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Article ; Online: A review on experimental surgical models and anesthetic protocols of heart failure in rats

Ahmed Farag / Ahmed S. Mandour / Hanan Hendawy / Asmaa Elhaieg / Ahmed Elfadadny / Ryou Tanaka

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a serious health and economic burden worldwide, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. Current medications effectively moderate the progression of symptoms, and there is a need for novel preventative and reparative ... ...

Abstract	Heart failure (HF) is a serious health and economic burden worldwide, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. Current medications effectively moderate the progression of symptoms, and there is a need for novel preventative and reparative treatments. The development of novel HF treatments requires the testing of potential therapeutic procedures in appropriate animal models of HF. During the past decades, murine models have been extensively used in fundamental and translational research studies to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of HF and develop more effective methods to prevent and control congestive HF. Proper surgical approaches and anesthetic protocols are the first steps in creating these models, and each successful approach requires a proper anesthetic protocol that maintains good recovery and high survival rates after surgery. However, each protocol may have shortcomings that limit the study's outcomes. In addition, the ethical regulations of animal welfare in certain countries prohibit the use of specific anesthetic agents, which are widely used to establish animal models. This review summarizes the most common and recent surgical models of HF and the anesthetic protocols used in rat models. We will highlight the surgical approach of each model, the use of anesthesia, and the limitations of the model in the study of the pathophysiology and therapeutic basis of common cardiovascular diseases.
Keywords	heart failure ; rats ; surgical models ; anesthesia ; myocardial infarction ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	621
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Novel protocol to establish the myocardial infarction model in rats using a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (MMB) and atipamezole

Ahmed Farag / Ahmed S. Mandour / Lina Hamabe / Tomohiko Yoshida / Kazumi Shimada / Ryou Tanaka

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: BackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common cardiac problems causing deaths in humans. Previously validated anesthetic agents used in MI model establishment are currently controversial with severe restrictions because of ethical ... ...

Abstract	BackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common cardiac problems causing deaths in humans. Previously validated anesthetic agents used in MI model establishment are currently controversial with severe restrictions because of ethical concerns. The combination between medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol (MMB) is commonly used in different animal models. The possibility of MMB combination to establish the MI model in rats did not study yet which is difficult because of severe respiratory depression and delayed recovery post-surgery, resulting in significant deaths. Atipamezole is used to counter the cardiopulmonary suppressive effect of MMB.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to establish MI model in rats using a novel anesthetic combination between MMB and Atipamezole.Materials and methodsTwenty-five Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were included. Rats were prepared for induction of the Myocardial infarction (MI) model through thoracotomy. Anesthesia was initially induced with a mixture of MMB (0.3/5.0/5.0 mg/kg/SC), respectively. After endotracheal intubation, rats were maintained with isoflurane 1% which gradually reduced after chest closing. MI was induced through the left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation technique. Atipamezole was administered after finishing all surgical procedures at a dose rate of 1.0 mg/kg/SC. Cardiac function parameters were evaluated using ECG (before and after atipamezole administration) and transthoracic echocardiography (before and 1 month after MI induction) to confirm the successful model. The induction time, operation time, and recovery time were calculated. The success rate of the MI model was also calculated.ResultsMI was successfully established with the mentioned anesthetic protocol through the LAD ligation technique and confirmed through changes in ECG and echocardiographic parameters after MI. ECG data was improved after atipamezole administration through a significant increase in heart rate (HR), PR Interval, QRS Interval, and QT correction (QTc) ...
Keywords	myocardial infarction ; rat ; MMB ; atipamezole ; anesthesia ; ECG ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Changes in renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system during cardiac remodeling after mitral valvuloplasty in dogs

Chieh‐Jen Cheng / Ahmed S. Mandour / Tomohiko Yoshida / Toshihiro Watari / Ryou Tanaka / Katsuhiro Matsuura

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Vol 36, Iss 2, Pp 397-

2022 Volume 405

Abstract: Abstract Background Information regarding changes in renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) during cardiac remodeling after mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) in dogs remains lacking. Hypothesis/Objectives To assess the longitudinal effects of MVP on ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Information regarding changes in renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) during cardiac remodeling after mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) in dogs remains lacking. Hypothesis/Objectives To assess the longitudinal effects of MVP on circulating RAAS activity. Animals Eight client‐owned dogs receiving MVP for myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Methods This is a cohort study. Plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AT2), aldosterone (PAC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine concentrations, were measured in these dogs before (baseline) and at 3 consecutive monthly follow‐ups (Post‐1M, Post‐2M, Post‐3M). Echocardiography was concomitantly used to assess the process of cardiac recovery after MVP. Results The echocardiography revealed a significant decrease in LVIDDN, LA/Ao, FS, E velocity, E/A, E′ sep, S′ lat, E′ lat, and A′ lat after MVP compared with baseline (P < .05). There was a significant reduction in the PRA (2.45, 3.05, 2.74 vs 8.8 ng/mL/h; P = .002), AT2 (466, 315, 235 vs 1200 pg/mL; P = .009), and PAC (39.88, 47, 54.62 vs 179.5 pg/mL; P = .01), respectively at Post‐1M, Post‐2M, Post‐3M compared to the baseline. Additionally, BUN and creatinine concentrations decreased from Post‐1M. The RAAS variables showed significant, weak to moderate, relationship with selected echocardiographic variables. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Mitral valvuloplasty contributes to decreased RAAS activity in MMVD dogs, which paralleled the process of cardiac reverse remodeling up to Post‐3M. This information facilitates formulating strategies to optimize clinical outcomes for dogs after MVP.
Keywords	angiotensin II ; biomarker ; cardiac recovery ; cardiac reverse remodeling ; mitral valve repair ; plasma renin activity ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630 ; 610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of experimental periodontitis on cardiac functions

Asmaa Elhaieg / Ahmed Farag / Ahmed Elfadadny / Aimi Yokoi / Hanan Hendawy / Ahmed S. Mandour / Ryou Tanaka

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

a comprehensive study using echocardiography, hemodynamic analysis, and histopathological evaluation in a rat model

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: IntroductionPeriodontitis is a prevalent and severe dental condition characterized by the gradual degradation of the bone surrounding the teeth. Over the past two decades, numerous epidemiological investigations have suggested a potential link between ... ...

Abstract	IntroductionPeriodontitis is a prevalent and severe dental condition characterized by the gradual degradation of the bone surrounding the teeth. Over the past two decades, numerous epidemiological investigations have suggested a potential link between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. However, the complex mechanistic relationship between oral health issues and cardiovascular disorders remains unclear.AimThis study aimed to explore comprehensively the cardiac function through various methods, including conventional echocardiography, intraventricular pressure gradient (IVPG) analysis, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), and hemodynamics analysis.MethodsLigature-induced periodontitis was established in a group of rats while the second group served as sham. The successful establishment of the periodontitis model was confirmed through staining and radiographic examination of the affected mandibles.ResultsX-ray films and methylene blue staining revealed alveolar bone resorption in the affected first molar in the model rats, confirming the successful induction of periodontitis. The rats with periodontitis displayed a decrease in ejection fraction compared to the sham group, accompanied by a decrease in mid-to-apical IVPG and mid IVPG. Lower values of strain rate were recorded in the apical segment of the septum, the middle segment of the septum, and the basal segment of the lateral free wall in the periodontitis group, which was associated with histopathological examination showing some degree of myocardial tissue damage. Conversely, rats with periodontitis showed an increase in heart rate, end-systolic volume, and arterial elastance when compared to the sham rats. However, they also exhibited a decrease in stroke work, stroke volume, cardiac output, and end-systolic pressure.ConclusionThis study suggests that experimental periodontitis may lead to cardiac dysfunction especially compromised systolic function and myocardial relaxation, potentially indicating an increased risk of cardiovascular events in ...
Keywords	experimental periodontitis model ; alveolar bone ; cardiac function ; intraventricular pressure gradients ; speckle-tracking echocardiography ; pressure-volume analysis ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of Acute Melatonin Injection on Metabolomic and Testicular Artery Hemodynamic Changes and Circulating Hormones in Shiba Goats under Sub-Tropical Environmental Conditions

Haney Samir / Ahmed S. Mandour / Faten Radwan / Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed / Maha Abdullah Momenah / Nouf Arkan Aldawood / Tomihiko Yoshida / Gen Watanabe / Hossam R. El-Sherbiny

Animals, Vol 13, Iss 1794, p

2023 Volume 1794

Abstract: The beneficial effects of melatonin were investigated to mitigate various detrimental effects and toxicity on reproductive performance. The present study aimed, for the first time, to explore the effect of intravenous melatonin injection on testicular ... ...

Abstract	The beneficial effects of melatonin were investigated to mitigate various detrimental effects and toxicity on reproductive performance. The present study aimed, for the first time, to explore the effect of intravenous melatonin injection on testicular artery hemodynamics (TH) and metabolomic changes, reproductive hormones in heat-stressed bucks. Ten bucks were randomly split into two groups (five each): (1) the melatonin group, treated with a single intravenous dose of melatonin solution containing 10 mg melatonin each, and (2) the control group, which was treated with 10 mL of the vehicle without melatonin. Changes in the TH at the level of the supra testicular artery (STA) were assessed by triplex ultrasonography just before (0 h) and at 0.5, 2, 7, 24, and 168 h after melatonin or vehicle administration. Doppler velocity parameters of peak systolic velocity (PSV; cm/s), end-diastolic velocity (EDV; cm/s), and time average maximum velocity (TAMAX; cm/s) were measured. Doppler indices (resistive index; RI and pulsatility index; PI), systole/diastole (S/D) ratio and total arterial blood flow volume (TABFV; ml/minute) were measured. Peripheral concentrations of FSH, LH, inhibin, melatonin, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and cortisol were measured just before injection (0 h) and at 0.5, 2, 7, and 24 h and daily up to day 7 post administration in both groups. Results revealed reductions in the RI values and increases in the TABFV in the melatonin group compared to the control one, especially 2 h after administration. Significant increases in concentrations of FSH, T, E2, and melatonin and decreases in cortisol and inhibin in the melatonin group compared to the control one. Plasma metabolomic analysis at 2 h indicated the up-regulation of L-glutamine, L-arginine, sorbitol, D-glucose, ascorbic acid, and ornithine and the down-regulation of D-xylose, D-arabitol, ribitol, and oleic acid in the melatonin versus the control group. In conclusion, acute administration of melatonin (10 mg IV) enhanced testicular artery ...
Keywords	color Doppler ultrasonography ; goats ; hormones ; heat stress ; metabolomes ; testicular artery blood flow ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Butyric Acid Bacteria Culture Solution Improves Hyperglycemia in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats

Kazumi SHIMADA / Sakiko HARA / Seijirow GOYA / Ahmed S. MANDOUR / Pitipat KITPIPATKUN / Lina HAMABE / Akiko UEMURA / Joe TAKIZAWA / Ryou TANAKA

Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, Vol 27, Iss 5, Pp 567-

2021 Volume 573

Abstract: Butyric acid bacteria (BAB) are the primary intestinal flora present in all mammalian digestive tracts. Prior studies have found the association between decreased intestinal BAB population and development of diabetes, and BAB was suggested as a new ... ...

Abstract	Butyric acid bacteria (BAB) are the primary intestinal flora present in all mammalian digestive tracts. Prior studies have found the association between decreased intestinal BAB population and development of diabetes, and BAB was suggested as a new treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, few studies have examined the effect of BAB on type 1 diabetes (DM1), which is frequently diagnosed in pet animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the therapeutic effects of BAB culture solution in the DM1 model. Thirty female rats were included for induction of DM1 by alloxan (200 mg/kg, IP). After one week, DM1 was developed in 13 rats (blood glucose level >300 mg/dL) which were then treated with BAB culture solution at a dose rate of 300 μL/kg/day for two weeks. The result revealed a reduction in blood glucose level (P<0.05) and improvement of polydipsia and polyuria in six diabetic rats; meanwhile, 7 rats did not respond to the treatment. The blood pressure showed no change. In conclusion, the administration of BAB culture solution alleviates symptoms of DM1 by improving glycemic control in the model. The effectiveness of BAB as an alternative or supportive therapy for the treatment of DM1 needs further studies on pet animals.
Keywords	alloxan ; butyric acid bacteria ; hyperglycemia ; rat diabetes model ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	University of Kafkas
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A comparative time‐dependent study of hematology, serum gastrin concentrations, and gastroscopic assessment of meloxicam‐induced gastric ulceration in dogs

Ahmed Elfadadny / Ahmed S. Mandour / Rokaia F. Ragab / Khalaf F. Alsharif / Gaber El‐Saber Batiha / Haney Samir / Noha A. Beder

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Vol 35, Iss 5, Pp 2196-

2021 Volume 2204

Abstract: Abstract Background Diagnosis of gastric ulcers by methods other than gastroscopy in dogs has been problematic for many years and biomarkers such as serum gastrin (SG) concentrations have been introduced as a noninvasive way to evaluate gastric diseases. ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Diagnosis of gastric ulcers by methods other than gastroscopy in dogs has been problematic for many years and biomarkers such as serum gastrin (SG) concentrations have been introduced as a noninvasive way to evaluate gastric diseases. Objectives To determine the time course changes in hematology, SG concentrations, and gastroscopic images of meloxicam‐induced gastric ulceration in dogs and identify a relationship between SG and gastroscopic image analysis in a clinical setting. Animals Fifteen crossbreed dogs. Methods Two groups: control (n = 5) and meloxicam‐treated (n = 10). The meloxicam‐treated group received meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg PO for 15 days. Clinical signs, hematology, SG, and image analysis (PI, pixel intensity; ID, integrated density; RA, relative area; and UI, ulcer index) of the gastroscopic examination were evaluated across time (T5, time 5 day; T10, time 10 day; and T15, time 15 day). Results Significant changes were observed among 3 time points and between the 2 groups in terms of SG, hematology, and gastroscopic image analysis. In the meloxicam‐treated group, decreases in hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and packed cell volume at T10 and T15 (P = .0001) were observed, whereas SG, ID, and UI increased over time (P < .0001). The PI decreased significantly (P = .0001) in the meloxicam‐treated group compared to controls. Significant correlations were found between SG and PI, and ID and ulcer area (r = −0.89, 0.81, 0.64), respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Gastroscopy is the gold standard for early descriptive diagnosis of gastric ulcerations in dogs, and SG is a good indicator for meloxicam‐induced gastric ulcers in dogs and can predict the gastroscopic score of the lesion.
Keywords	dog ; gastric ulcer ; gastrin ; gastroscopy ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Role of Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Early Detection of Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Dogs

Lina Hamabe / Ahmed S. Mandour / Kazumi Shimada / Akiko Uemura / Zeki Yilmaz / Kentaro Nagaoka / Ryou Tanaka

Animals, Vol 11, Iss 2361, p

2021 Volume 2361

Abstract: Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D–STE) is an advanced echocardiographic technique based on deformation imaging that allows comprehensive evaluation of the myocardial function. Clinical application of 2D–STE holds great potential for ... ...

Abstract	Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D–STE) is an advanced echocardiographic technique based on deformation imaging that allows comprehensive evaluation of the myocardial function. Clinical application of 2D–STE holds great potential for its ability to provide valuable information on both global and regional myocardial function and to quantify cardiac rotation and synchronicity, which are not readily possible with the conventional echocardiography. It has gained growing importance over the past decade, especially in human medicine, and its application includes assessment of myocardial function, detection of subclinical myocardial dysfunction and serving as a prognostic indicator. This review illustrates the fundamental concepts of deformation analysis and gives an overview of the current understanding and its clinical application of this technique in veterinary medicine, with a focus on early detection of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in dogs.
Keywords	echocardiography ; speckle tracking echocardiography ; strain ; myocardial function ; left ventricle ; dog ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Changes in Cardiac Function During the Development of Uremic Cardiomyopathy and the Effect of Salvianolic Acid B Administration in a Rat Model

Danfu Ma / Ahmed S. Mandour / Ahmed Elfadadny / Hanan Hendawy / Tomohiko Yoshida / Hussein M. El-Husseiny / Koji Nishifuji / Ken Takahashi / Zhenlei Zhou / Yanbing Zhao / Ryou Tanaka

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: BackgroundUremic cardiomyopathy (UC), the main cause of death in progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), is characterized by diastolic dysfunction. Intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPG) derived from color m-mode echocardiography (CMME) and two- ... ...

Abstract	BackgroundUremic cardiomyopathy (UC), the main cause of death in progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), is characterized by diastolic dysfunction. Intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPG) derived from color m-mode echocardiography (CMME) and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) were established as novel echocardiographic approaches for non-invasive and repeatable assessment of cardiac function. Previously, salvianolic acid B (Sal B) showed the potential to alleviate concentric LV hypertrophy in the pressure overload model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in cardiac function in UC and assess the efficacy of Sal B therapy using IVPG and 2DSTE techniques.Materials and MethodsTwenty-four rats underwent subtotal nephrectomy to produce progressive renal failure and were allocated equally into UC (n = 12) and Sal B-UC (n = 12) groups and monitored for 8 weeks. A sham-operated group was also included in this study (n = 12). Sal B was injected from weeks 4 to 8 in the Sal B-UC group. Conventional echocardiography, 2DSTE, and CMME were performed every 2 weeks post-operation, concomitantly with an evaluation of renal function. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry analyses were carried out to confirm the echocardiography findings.ResultsRenal failure and myocardial dysfunction were confirmed in the UC group from weeks 2 through 8. Eccentric and concentric hypertrophy was observed in the UC group, while the Sal B-UC group showed only eccentric hypertrophy. IVPG analysis did not reveal any significant differences between the groups. Edema, inflammation, fibrosis, and immunohistochemical expression of CD3 infiltration were higher in the UC group compared with sham and Sal B-UC groups.Conclusion2DSTE and IVPG explored the pathophysiology during the development of UC and indicated the incidence of myocardial dysfunction before ventricular morphological changes without intracardiac flow changes. This study confirmed increased ventricular stiffness and fibrosis in UC rats which ...
Keywords	intraventricular pressure gradients ; uremic cardiomyopathy ; hypertrophy ; strain ; salvianolic acid ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Hemodynamic Effects of Protamine Infusion in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Undergoing Mitral Valvuloplasty

Tomohiko Yoshida / Katsuhiro Matsuura / Ahmed S. Mandour / Yuki Aboshi / Shusaku Yamada / Hideki Yotsuida / Mizuki Hasegawa / Chieh-Jen Cheng / Youta Yaginuma / Momoko Watanabe / Shou Fukuzumi

Veterinary Sciences, Vol 9, Iss 178, p

2022 Volume 178

Abstract: Protamine, an antagonizing agent to heparin, is indispensable for dogs undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Protamine-induced hypotension (PIH) during cardiac anesthesia has been reported in humans. The purpose of this study was to describe the hemodynamic ...

Abstract	Protamine, an antagonizing agent to heparin, is indispensable for dogs undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Protamine-induced hypotension (PIH) during cardiac anesthesia has been reported in humans. The purpose of this study was to describe the hemodynamic effect of protamine administration in dogs during cardiac surgery in clinical cases. Study design: Retrospective, clinical, cohort study. A total of 14 client-owned dogs who suffered heart failure due to medically uncontrolled myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) were included in this study. The severity of MMVD was classified according to American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine staging (ACVIM: stage B2, C, D) and dogs undergoing mitral valve surgery. Records with clinical data for dogs treated between July 2019 to August 2020 were examined for age, sex, breed, body weight, concurrent diseases, hospitalization, anesthetic record, and mortality within 3 months after the operation. PIH was defined as mean arterial pressure (MAP) lowered by 20% of that before protamine infusion. To evaluate the effect of protamine on hemodynamic variables, each of the other values was compared with values at the beginning of protamine infusion. MAP decreased by 41.0 and 45.7% in two dogs (14.3%) compared with pressure before protamine infusion. Others did not show obvious alteration in hemodynamic variables. Epinephrine treatment alleviated hypotension in one dog. Another dog with systemic hypotension concomitant with elevated central venous pressure did not respond to epinephrine treatment and a reboot of extracorporeal circulation was required. Reheparinization and reinstitution of cardiopulmonary bypass successfully resuscitate the second dog. In conclusion, clinicians should alert the incidence of severe hypotension even with slow protamine infusion following canine cardiac surgery. This study also provides two effective treatments for catastrophic hypotension during protamine infusion.
Keywords	protamine ; hypotension ; norepinephrine ; cardiac surgery ; cardiopulmonary bypass ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630 ; 610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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