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  1. Article ; Online: Vállalati ás állami szerep a magyar iparfejlődésben a kilencvenes évek után

    Ádám Török

    Competitio, Vol 3, Iss

    2021  Volume 2

    Abstract: A magyar ipar fejlődése a kilencvenes évtizedben először kiábrándító, utána pedig kifejezetten gyors és sikeres volt. Ezt az ipari átalakulási folyamatot számos közlemény mutatta be általában, illetve a magyar ipar külpiaci teljesítményének tükrében. Az ... ...

    Abstract A magyar ipar fejlődése a kilencvenes évtizedben először kiábrándító, utána pedig kifejezetten gyors és sikeres volt. Ezt az ipari átalakulási folyamatot számos közlemény mutatta be általában, illetve a magyar ipar külpiaci teljesítményének tükrében. Az elemzések nagyobb része azonban mindenekelőtt statisztikai áttekintéseken alapult, és némileg elsikkadtak a folyamatok szereplői. Ebben a tanulmányban éppen ezért a fontosabb vállalati szereplők, illetve a kormányzat iparfejlődésre gyakorlot hatását, valamint viselkedését vizsgáljuk, és ebből következtetünk a 2003-2004 utáni magyar iparfejlődés stratégiai lehetőségeire. A tanulmány először a magyar ipar legfontosabb vállalati szereplőit tekinti át, majd külön kitér a külföldi iparvállalatok piaci jelenlátánek sajátosságaira, arr, hogy az Európai Unió 2000 óta kirajzolódó versenyképesség-javító ambíciói mennyiben tükröződhetnek a magyar gazdaságpolitikában. A kérdés tehát: lehet-e számítani az 1996 óta legalábbis tetszhalott magyar iparpolitika valamilyen mértékű újraéledésére, várható-e az európai normáknak megfelelő, mégis az ezredforduló körülinél jelentősen aktívabb állami szerep a magyar iparfejlődésben.
    Keywords Business ; HF5001-6182 ; Economics as a science ; HB71-74
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Should Economists Like Predation or Not?

    Adam Torok

    Competitio, Vol 8, Iss

    2020  Volume 2

    Abstract: A Note on 'Economic Principles of Predatory (Exclusionary Pricing in the US and in the EU - Their (mis) Application in Some Recent Competition Law Cases of the European Community Commission and the Court of First Instance' by Zoltan Bara). Journal of ... ...

    Abstract (A Note on 'Economic Principles of Predatory (Exclusionary Pricing in the US and in the EU - Their (mis) Application in Some Recent Competition Law Cases of the European Community Commission and the Court of First Instance' by Zoltan Bara). Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification: K21, L12, L41
    Keywords Business ; HF5001-6182 ; Economics as a science ; HB71-74
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Sustainability Indicators of Surface Public Transportation

    Ammar Al-lami / Adam Torok

    Sustainability, Vol 15, Iss 21, p

    2023  Volume 15289

    Abstract: Historically, roads and transportation have been critical and essential factors in the development and prosperity of cities and societies. The well-being of cities and their expansion were measured by the road networks that linked them to the rest of the ...

    Abstract Historically, roads and transportation have been critical and essential factors in the development and prosperity of cities and societies. The well-being of cities and their expansion were measured by the road networks that linked them to the rest of the world, especially the land roads, which were the biggest challenges for communities. With time, the transportation sector has become an integral part of human life. However, this contribution to the development of cities has come to collide with the challenges arising from the means of transportation, which include large-scale environmental, economic, and social impacts on the communities benefiting from them. Therefore, it has become necessary to make transportation, especially public transportation, sustainable to address environmental challenges such as climate change. To achieve this, more than two thousand research papers published between 2002 and 2022 and retrieved from scientific databases using specific and connected keywords were preliminarily investigated based on the year and number of citations. It was necessary to identify the important sustainability indicators for each sector and study them closely in a detailed manner. We concluded that the sustainability of public transportation is directly affected by environmental, economic, technical, and social factors which can be expressed as follows: 1—emissions, pollution, and the consumption of energy resources as environmental indicators related to sustainability; 2—travel time, cost, travel distance, and operation cost as economic indicators; 3—social demographics, accessibility, and travel behaviours and time as social indicators; and 4—traffic flow, speed, and availability of infrastructures as technical indicators that affect transport sustainability.
    Keywords sustainability indicators ; public transport ; sustainable development ; systematic review ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
    Subject code 380
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Theoretical Comparison of the Effects of Different Traffic Conditions on Urban Road Environmental External Costs

    Mohammad Maghrour Zefreh / Adam Torok

    Sustainability, Vol 13, Iss 3541, p

    2021  Volume 3541

    Abstract: External costs that are associated with air pollution, climate change linked to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and noise are among the most important environmental externalities that are generated by road transport, which have been well monetized. This ... ...

    Abstract External costs that are associated with air pollution, climate change linked to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and noise are among the most important environmental externalities that are generated by road transport, which have been well monetized. This paper theoretically investigates the effects of different traffic conditions on the environmental external costs of urban roads where traffic flow is more complicated than un-interrupted traffic flows. A Monte Carlo method is used to theoretically simulate traffic speed in different traffic conditions. Subsequently, the emitted carbon dioxide ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> ), nitrogen oxides ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math> ), carbon monoxide ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow></semantics></math> ), particulate matter ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></semantics></math> ), sulfur dioxide ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> ), and noise were estimated in each of the theoretically simulated traffic conditions. Finally, the environmental external costs in each traffic condition were calculated taking the EU average costs values into account. The results showed that, when compared to free-flow condition, the total air pollutant and GHG external costs (€2010) have been increased by 6%, 31%, 44%, 50%, and 93% in under-saturated flow, accelerated flow, decelerated flow, congestion, and over-saturated congestion, respectively. Furthermore, the total noise cost (€2010/year/person exposed), as compared to free-flow condition, has been decreased by 2%, 11%, 12%, 36%, and 69% in accelerated flow, under-saturated flow, congestion, over-saturated congestion, and decelerated flow, respectively.
    Keywords environmental external cost ; traffic condition ; urban road ; road traffic air pollution ; road traffic noise ; environmental externalities ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
    Subject code 511
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Stratégiai piacra lépési korlátok Magyarországon

    Ádám Török / Zsuzsa Deli-Gray

    Competitio, Vol 9, Iss

    2010  Volume 1

    Abstract: E tanulmányban két korábbi kutatásunkra alapozva vizsgáljuk a külföldi vállalatok magyarországi piacra lépésének, illetve a magyar vállalatok importjának stratégiai korlátait, és összevetjük a jelenlegi tanulságokat a korábbi két felmérés eredményeivelt. ...

    Abstract E tanulmányban két korábbi kutatásunkra alapozva vizsgáljuk a külföldi vállalatok magyarországi piacra lépésének, illetve a magyar vállalatok importjának stratégiai korlátait, és összevetjük a jelenlegi tanulságokat a korábbi két felmérés eredményeivelt. Ez az összehasonlítás némi betekintést nyújthat a magyar belső piacnak az egységes európai piachoz történő illeszkedési folyamatába az Eegységes Eeurópai Ppiachoz. A cikk gyakorlati útmutatást kíván adni a magyar piaci szereplőknek a magyar piacon alkalmazott stratégiai piacra lépési korlátok köréről és vállalkozói megítéléséről. This study is a continuation of a former project of the same research team. The focus of the research is market entry in Hungary for foreign firms, along with strategic entry barriers for both domestic and foreign importers to Hungary. A comparison of our findings from 2003 and 2008 gives some insights into the integration of the Hungarian domestic market into the Single European Market. Practical advice is offered to Hungarian market players on the scope of strategic entry barriers in Hungary as well as the ways entrepreneurs assess them. JEL: F13, F14, F15
    Keywords kereskedelem ; verseny ; nem vámjellegű kereskedelmi korlátok ; Business ; HF5001-6182 ; Economics as a science ; HB71-74
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article: An investigation of the efficiency of using O2 and H2 (hydrooxile gas -HHO) gas additives in a ci engine operating on diesel fuel and biodiesel

    Rimkus, Alfredas / Ádám Török / Ákos Bereczky / Jonas Matijošius / Marijonas Bogdevičius

    Energy. 2018 June 01, v. 152

    2018  

    Abstract: In a vehicle with a CI (compression ignition) engine, the power of the latter rotates an electric generator to produce a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gas (hydrooxile – HHO, later just HHO) by water electrolysis. Low HHO content levels in air ( ...

    Abstract In a vehicle with a CI (compression ignition) engine, the power of the latter rotates an electric generator to produce a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gas (hydrooxile – HHO, later just HHO) by water electrolysis. Low HHO content levels in air (0.14–0.18% of the volume) combined with air in cylinders of the CI engine affect the energy and environmental performance of the engine. It was found through stand tests and numerical modeling that chemically active hydrogen starts to ignite at the end of the compression stroke when the pressure and temperature rise prior to fuel injection into the cylinder. Early hydrogen ignition and supplemental energy consumption for HHO gas production worsen the energy performance of the engine and increase concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the exhaust gas. However, H2 and O2 additives reduce concentrations of incomplete combustion products (carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC)) as well as the smokiness of the exhaust. When diesel fuel is replaced with biodiesel and when HHO gas is added, the indicated efficiency of the engine changes insignificantly; however, concentrations of CO and HC in the exhaust gas and smoke levels are reduced markedly.
    Keywords additives ; air ; biodiesel ; carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide ; combustion ; diesel fuel ; electrolysis ; energy ; environmental performance ; hydrocarbons ; hydrogen ; mathematical models ; nitrogen oxides ; oxygen ; smoke ; temperature
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-0601
    Size p. 640-651.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2019804-8
    ISSN 0360-5442 ; 0360-5442
    ISSN (online) 0360-5442
    ISSN 0360-5442
    DOI 10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.087
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article: Combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel fuel blend in a turbo-charged compression ignition engine

    Siwale, Lennox / Kristóf, Lukács / Adam, Torok / Bereczky, Akos / Mbarawa, Makame / Penninger, Antal / Kolesnikov, Andrei

    Fuel. 2013 May, v. 107

    2013  

    Abstract: Burning of 5%, 10%, and 20% shared volume of n-butanol (B05, B10, and B20, where B05 represents 5% shared volume of n-butanol with 95% diesel fuel) with diesel fuel (DF) in a high load, light duty, turbo-charged diesel engine is reported. The aim was to ... ...

    Abstract Burning of 5%, 10%, and 20% shared volume of n-butanol (B05, B10, and B20, where B05 represents 5% shared volume of n-butanol with 95% diesel fuel) with diesel fuel (DF) in a high load, light duty, turbo-charged diesel engine is reported. The aim was to compare the effects of the blends on the engine combustion characteristics and regulated emissions namely nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and soot results from this study with a similar past study: (30% rapeseed oil methyl esters (RMEs) shared volume with similar diesel fuel admixed to 5% or 7.5% bioethanol). Using n-butanol shared volume, B05, B10 and B20 significantly improved the reduction of regulated emissions compared to the other study. In this study the reduction or increase percentage relative to DF was as follows at 75% load at 1500rpm for B5, B10, B20 mixtures: soot reduction was 55.5%, 77.8%, and 85.1% respectively; CO reduction was 35.7%, 57.1% and 71.4%; NOₓ increase was 10.3%, 32.3% and 54.4%

    UHC increase, 21.4%, 71.4%, 214% respectively. The premixed phase combustion was amplified and distinguishable with increase of shared volume of n-butanol in DF. The combustion cycles of the blends were more stable than the cycles of DF.
    Keywords bioethanol ; burning ; carbon monoxide ; combustion ; diesel engines ; diesel fuel ; emissions ; esters ; nitrogen oxides ; rapeseed oil ; soot
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2013-05
    Size p. 409-418.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0016-2361
    DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.083
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article: A transzatlanti kapxsolatok gazdasági alapjai

    Inotai, András / Ádám, Török

    Külpolitika : a Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata Vol. 8, No. 3 , p. 55-68

    1981  Volume 8, Issue 3, Page(s) 55–68

    Author's details András Inotai; Török Ádám
    Keywords Aussenwirtschaftsbeziehung ; Vereinigte Staaten ; EG-Staaten
    Publisher Lapk. Vállalat
    Publishing place Budapest
    Document type Article
    Note The economic foundation of transatlantic relations
    ZDB-ID 188768-3
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  9. Article: A transzatlanti kapxsolatok gazdasági alapjai

    Inotai, András / Ádám, Török

    Külpolitika : a Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata Vol. 8, No. 1 , p. 58-80

    1981  Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 58–80

    Author's details András Inotai; Török Ádám
    Keywords Aussenwirtschaftsbeziehung ; Vereinigte Staaten ; EG-Staaten
    Publisher Lapk. Vállalat
    Publishing place Budapest
    Document type Article
    Note The economic foundation of transatlantic relations
    ZDB-ID 188768-3
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  10. Article: Importverseny a gépipari fogyasztási cikkek belföldi piacán

    Salgó, István / Adam, Török

    Külgazdaság Vol. 24, No. 12 , p. 47-56

    1980  Volume 24, Issue 12, Page(s) 47–56

    Author's details István Salgó; Török Adam
    Keywords Absatzzone ; Wettbewerb ; Aussenwirtschaftsförderung ; Ungarn
    Publishing place Budapest
    Document type Article
    Note Importwettbewerb auf dem Binnenmarkt der Konsumgüter der Maschinenindustrie
    ZDB-ID 446481-3
    Database ECONomics Information System

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