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  1. Article ; Online: Bacterial contamination of healthcare worker’s mobile phones

    Fred Tusabe / Maureen Kesande / Afreenish Amir / Olivia Iannone / Rodgers Rodriguez Ayebare / Judith Nanyondo

    Global Security: Health, Science and Policy, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    a case study at two referral hospitals in Uganda

    2022  Volume 6

    Abstract: Hospital and community-acquired infections are escalating and pose significant public health unhealthiness worldwide. The advancements of telemedicine and automation of healthcare records are supported by cellphones, laptops and wearable devices. This ... ...

    Abstract Hospital and community-acquired infections are escalating and pose significant public health unhealthiness worldwide. The advancements of telemedicine and automation of healthcare records are supported by cellphones, laptops and wearable devices. This study focused on the incidence of healthcare workers’ mobile phones becoming contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and their possible roles as vehicles of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. A case study at two referral hospitals in Uganda between May and October 2020. Self-administered questionnaires were administered to participants after informed consent. Mobile phones of the participants in different departments of the hospitals were swabbed and samples were collected and transported to the microbiology laboratory for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The point prevalence of Healthcare workers’ mobile phone bacterial contamination with one or more species was 93%. Organisms isolated were E. coli 5.6% (1), Micrococcus spp 11.1% (2), Coagulase-negative staphylococci, CoNS, 61.1% (11) and Bacillus spp 22.2% (4). About 45% of the organisms were multidrug-resistant. Resistance was major to penicillin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin, respectively. The isolated E. coli was resistant to all antibiotics used in the study. Only 15% (2) of the participants disinfected their phones at least once a week and 8% cleaned their hands after using a mobile phone. Healthcare Workers’ mobile phones can act as fomites for the transmission of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This study provides strong evidence for developing and strengthening disinfection protocols for mobile phones and does not underscore the importance of hand hygiene in the middle of a patient encounter especially when the HCW grabs a phone but doesn’t re-clean their hands before patient contact. Abbreviations: MDR, Multidrug-resistant; WHO, World Health Organization; IPC, infection prevention and control; HHC, hand hygiene compliance; JMEDICC, Joint Mobile ...
    Keywords mobile phones ; healthcare workers ; referral hospitals bacterial contamination ; uganda ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Military Science ; U
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Taylor & Francis Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.

    Tanzeel Zohra / Aamer Ikram / Muhammad Salman / Afreenish Amir / Asim Saeed / Zurva Ashraf / Abdul Ahad

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 9, p e

    2021  Volume 0257414

    Abstract: Background Pakistan has been experiencing intervals of sporadic cases and localized outbreaks in the last two decades. No proper study has been carried out in order to find out the environmental burden of toxigenic V. cholerae as well as how temporal and ...

    Abstract Background Pakistan has been experiencing intervals of sporadic cases and localized outbreaks in the last two decades. No proper study has been carried out in order to find out the environmental burden of toxigenic V. cholerae as well as how temporal and environmental factors associated in driving cholera across the country. Methods We tested waste water samples from designated national environment surveillance sites in Pakistan with RT-PCR assay. Multistage sampling technique were utilized for samples collection and for effective sample processing Bag-Mediated Filtration system, were employed. Results were analysed by district and month wise to understand the geographic distribution and identify the seasonal pattern of V. cholera detection in Pakistan. Results Between May 2019, and February 2020, we obtained and screened 160 samples in 12 districts across Pakistan. Out of 16 sentinel environmental surveillance sites, 15 sites showed positive results against cholera toxigenic gene with mostly lower CT value (mean, 34±2) and have significant difference (p < 0.05). The highest number of positive samples were collected from Sindh in month of November, then in June it is circulating in different districts of Pakistan including four Provinces respectively. Conclusion V. cholera detection do not follow a clear seasonal pattern. However, the poor sanitation problems or temperature and rainfall may potentially influence the frequency and duration of cholera across the country. Occurrence of toxigenic V. cholerae in the environment samples showed that cholera is endemic, which is an alarming for a potential future cholera outbreaks in the country.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Coordination strategies and concept of operations implemented during activation of public health emergency operations center for COVID-19 response in Pakistan

    Majid Ali Tahir / Mumtaz Ali Khan / Aamer Ikram / Tamoor Hamid Chaudhry / Afreenish Amir / Muhammad Tahir / Ijaz Ul Haq / Shahbaz Ahmed Zaki / Arslan Salam / Sidra Wali / Wasay Munir / Muhammad Salman

    Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2023  Volume 9

    Abstract: Abstract Public health emergency management systems encountered difficulties in developing countries, especially in Pakistan. The COVID-19 pandemic was extremely challenging for different agencies/departments in Pakistan. Health emergency management ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Public health emergency management systems encountered difficulties in developing countries, especially in Pakistan. The COVID-19 pandemic was extremely challenging for different agencies/departments in Pakistan. Health emergency management depends on a well-established public health emergency operations center that could generate a coordinated response to emergencies. We conducted an assessment of public health emergency response coordination implemented during the COVID-19 at strategic level. This was mix-method qualitative study. Primary data was collected by using a structured questionnaire, and secondary data was collected by desk review. The agencies engaged in pandemic response at the national level in Pakistan were included in the assessment. The overall score of the emergency response coordination system during COVID-19 was 49% for all agencies. We found that agencies faced challenges in leadership, legislation, and financing issues during the pandemic response (44%). None of the agencies had a fully developed framework for joint planning and response system for health emergencies. Roles and responsibilities attached to designated agencies in response were relatively clear (55%) for most of the agencies. Effective public health emergency response is based on multi-departmental coordination, resource mobilization, and clear roles for each agency. Pakistan must proactively address these challenges for pandemic response in future.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Portfolio
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Use in Selected Tertiary Care Hospitals of Pakistan Using WHO Methodology

    Saadia Ambreen / Numrah Safdar / Aamer Ikram / Mirza Zeeshan Iqbal Baig / Ayesha Farooq / Afreenish Amir / Asim Saeed / Farah Sabih / Qadeer Ahsan / Alia Zafar / Palitha Gunarathna Mahipala / Zikria Saleem / Muhammad Salman

    Medicina, Vol 59, Iss 1102, p

    Results and Inferences

    2023  Volume 1102

    Abstract: Background and objectives: The inappropriate use of antibiotics in hospitals can potentially lead to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance, increased mortality, and high economic burden. The objective of the study was to assess current ... ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: The inappropriate use of antibiotics in hospitals can potentially lead to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance, increased mortality, and high economic burden. The objective of the study was to assess current patterns of antibiotic use in leading hospitals of Pakistan. Moreover, the information collected can support in policy-making and hospital interventions aiming to improve antibiotic prescription and use. Methodology and materials: A point prevalence survey was carried out with data abstracted principally from patient medical records from 14 tertiary care hospitals. Data were collected through the standardized online tool KOBO application for smart phones and laptops. For data analysis, SPSS Software was used. The association of risk factors with antimicrobial use was calculated using inferential statistics. Results: Among the surveyed patients, the prevalence of antibiotic use was 75% on average in the selected hospitals. The most common classes of antibiotics prescribed were third-generation cephalosporin (38.5%). Furthermore, 59% of the patients were prescribed one while 32% of the patients were prescribed two antibiotics. Whereas the most common indication for antibiotic use was surgical prophylaxis (33%). There is no antimicrobial guideline or policy for 61.9% of antimicrobials in the respected hospitals. Conclusions: It was observed in the survey that there is an urgent need to review the excessive use of empiric antimicrobials and surgical prophylaxis. Programs should be initiated to address this issue, which includes developing antibiotic guidelines and formularies especially for empiric use as well as implementing antimicrobial stewardship activities.
    Keywords point prevalence survey ; prescription ; anti-microbial utilization ; AWaRe classification ; antimicrobial resistance ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Subject code 310
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Cracking the Challenge of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance with CRISPR/Cas9, Nanotechnology and Other Strategies in ESKAPE Pathogens

    Tanzeel Zohra / Muhammad Numan / Aamer Ikram / Muhammad Salman / Tariq Khan / Misbahud Din / Ayesha Farooq / Afreenish Amir / Muhammad Ali

    Microorganisms, Vol 9, Iss 954, p

    2021  Volume 954

    Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is mushrooming as a silent pandemic. It is considered among the most common priority areas identified by both national and international agencies. The global development of multidrug-resistant strains now threatens public health ... ...

    Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is mushrooming as a silent pandemic. It is considered among the most common priority areas identified by both national and international agencies. The global development of multidrug-resistant strains now threatens public health care improvement by introducing antibiotics against infectious agents. These strains are the product of both continuous evolution and unchecked antimicrobial usage (AMU). The ESKAPE pathogens ( Enterococcus faecium , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter species ) are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world. Most of them are now multidrug-resistant, which pose significant challenges in clinical practice. Understanding these bacteria’s resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing novel antimicrobial agents or other alternative tools to fight against these pathogens. A mechanistic understanding of resistance in these pathogens would also help predict underlying or even unknown mechanisms of resistance of other emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens. Research and development to find better antibacterial drugs and research on tools like CRISPER-Cas9, vaccines, and nanoparticles for treatment of infections that can be further explored in the clinical practice health sector have recognized these alternatives as essential and highly effective tools to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. This review summarizes the known antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens and strategies for overcoming this resistance with an extensive overview of efforts made in this research area.
    Keywords antimicrobial resistance ; ESKAPE ; bacteria ; antibiotics ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 571
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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