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  1. Article ; Online: A population-based twin study of the symptomatic diagnostic criteria for major depression that occur within versus outside of major depressive episodes.

    Kendler, Kenneth S / Aggen, Steven H

    Psychological medicine

    2023  Volume 53, Issue 15, Page(s) 7458–7465

    Abstract: Background: Are genetic risk factors for current depressive symptoms good proxies for genetic risk factors for syndromal major depression (MD)?: Methods: In over 9000 twins from the population-based Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and ... ...

    Abstract Background: Are genetic risk factors for current depressive symptoms good proxies for genetic risk factors for syndromal major depression (MD)?
    Methods: In over 9000 twins from the population-based Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders, the occurrence of all nine DSM symptomatic criteria for MD in the last year was assessed at personal interview and then grouped by their temporal co-occurrence. The DSM criteria which occurred outside (OUT)
    Results: The mean twin correlations (±95% CIs) for IN depressive criteria were substantially higher than for OUT depressive criteria in both MZ [+0.35 (0.32-0.38)
    Conclusions: Depressive criteria occurring outside depressive episodes are less heritable than those occurring within. These two ways criteria can manifest are not closely genetically related. Current depressive symptoms - most of which are occurring outside of depressive episodes - are not, for genetic studies, good proxies for MD.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics ; Depression/genetics ; Twins, Monozygotic/genetics ; Twins, Monozygotic/psychology ; Twins, Dizygotic/genetics ; Twins, Dizygotic/psychology ; Diseases in Twins/diagnosis ; Diseases in Twins/genetics ; Diseases in Twins/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Twin Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 217420-0
    ISSN 1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
    ISSN (online) 1469-8978
    ISSN 0033-2917
    DOI 10.1017/S0033291723001241
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  2. Article ; Online: Parental Divorce and Trajectories of Alcohol Consumption in Men: A Genetically Informative Perspective.

    Salvatore, Jessica E / Aggen, Steven H / Kendler, Kenneth S

    Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

    2023  Volume 84, Issue 6, Page(s) 902–912

    Abstract: Objective: Much of what is known about parental divorce and adult alcohol outcomes comes from cross-sectional comparisons of those who did and did not experience parental divorce. In contrast, far less is known about whether and how parental divorce is ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Much of what is known about parental divorce and adult alcohol outcomes comes from cross-sectional comparisons of those who did and did not experience parental divorce. In contrast, far less is known about whether and how parental divorce is associated with alcohol consumption trajectories. We used a longitudinal perspective to investigate the associations between parental divorce and men's alcohol consumption trajectories as well as a genetically informative approach to evaluate whether the pattern of genetic and environmental influences on these trajectories differed for men who did and did not experience parental divorce.
    Method: The sample included 1,614 adult men from a population-based twin registry in Virginia. Measures of parental divorce (before age 16) and alcohol consumption (between ages 10 and 40) came from interviews and life history calendars. Data were analyzed with growth curve and longitudinal biometric variance component models.
    Results: In total, 11% of the sample experienced parental divorce. Parental divorce was associated with higher alcohol consumption intercepts that were sustained over time but was not associated with the linear slope or quadratic curvature of men's alcohol consumption trajectories. Longitudinal biometric variance components modeling indicated that genetic influences on alcohol consumption were higher in adolescence and young adulthood among those who experienced parental divorce compared with those who did not.
    Conclusions: Parental divorce is associated with the shape and relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on men's alcohol consumption trajectories from adolescence through adulthood.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Male ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Divorce ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Alcohol Drinking ; Parents ; Virginia
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2266450-6
    ISSN 1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
    ISSN (online) 1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
    ISSN 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
    DOI 10.15288/jsad.23-00033
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  3. Article ; Online: Role of parental divorce and discord in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol use disorder.

    Salvatore, Jessica E / Aggen, Steven H / Kendler, Kenneth S

    Drug and alcohol dependence

    2022  Volume 234, Page(s) 109404

    Abstract: Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has a strong familial component, and is associated with divorce and relationship discord. The purpose of this study was to test whether exposure to parental divorce and parental relationship discord contributes to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has a strong familial component, and is associated with divorce and relationship discord. The purpose of this study was to test whether exposure to parental divorce and parental relationship discord contributes to the intergenerational transmission of AUD.
    Methods: The sample included N = 9005 adult twins (43% female) from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Participant AUD diagnoses were derived from structured clinical interviews based on DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Participants also reported on parental divorce and parental AUD. In addition, direct psychiatric interview data and measures of relationship discord were available for a subsample of parents of female-female twin pairs (855 mothers, 617 fathers). Indirect effects models were fit and tested using a robust maximum likelihood estimator with Monte Carlo integration.
    Results: Path and structural equation modeling results provided strong support for the intergenerational transmission of AUD, and indicated that parental AUD had indirect effects on offspring AUD through exposure to parental divorce and parental relationship discord. Effects were consistent across males and females.
    Conclusions: In a population-based adult twin sample, exposure to parental divorce and relationship discord appears to be important for understanding the intergenerational transmission of AUD. These effects are broadly consistent with the idea of genetic nurturance, whereby parents transmit genetic risk for alcohol use disorder to their children indirectly via heritable aspects of the home environment. Ultimately, this etiological information could bolster engagement with skills-based therapeutic efforts used in substance-related preventive interventions for divorced or distressed families.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholism/genetics ; Child ; Child of Impaired Parents/psychology ; Divorce/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Parents/psychology ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-12
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 519918-9
    ISSN 1879-0046 ; 0376-8716
    ISSN (online) 1879-0046
    ISSN 0376-8716
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109404
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  4. Article ; Online: Quantifying skip-out information loss when assessing major depression symptoms.

    McBride, Orla / van Bezooijen, Jelle / Aggen, Steven H / Kendler, Kenneth S / Fried, Eiko I

    Journal of psychopathology and clinical science

    2023  Volume 132, Issue 4, Page(s) 396–408

    Abstract: Large-scale mental health surveys screen participants for the presence of the core diagnostic criteria of a mental disorder such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Only participants who screen positive are administered the full diagnostic module; the ... ...

    Abstract Large-scale mental health surveys screen participants for the presence of the core diagnostic criteria of a mental disorder such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Only participants who screen positive are administered the full diagnostic module; the remainder "skip-out." Although this procedure adheres faithfully to the psychiatric classification of mental disorders, it limits the use of the resulting survey data for conducting high-quality research of importance to scientists, clinicians, and policymakers. Here, we conduct a series of exploratory analyses using the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders (VATSPSUD) data, a unique survey which suspended the skip-out procedure for assessing past-year MDD. Adult twins (
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology ; Psychotic Disorders ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Twin Study
    ZDB-ID 3121059-4
    ISSN 2769-755X
    ISSN (online) 2769-755X
    DOI 10.1037/abn0000805
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  5. Article ; Online: The structure of the symptoms of major depression: Factor analysis of a lifetime worst episode of depressive symptoms in a large general population sample.

    van Loo, Hanna M / Aggen, Steven H / Kendler, Kenneth S

    Journal of affective disorders

    2022  Volume 307, Page(s) 115–124

    Abstract: Background: A range of depressive symptoms may occur during an episode of major depression (MD). Do these symptoms describe a single disorder liability or different symptom dimensions? This study investigates the structure and clinical relevance of an ... ...

    Abstract Background: A range of depressive symptoms may occur during an episode of major depression (MD). Do these symptoms describe a single disorder liability or different symptom dimensions? This study investigates the structure and clinical relevance of an expanded set of depressive symptoms in a large general population sample.
    Methods: We studied 43,431 subjects from the Dutch Lifelines Cohort Study who participated in an online survey assessing the 9 symptom criteria of MD (DSM-IV-TR) and additional depressive symptoms during their worst lifetime episode of depressive symptoms lasting two weeks or more. Exploratory factor analyses were performed on expanded sets of 9, 14, and 24 depressive symptoms. The clinical relevance of the identified symptom dimensions was analyzed in confirmatory factor analyses including ten external validators.
    Results: A single dimension adequately accounted for the covariation among the 9 DSM-criteria, but multiple dimensions were needed to describe the 14 and 24 depressive symptoms. Five dimensions described the structure underlying the 24 depressive symptoms. Three cognitive affective symptom dimensions were mainly associated with risk factors for MD. Two somatic dimensions -appetite/weight problems and sleep problems-were mainly associated with BMI and age, respectively.
    Limitations: Respondents of our online survey tended to be more often female, older, and more highly educated than non-respondents.
    Conclusions: Different symptom dimensions described the structure of depressive symptoms during a lifetime worst episode in a general population sample. These symptom dimensions resembled those reported in a large clinical sample of Han-Chinese women with recurrent MD, suggesting robustness of the syndrome of MD.
    MeSH term(s) Cohort Studies ; Depression/psychology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 135449-8
    ISSN 1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
    ISSN (online) 1573-2517
    ISSN 0165-0327
    DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.064
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  6. Article: Is Delinquency Associated With Subsequent Victimization by Community Violence in Adolescents? A Test of the Risky Behavior Model in a Primarily African American Sample.

    Bountress, Kaitlin / Aggen, Steven H / Kliewer, Wendy

    Psychology of violence

    2020  Volume 11, Issue 3, Page(s) 234–243

    Abstract: Objective: Victimization is common in adolescence and is associated with negative outcomes, including school failure, and poor emotional, behavioral, and physical health. A deeper understanding of the risk of victimization can inform prevention and ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Victimization is common in adolescence and is associated with negative outcomes, including school failure, and poor emotional, behavioral, and physical health. A deeper understanding of the risk of victimization can inform prevention and intervention efforts. This study tests the risky behavior model in adolescents, examining prospective associations between mean levels of and changes in delinquency and risk for victimization over four annual data collections.
    Method: Low-income adolescent (53.6% female;
    Results: Using a latent difference score model, results supported the risky behavior model for the first 2 years, but not the final data collection period. That is, levels of and changes in delinquent behavior were associated with more victimization by community violence at the subsequent time point for the first 2 study years. In contrast, there was no evidence for the opposite, specifically that victimization by community violence predicted delinquency.
    Conclusion: Knowing that both levels of delinquency and increases in delinquency place youth at heightened risk for victimization by community violence provides impetus to intervene. Screening for increases in delinquency among youth may be one way to target youth at high risk for victimization by community violence for fast-tracked intervention.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2584128-2
    ISSN 2152-081X ; 2152-0828
    ISSN (online) 2152-081X
    ISSN 2152-0828
    DOI 10.1037/vio0000364
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  7. Article ; Online: Patterns and Correlates of Polysubstance Use Among Individuals With Severe Alcohol Use Disorder.

    Stephenson, Mallory / Aggen, Steven H / Polak, Kathryn / Svikis, Dace S / Kendler, Kenneth S / Edwards, Alexis C

    Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire)

    2022  Volume 57, Issue 5, Page(s) 622–629

    Abstract: Aim: The present study examined patterns and correlates of polysubstance use among individuals with severe alcohol use disorder (AUD).: Methods: Participants were 2785 individuals (63% female; mean age = 43 years, range = 18-78 years) from the Genes, ...

    Abstract Aim: The present study examined patterns and correlates of polysubstance use among individuals with severe alcohol use disorder (AUD).
    Methods: Participants were 2785 individuals (63% female; mean age = 43 years, range = 18-78 years) from the Genes, Addiction and Personality Study. All participants met lifetime criteria for severe AUD (6+ symptoms). We used latent class analysis to identify patterns of frequency of lifetime use for cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, stimulants, sedatives, opioids and hallucinogens. A variety of demographic and behavioral correlates of latent class membership were tested in univariable and multivariable models.
    Results: A five-class solution was selected: extended range polysubstance use (24.5%); cigarette and marijuana use (18.8%); 'testers,' characterized by high probabilities of smoking 100 or more cigarettes, using marijuana 6+ times, and trying the remaining substances 1-5 times (12.3%); moderate range polysubstance use (17.1%) and minimal use (reference class; 27.3%). In univariable analyses, all potential correlates were related to latent class membership. In the multivariable model, associations with gender, race/ethnicity, age of onset for alcohol problems, dimensions of impulsivity, depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior and family history density of alcohol problems remained significant, though the pattern and strength of associations differed across classes. For instance, sensation-seeking, lack of premeditation and family history were uniquely associated with membership in the extended range polysubstance use class.
    Conclusion: Patterns of polysubstance use are differentially related to demographic and behavioral factors among individuals with severe AUD. Assessing use across multiple substances may inform the selection of targets for treatment and prevention.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alcohol-Related Disorders ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Marijuana Smoking ; Middle Aged ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604956-4
    ISSN 1464-3502 ; 0309-1635 ; 0735-0414
    ISSN (online) 1464-3502
    ISSN 0309-1635 ; 0735-0414
    DOI 10.1093/alcalc/agac012
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  8. Article ; Online: Modeling the association between and predictors of two constructs of resilience.

    Cusack, Shannon E / Sheerin, Christina M / Aggen, Steven H / Kendler, Kenneth S / Amstadter, Ananda B

    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology

    2022  Volume 57, Issue 7, Page(s) 1471–1481

    Abstract: Purpose: Resilience serves as a protective factor against adverse outcomes following exposure to traumatic events. The extant literature focuses on psychiatric resilience in the context of internalizing symptoms, though resilience is also important in ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: Resilience serves as a protective factor against adverse outcomes following exposure to traumatic events. The extant literature focuses on psychiatric resilience in the context of internalizing symptoms, though resilience is also important in relation to externalizing symptoms. Research is needed to clarify the predictors of resilience across contexts. The aims of the current study are twofold: 1. Determine the association between psychiatric resilience (PR) and alcohol resistance (AR) and 2. Test for differential prediction of each form of resilience by exogenous predictors.
    Methods: The sample (n = 7585) was drawn from the Virginia Adult Twin Studies of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders (VATSPSUD). Participants completed measures of internalizing symptoms, exposure to stressful life events, DSM alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms, maximum alcohol consumption, personality variables, and social support. All cross-sectional, structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were conducted using Mplus software version 8.2.
    Results: A single common factor model provided adequate fits for both PR and AR. In the full measurement model the correlation between the two resilience factors was estimated (r = 0.28, SE = 0.018, p < 0.001). Neuroticism and mastery predicted AR and PR, but differentially, with a stronger effect size for PR (neuroticism: B = 0.35, p < 0.001; mastery: B = - 0.36, p < 0.001). The positive social support factor did not predict either resilience variable, while interpersonal conflict was associated with both (AR = 0.09, p < 0.001; PR = 0.07, p < 0.001).
    Conclusions: Findings extend the current literature on resilience in two ways. First, rigorous measurement model based definitions of two resilience variables are specified. Second, external validation of the AR and PR constructs is carried out using latent variable modeling techniques. The modest correlation suggests resilience may not be well-characterized by a single general attribute. Findings provide further evidence for predictors of resilience by way of displaying differential patterns of prediction effect sizes of PR and AR.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Alcoholism ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Neuroticism ; Resilience, Psychological ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Virginia
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-25
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 623071-4
    ISSN 1433-9285 ; 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
    ISSN (online) 1433-9285
    ISSN 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
    DOI 10.1007/s00127-022-02216-y
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  9. Article ; Online: Symptoms of major depression: Their stability, familiality, and prediction by genetic, temperamental, and childhood environmental risk factors.

    Kendler, Kenneth S / Aggen, Steven H

    Depression and anxiety

    2017  Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 171–177

    Abstract: Background: Psychiatry has long sought to develop biological diagnostic subtypes based on symptomatic differences. This effort assumes that symptoms reflect, with good fidelity, underlying etiological processes. We address this question for major ... ...

    Abstract Background: Psychiatry has long sought to develop biological diagnostic subtypes based on symptomatic differences. This effort assumes that symptoms reflect, with good fidelity, underlying etiological processes. We address this question for major depression (MD).
    Methods: We examine, in twins from a population-based registry, similarity in symptom endorsement in individuals meeting criteria for last-year MD at separate interview waves and in concordant twin pairs. Among individuals with MD, we explore the impact of genetic-temperamental and child adversity risk factors on individual reported symptoms. Aggregated criteria do not separate insomnia from hypersomnia, weight gain from loss, etc. while disaggregated criteria do.
    Results: In twins with MD at two different waves, the mean tetrachoric correlations (±SEM) for aggregated and disaggregated DSM-IV A criteria were, respectively, +0.31 ± 0.06 and +0.34 ± 0.03. In monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs concordant for last-year MD, the mean tetrachoric correlations for aggregated and disaggregated criteria were, respectively, +0.33 ± 0.07 and +0.43 ± 0.04, and +0.05 ± 0.08 and +0.07 ± 0.04. In individuals meeting MD criteria, neuroticism predicted the most MD symptoms (10), followed by childhood sexual abuse (8), low parental warmth (6), and genetic risk (4).
    Conclusions: The correlations for individual depressive symptoms over multiple episodes and within MZ twins concordant for MD are modest suggesting the important role of transient influences. The multidetermination of individual symptoms was further evidenced by their prediction by personality and exposure to early life adversities. The multiple factors influencing symptomatic presentation in MD may contribute to our difficulties in isolating clinical depressive subtypes with distinct pathophysiologies.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1378635-0
    ISSN 1520-6394 ; 1091-4269
    ISSN (online) 1520-6394
    ISSN 1091-4269
    DOI 10.1002/da.22591
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  10. Article ; Online: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol use disorder symptoms: Testing interactions with polygenic risk.

    Bountress, Kaitlin E / Bustamante, Daniel / Ahangari, Mohammad / Aliev, Fazil / Aggen, Steven H / Lancaster, Eva / Peterson, Roseann E / Vassileva, Jasmin / Dick, Danielle M / Amstadter, Ananda B

    Journal of American college health : J of ACH

    2024  , Page(s) 1–6

    Abstract: Objective: ...

    Abstract Objective:
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604907-2
    ISSN 1940-3208 ; 0744-8481
    ISSN (online) 1940-3208
    ISSN 0744-8481
    DOI 10.1080/07448481.2024.2308255
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