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Article: Light can modify density‐dependent seedling mortality in a temperate forest

Holík, Jan / Janík, David / Adam, Dušan

Journal of vegetation science. 2021 Jan., v. 32, no. 1

2021

Abstract: QUESTIONS: There is growing evidence on how density‐dependent drivers of plant performance are influenced by habitat heterogeneity such as variation in understorey light availability. How these processes operate in temperate forests still remains an open ...

Abstract	QUESTIONS: There is growing evidence on how density‐dependent drivers of plant performance are influenced by habitat heterogeneity such as variation in understorey light availability. How these processes operate in temperate forests still remains an open question, however. We examined the interactive effects of density dependence and light availability on woody seedling mortality across multiple species, two size stages and growth forms. LOCATION: Alluvial old‐growth temperate forest, southeastern Czech Republic. METHODS: We mapped seedlings of woody species (≥10 cm tall) and recorded their mortality over a two‐year period on 21 square seedling plots (25 m²) within one large square plot with all trees mapped (≥1 cm diameter at breast height). Seedling mortality was studied using a combined approach of generalised linear mixed models and spatial point pattern analyses. RESULTS: Density‐dependent effects of tree and seedling neighbours influenced seedling mortality at different spatial scales, depending on their size class, growth form and by taxon. Conspecific inhibition raised the mortality of seedlings other than Acer campestre at low light levels, indicating that host‐specific enemies and/or intraspecific competition may be important in unfavourable habitats. While small seedlings experienced conspecific inhibition at low light levels, tall seedlings were additively affected by low‐light conditions and competition with trees. Both conspecific and heterospecific neighbours tended to affect tree seedlings at low light levels, whereas shrub seedlings experienced light‐ and density‐independent mortality. Some negative interspecific interactions indicated ongoing expansion of species like Acer campestre in currently flood‐free habitats. CONCLUSIONS: How density‐dependent effects translate into demographic outcomes for woody seedling populations may be largely determined by variation in understorey light availability. Given that seedlings differ in size, growth form and taxa, we also demonstrate that both seedling and tree neighbours may contribute to the strength and spatial variation in density‐dependent effects at seedling neighbourhood scales.
Keywords	Acer campestre ; conspecificity ; habitats ; host specificity ; intraspecific competition ; mortality ; seedlings ; shrubs ; temperate forests ; tree and stand measurements ; trees ; understory ; woody plants ; Czech Republic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1053769-7
ISSN	1100-9233
ISSN	1100-9233
DOI	10.1111/jvs.12992
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Neighbourhood effects modify deer herbivory on tree seedlings

Holík, Jan / Janík, David / Hort, Libor / Adam, Dušan

European journal of forest research. 2021 Apr., v. 140, no. 2

2021

Abstract: As spatially fine-scale foraging decisions are intrinsic to browsing herbivores such as deer, the search and selection of individual plants may be shaped by the density of neighbouring plants. However, how such neighbourhood effects may modify herbivore ... ...

Abstract	As spatially fine-scale foraging decisions are intrinsic to browsing herbivores such as deer, the search and selection of individual plants may be shaped by the density of neighbouring plants. However, how such neighbourhood effects may modify herbivore foraging decisions at different spatial scales is largely unexplored. Our main goal was to examine deer foraging preferences for tree species and seedling sizes, and to ask whether the spatial relationship of unbrowsed and browsed seedlings was indicative of different neighbourhood effects at the spatial scale of seedling neighbourhoods. We used two data sets from an old-growth temperate forest: (1) a seedling inventory and (2) fully mapped transect data, and applied a generalized linear mixed model and spatial point pattern analyses, respectively. We found that neighbourhood effects modified deer foraging behaviour depending on the proximity, density and species identity of neighbours, which, in turn, determined the strength and spatial extent of browsing impacts on tree seedlings. While sycamore maple seedlings experienced the highest levels of deer selectivity, deer were selective for European beech seedlings only within short distances. Beyond these distances, beech seedlings were browsed only opportunistically, as conspecific neighbours ceased to modify deer selectivity. Beech seedlings were also more susceptible to browsing within short distances from silver fir seedlings, indicating an associational susceptibility. As fir seedlings experienced strong and extensive density-dependent deer selectivity both near conspecific and beech neighbours, using such neighbourhood effects may not be a promising tool to prevent deer browsing on tree seedlings at the spatial scale of seedling neighbourhoods.
Keywords	Abies alba ; Acer pseudoplatanus ; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica ; conspecificity ; deer ; herbivores ; inventories ; research ; seedlings ; statistical models ; temperate forests ; trees
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-04
Size	p. 403-417.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2134019-5
ISSN	1612-4677 ; 1612-4669
ISSN (online)	1612-4677
ISSN	1612-4669
DOI	10.1007/s10342-020-01339-8
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Article: Dead or Alive: Drivers of Wind Mortality Initiate Multiple Disturbance Regime in a Temperate Primeval Mountain Forest

Vašíčková, Ivana / Šamonil, Pavel / Kašpar, Jakub / Román-Sánchez, Andrea / Chuman, Tomáš / Adam, Dušan

Forests. 2021 Nov. 19, v. 12, no. 11

2021

Abstract: The driving forces of tree mortality following wind disturbances of mountain mixed European temperate forests belongs among issues not comprehensively resolved. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the key factors of tree resistance to historical severe ... ...

Abstract	The driving forces of tree mortality following wind disturbances of mountain mixed European temperate forests belongs among issues not comprehensively resolved. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the key factors of tree resistance to historical severe disturbance events in the Boubínský Primeval Forest, one of the oldest forest reserves in the Czech Republic. By using spatially explicit tree census, dendrochronological and soil data, we study spatial and temporal patterns of past disturbances and mathematically compared selected characteristics of neighboring trees that were killed by a severe storm in 2017 and those that remained undisturbed. The tendency of trees toward falling was primarily driven edaphically, limiting severe events non-randomly to previously disturbed sites occupied by hydromorphic soils and promoting the existence of two spatially-separated disturbance regimes. While disturbed trees usually recruited in gaps and experienced only one severe release event, surviving trees characteristically regenerated under the canopy and were repeatedly released. Despite the fact that disturbed trees tended to reach both lower ages and dimensions than survivors, they experienced significantly higher growth rates. Our study indicates that slow growth with several suppression periods emerged as the most effective tree strategy for withstanding severe windstorms, dying of senescence in overaged life stage. Despite the selective impact of the Herwart storm on conifer population, we did not find any difference in species sensitivity for most characteristics studied. We conclude that the presence of such ancient, high-density wood trees contributes significantly to the resistance of an entire stand to severe storms.
Keywords	canopy ; conifers ; dendrochronology ; mortality ; storms ; tree mortality ; trees ; wind ; wood ; Czech Republic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1119
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f12111599
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Decay dynamics of Abies alba and Picea abies deadwood in relation to environmental conditions

Přívětivý, Tomáš / Adam, Dušan / Vrška, Tomáš

Forest ecology and management. 2018 Nov. 01, v. 427

2018

Abstract: In this study we analysed a dataset of 8661 logs of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L., Karst) in mixed fir-spruce-beech stands in primeval and natural forests in four sites separated into the two macroclimatic categories ... ...

Abstract	In this study we analysed a dataset of 8661 logs of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L., Karst) in mixed fir-spruce-beech stands in primeval and natural forests in four sites separated into the two macroclimatic categories according to mean annual temperature (“cold” and “warmer”) and according to mean annual precipitation (“mesic” and “humid”). We used “Bayesian Survival Trajectory Analysis” on a more than 40-year long time series (1972–2015), focusing on differences in the residence time of deadwood in different macroclimatic categories and two DBH classes. We also evaluated two qualitative characteristics of the downed logs: mortality mode and log position during decomposition. We calculated residence time and the time needed to reach the advanced decay stage. Our analyses confirmed the influence temperature and precipitation on modelled residence time. The residence time for silver fir logs in the DBH class 55+ cm in the “cold” site was 106 years, while in the “warmer” sites was 78 years. The residence time in the “mesic” site was 57 years, while in the “humid” sites was 90 years. It took 81 years for Norway spruce logs in the DBH class 55+ cm to completely decompose in the “cold” site. Suspended logs 11 took years longer to decay than those in contact with the ground. The modelled residence time of logs on wet sites was the same as that of logs at sites unaffected by water. These results can be utilised in biodiversity oriented forest management, as well as in modelling future amounts of deadwood. In order to maintain the continuous presence of silver fir and Norway spruce deadwood for those organisms that depend on it, it is necessary to supply deadwood at least once every 25–40 years (depending on climatic category and DBH class). During this time, approximately 50% of logs become completely decomposed and 50% remain in the last decay stage.
Keywords	Abies alba ; Picea abies ; atmospheric precipitation ; biodiversity ; data collection ; dead wood ; environmental factors ; forest management ; forests ; models ; mortality ; temperature ; time series analysis
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-1101
Size	p. 250-259.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.008
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Woody species-specific disturbance regimes and strategies in mixed mountain temperate forests in the Šumava Mts., Czech Republic

Kašpar, Jakub / Šamonil, Pavel / Vašíčková, Ivana / Adam, Dušan / Daněk, Pavel

European journal of forest research. 2020 Feb., v. 139, no. 1

2020

Abstract: The disturbance regime of mountain spruce–beech temperate forests has not yet been sufficiently elucidated. We hypothesized that spruce and beech express completely different disturbance histories and behavioural strategies, potentially causing ... ...

Abstract	The disturbance regime of mountain spruce–beech temperate forests has not yet been sufficiently elucidated. We hypothesized that spruce and beech express completely different disturbance histories and behavioural strategies, potentially causing exceptionally complex disturbance regimes. We further hypothesized that the spontaneous development of mountain forests can temporarily result in a simplification of the forest's spatial structure. We wanted to discover how the disturbance history and growth plasticity of the main tree species differ, and whether some old managed forests arose from primeval forest remnants. We compared dendrochronological records of the unmanaged Boubín Primeval Forest and 30 sites with current forestry records. Using this comparison, we categorized all sites into three categories. In the disturbance history of all evaluated forest sites, there was clear evidence of the presence of severe disturbances in the nineteenth century. However, the regeneration of beech was more continuous and less dependent on the presence of severe disturbances than the regeneration of spruce, which depended on the presence of severe disturbances of low frequency. Human-induced changes at some sites were manifested in changes in the initial growth of both species and disrupted their mutual competition and also led to a higher growth plasticity of beech. Despite human impacts in the region since the end of the nineteenth century, about 30% of analysed trees were older than the severe disturbances in the nineteenth century; therefore, some studies sites preserved the characteristics of primeval forest. Our results revealed three main forest development trajectories since the end of the nineteenth century.
Keywords	Fagus ; Picea ; dendrochronology ; forestry development ; humans ; research ; trees
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-02
Size	p. 97-109.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2134019-5
ISSN	1612-4677 ; 1612-4669
ISSN (online)	1612-4677
ISSN	1612-4669
DOI	10.1007/s10342-019-01252-9
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Article: Driving factors of the growth response of Fagus sylvatica L. to disturbances: A comprehensive study from Central-European old-growth forests

Vašíčková, Ivana / Adam, Dušan / Daněk, Pavel / Fuentes Ubilla, Andrea Elina / Král, Kamil / Šamonil, Pavel

Forest ecology and management. 2019 July 15, v. 444

2019

Abstract: Despite improvements of dendrochronological techniques in many forest ecosystems, studies describing the growth responses of trees following disturbance events including comprehensive data on factors and processes behind tree-growth release are rare, ... ...

Abstract	Despite improvements of dendrochronological techniques in many forest ecosystems, studies describing the growth responses of trees following disturbance events including comprehensive data on factors and processes behind tree-growth release are rare, especially for European temperate forests, limiting the interpretation and generalization of dendroecological studies. Here we examine the effect of key factors on the growth reaction of Fagus sylvatica L. to disturbances in 8 old-growth forests in the Czech Republic, independently dated using three different data sources – tree censuses, dendrochronology and historical aerial photographs. Using 117 increment cores, we studied four parameters of radial tree-growth surrounding canopy gaps: magnitude, duration, abruptness and response shift, in relation to factors of different spatial scales, i.e. tree-, gap- and stand-level variables. Our results indicate that the beech growth response to gap formation strongly differs across a complex of factors at diverse spatial levels, frequently occurring in noteworthy interactions. A positive trend for the gap size * radiation interaction in the analysis of magnitude was found, suggesting that the effect of gap area differs among topographical features. As for duration and abruptness, the interaction of distance and mortality mode was identified, indicating a longer and more gradual reaction along with increasing distance of the cored tree from the gap centre, varying by the type of the gap maker’s death. In addition, an altitudinal gradient was found to predict the magnitude of growth changes and the time interval between the disturbance and the reaction of nearby trees. Surprisingly, the diameter of the surviving trees was not a good predictor of radial growth, with a significant positive relationship to just abruptness. An effect of locality was not observed, facilitating the broad applicability of our findings across a wide range of beech-dominated temperate forests. Our results emphasize the general limits of dendrochronological data in disturbance spatial pattern studies, as indicated by the considerable variability in the responses of neighbouring trees to identical disturbance event. A detailed examination of the growth reaction, considering not only the response magnitude but also other important parameters, plays a key role in the precision of detecting growth releases as well as in reducing the sample size required for summary disturbance history evaluations. In focusing on this issue we believe we contribute to future dendroecological research by demonstrating the need for more precise disturbance history evaluations.
Keywords	aerial photography ; altitude ; canopy gaps ; censuses ; death ; dendroecology ; Fagus sylvatica ; forest ecosystems ; mortality ; old-growth forests ; temperate forests ; tree growth ; trees ; Czech Republic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0715
Size	p. 96-106.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2019.04.018
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The disturbance regime of an Early Holocene swamp forest in the Czech Republic, as revealed by dendroecological, pollen and macrofossil data

Šamonil, Pavel / Moravcová, Alice / Pokorný, Petr / Žáčková, Pavla / Kašpar, Jakub / Vašíčková, Ivana / Daněk, Pavel / Novák, Jan / Hájková, Petra / Adam, Dušan / Leuschner, Hanns Hubert

Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology. 2018 Oct. 15, v. 507

2018

Abstract: A unique remnant of forest dating back to the period 9733–7897 yr BC and consisting of hundreds of tree bases was discovered in the Czech Republic. We aimed to reveal the complex disturbance history of this (sub)fossil forest using dendrochronology, and ... ...

Abstract	A unique remnant of forest dating back to the period 9733–7897 yr BC and consisting of hundreds of tree bases was discovered in the Czech Republic. We aimed to reveal the complex disturbance history of this (sub)fossil forest using dendrochronology, and to describe its detailed plant species composition changes using palaeobotanical techniques. Analysing such Early Holocene forest dynamics should help us understand the ability of the forest community to actively adapt to climate change and generally to understand the role of dynamic instability in ecosystem evolution.We anatomically identified woody species in 488 samples, and determined the ages, growth suppressions, releases and fire scars in 116 well preserved tree ring series using a modern boundary line approach. This image of the forest structure and dynamics was supplemented with analyses of pollen spectra and plant macrofossils in excavated profiles. In order to achieve accurate dating, we dated 87 samples using 14C and synchronized tree ring series, and compared them with an existing Pinus sylvestris chronology.The developmental trajectory of the forest was unique, and did not match the general trend of postglacial pine growth in central Europe. Palaeobotanical proxies indicated that during the circa 2000 years the forest persisted, this Early-Holocene ecosystem passed through several phases, reflected in the species composition of the vegetation as well as in habitat conditions. Nevertheless, the dominance of pine and the complex fine-scale disturbance regime were relatively robust and did not change fundamentally. Low-severity fires and short-term changes in soil moisture regime were crucial disturbance agents in the ecosystem. Stand-replacing disturbances were not found up to the gradual collapse of the forest around 8300 yr BC, replaced by a swamp community. The disturbance regime was relatively stable, suggesting a mitigating effect of changing climate due to the predominance of pine in the forest.
Keywords	Holocene epoch ; Pinus sylvestris ; carbon ; climate change ; dendroecology ; ecosystems ; fire scars ; fires ; forest dynamics ; forests ; fossils ; growth rings ; habitats ; pollen ; radionuclides ; species diversity ; swamps ; trees ; woody plants ; Central European region ; Czech Republic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-1015
Size	p. 81-96.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	417718-6
ISSN	0031-0182
ISSN	0031-0182
DOI	10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.07.001
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Tree spatial patterns of Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica in the Western Carpathians over 30 years

Janík, David / Adam, Dušan / Hort, Libor / Král, Kamil / Šamonil, Pavel / Unar, Pavel / Vrška, Tomáš

European journal of forest research. 2014 Nov., v. 133, no. 6

2014

Abstract: The decline of Abies alba (fir) in natural fir–beech forests in Europe has fascinated scientists for over a century. During this period, Fagus sylvatica (beech) became the dominant species in this forest type. We hypothesised that (1) the success of ... ...

Abstract	The decline of Abies alba (fir) in natural fir–beech forests in Europe has fascinated scientists for over a century. During this period, Fagus sylvatica (beech) became the dominant species in this forest type. We hypothesised that (1) the success of beech over fir is significantly connected with the fact that beech suffers less than fir from the presence of conspecific neighbours; that (2) shade tolerance is not a factor which favours beech over fir; and that (3) this is due to a significantly reduced proportion of litter treethrow mounds with suitable conditions for the successful regeneration of fir. We investigated these hypotheses by means of tree spatial pattern analysis. Eight rectangular plots (2–8 ha) were analysed in mountain fir–beech forests of the Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic. Various types of the pair correlation function and L function were used to describe the tree density variability of trees with DBH ≥10 cm. The analyses were carried out on datasets from the 1970s, 1990s and 2000s. Our results suggest that negative density dependence is not responsible for the current decline of fir. It seems that a higher shade tolerance of the advanced regeneration could be one of the factors which favour beech over fir. It is evident that fir trees have a markedly stronger positive association to mounds than beech trees.
Keywords	Abies alba ; Fagus sylvatica ; data collection ; decline ; forest types ; scientists ; shade tolerance ; trees ; Czech Republic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-11
Size	p. 1015-1028.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2134019-5
ISSN	1612-4677 ; 1612-4669
ISSN (online)	1612-4677
ISSN	1612-4669
DOI	10.1007/s10342-014-0819-1
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Article: Dynamics of windthrow events in a natural fir-beech forest in the Carpathian mountains

Šamonil, Pavel / Antolík, Lukáš / Svoboda, Miroslav / Adam, Dušan

Forest ecology and management. 2009 Feb. 10, v. 257, no. 3

2009

Abstract: The age of single windthrows (single uprooted trees and/or pit/mound microtopographical pairs) in a natural fir-beech forest was assessed in the flysch zone of the Outer Western Carpathians. The following characteristics were evaluated for all 1562 ... ...

Abstract	The age of single windthrows (single uprooted trees and/or pit/mound microtopographical pairs) in a natural fir-beech forest was assessed in the flysch zone of the Outer Western Carpathians. The following characteristics were evaluated for all 1562 single windthrows occurring in a 10.8ha area: dimensions; thickness of organic and upper mineral soil horizons both on mounds and in pits; and the presence of new trees taking root on the windthrows. For more recent windthrows, selected quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the uprooted trees were evaluated. A suppositional gradient of age (SGA) was constructed based on the windthrow characteristics using principal component analysis. A representative sample of windthrows was dated along the SGA with the use of dendroecological techniques and historic records from 1972 and 1995. For European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) we were able to measure the actual threshold of release value - at 12% of growth change. The age of windthrows was determined in 37 of a total of 51 cases. The development of windthrow properties over time was studied. Age explained 33.7% of the variability in the measured windthrow characteristics (F =19.31, p =0.0002, measured characteristics see above). A multiple regression model (R ² =0.844, F =65.62, p <1x10⁻⁶) was constructed to evaluate the age of undated windthrows. The best predictors of age were: ordinal classification of trunk disintegration and thickness of F and A horizons on the mound. In 2006, windthrows occupied 14.3% of the surface area of the studied locality, with a maximum windthrow age of 220 years. Approximately 1% of windthrows (1.5% of the windthrow area) were older than 150 years; 20% of windthrows (31% of the windthrow area) were older than 100 years, and 56% (78% of the area) were older than 50 years. The oldest windthrows with an uprooted trunk still present were 50-60 years old. The locality has not been affected by any high intensity (large scale) disturbances in the past. The period of direct soil turnover resulting from windthrows was about 1250 years. Compared with natural forests, the human caused long-term absence of windthrows in commercial forests may affect the course of soil formation. A single 100-year rotation period represents the absence of soil disturbance on 10% of the area.
Keywords	forest damage ; dead wood ; age ; soil horizons ; thickness ; forest trees ; tree growth ; Fagus sylvatica ; temperate forests ; disturbed soils ; soil formation ; Czech Republic ; Slovakia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-0210
Size	p. 1148-1156.
Publishing place	[Amsterdam]: Elsevier Science
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2008.11.024
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Interaction between tree species populations and windthrow dynamics in natural beech-dominated forest, Czech Republic

Šebková, Barbora / Šamonil, Pavel / Valtera, Martin / Adam, Dušan / Janík, David

Forest ecology and management. 2012 Sept. 15, v. 280

2012

Abstract: Interactions between pit-mound dynamics and tree species populations were studied in a natural mountain (fir)-spruce-beech forest. Pit-mounds are special habitats with unique erosion-sedimentation and microclimatic conditions, which continually influence ...

Abstract	Interactions between pit-mound dynamics and tree species populations were studied in a natural mountain (fir)-spruce-beech forest. Pit-mounds are special habitats with unique erosion-sedimentation and microclimatic conditions, which continually influence the trees growing there. Our assumption was that these factors would impact on the competitive potential of the trees and that the interaction between the pit-mound dynamics and the tree layer would not be static, but would change depending on the ages of both the trees and the pit-mounds. Over an area of 74.2ha that was repeatedly studied in 1975, 1997, and 2008 in terms of the tree layer structure (about 23,000 trunks), pit-mound evaluation was performed on a regular network of 354 circular plots with a 23m diameter (1733 pit-mounds in total). Dendrochronological cores were drilled in 1986 samples in order to establish an age structure of the tree layer. Using tree-census, dendrochronological, and mathematical methods, direct or indirect dating of the pit-mounds was performed. The actual occurrence of trees on the pit-mounds was compared with a null model corresponding to random occurrence for various age categories of the trees/pit-mounds. The number of trees decreased smoothly with age in the respective classes. The dominant species was Fagus sylvatica, which like Picea abies and Abies alba reached an age of >450years. A multi-peak pit-mound age structure suggested the occurrence of stronger episodic disturbance events in the past. Mounds covered 8.5% and pits 3.7% of the studied area (121pieces/ha) and the average pit-mound size was 9.92m2. F. sylvatica and other marginally represented trees (A. alba, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra) significantly preferred mounds over other microsites (χ2=147.37, p<0.001; resp. χ2=14.73, p=0.005). The preference to mounds by marginally represented tree species decreased with the age of the trees, whereas the affinity of F. sylvatica increased with age. Also, older individuals of P. abies were more frequently found on mounds compared to the null model, although the overall presence of P. abies on mounds was significantly deficient (χ2=11.21, p=0.024). These results suggest that the competitive potential of the trees on mounds decreases with age only in trees of initial succession stages. Mounds older than 101years were most favourable to natural regeneration.
Keywords	Abies alba ; Acer pseudoplatanus ; Fagus sylvatica ; Picea abies ; Sorbus aucuparia ; Ulmus glabra ; age structure ; forests ; natural regeneration ; population dynamics ; tree age ; trees ; Czech Republic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-0915
Size	p. 9-19.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.030
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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