectively. Body composition characterized as body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass indices (FFMI), was available at four ages between 10 and 55 years. We applied latent class growth analysis to derive sex-specific body composition trajectories. We estimated associations between parental (age, height, schooling) and self-characteristics (birth order, socioeconomic status, schooling, and exposure to a nutrition supplement) with body composition trajectories.
    Results: In women, we identified two latent classes of FMI (low: 79.6%; high: 20.4%) and BMI (low: 73.0%; high: 27.0%), and three of FFMI (low: 20.2%; middle: 55.9%; high: 23.9%). In men, we identified two latent classes of FMI (low: 79.6%; high: 20.4%) and FFMI (low: 62.4%; high: 37.6%), and three of BMI (low: 43.1%; middle: 46.9%; high: 10.0%). Among women, self's schooling attainment inversely predicted FMI (OR [being in a high latent class]: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.97), and maternal schooling positively predicted FFMI (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.39). Among men, maternal schooling, paternal age, and self's schooling attainment positively predicted FMI. Maternal schooling positively predicted FFMI, whereas maternal age and paternal schooling were inverse predictors. The nutrition intervention did not predict body composition class membership.
    Conclusions: Parents' age and schooling, and self's schooling attainment are small but significant predictors of adult body composition trajectories.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Obesity ; Nutritional Status ; Fathers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1025339-7
    ISSN 1520-6300 ; 1042-0533
    ISSN (online) 1520-6300
    ISSN 1042-0533
    DOI 10.1002/ajhb.23952
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